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Jin Z, Yim W, Retout M, Housel E, Zhong W, Zhou J, Strano MS, Jokerst JV. Colorimetric sensing for translational applications: from colorants to mechanisms. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7681-7741. [PMID: 38835195 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00328d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Colorimetric sensing offers instant reporting via visible signals. Versus labor-intensive and instrument-dependent detection methods, colorimetric sensors present advantages including short acquisition time, high throughput screening, low cost, portability, and a user-friendly approach. These advantages have driven substantial growth in colorimetric sensors, particularly in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Rapid progress in nanotechnology, materials science, microfluidics technology, biomarker discovery, digital technology, and signal pattern analysis has led to a variety of colorimetric reagents and detection mechanisms, which are fundamental to advance colorimetric sensing applications. This review first summarizes the basic components (e.g., color reagents, recognition interactions, and sampling procedures) in the design of a colorimetric sensing system. It then presents the rationale design and typical examples of POC devices, e.g., lateral flow devices, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices, and wearable sensing devices. Two highlighted colorimetric formats are discussed: combinational and activatable systems based on the sensor-array and lock-and-key mechanisms, respectively. Case discussions in colorimetric assays are organized by the analyte identities. Finally, the review presents challenges and perspectives for the design and development of colorimetric detection schemes as well as applications. The goal of this review is to provide a foundational resource for developing colorimetric systems and underscoring the colorants and mechanisms that facilitate the continuing evolution of POC sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maurice Retout
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Emily Housel
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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2
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Chen C, Liu J, Lu J, Wang Y, Zhai J, Zhao H, Lu N. In Situ Collection and SERS Detection of Nitrite in Exhalations on Facemasks Based on Wettability Differences. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3680-3688. [PMID: 38958469 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
As one of the common carriers of biological information, along with human urine specimens and blood, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) carries reliable and rich information about the body's metabolism to track human physiological normal/abnormal states and environmental exposures. What is more, EBC has gained extensive attention because of the convenient and nondestructive sampling. Facemasks, which act as a physical filter barrier between human exhaled breath and inhaled substances from the external environment, are safe, noninvasive, and economic devices for direct sampling of human exhaled breath and inhaled substances. Inspired by the ability of fog collection of Namib desert beetle, a strategy for in situ collecting and detecting EBC with surface-enhanced Raman scattering is illustrated. Based on the intrinsic and unique wettability differences between the squares and the surrounding area of the pattern on facemasks, the hydrophilic squares can capture exhaled droplets and spontaneously enrich the analytes and silver nanocubes (AgNCs), resulting in good repeatability in situ detection. Using R6G as the probe molecule, the minimal detectable concentration can reach as low as 10-16 M, and the relative standard deviation is less than 7%. This proves that this strategy can achieve high detection sensitivity and high detection repeatability. Meanwhile, this strategy is applicable for portable nitrite analysis in EBC and may provide an inspiration for monitoring other biomarkers in EBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yalei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jingtong Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Nan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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3
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Huang LL, Chua ZQ, Buchowiecki K, Raju CM, Urban PL. Hydrogel-enzyme micropatch array format for chemical mapping: A proof of concept. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 239:115599. [PMID: 37611447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Conventional sensing methods report on concentrations of analytes in a single point of sampled medium or provide an average value. However, distributions of substances on surfaces of sampled objects often exhibit intricate inhomogeneities. In order to obtain snapshots of the chemical distributions on surfaces, we have developed enzyme-loaded hydrogel arrays (5 × 5 and 10 × 10). The acrylic 10 × 10 array base contains 100 holes, which are filled with agarose hydrogel containing assay enzymes and substrates. Such arrays can be exposed to the analyzed surfaces to collect minute amounts of analytes. Following a brief incubation, they are subsequently visualized in a custom-built array reader device. The reader incorporates a light-emitting diode-based light source, miniature camera, and Raspberry Pi single-board computer. Two Python programs capture and analyze the images of the array to extract pixel saturation values corresponding to individual hydrogel micropatches. The method has been thoroughly optimized for mapping of glucose and lactic acid. The optimized parameters were: contact time, agarose concentration, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration ratio, and enzyme concentration. The array biosensor was further tested by mapping glucose distribution in fruit/vegetable cross-sections (apple, guava, and cucumber) and lactic acid distribution in cheese. We think that this new hydrogel-based chemical mapping method can find applications in studies related to food science, plant physiology, clinical chemistry, and forensics; wherever the distributions of analytes on the tested surfaces need to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Zi Qing Chua
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Krzysztof Buchowiecki
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chamarthi Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan.
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4
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Jin Z, Ling C, Yim W, Chang YC, He T, Li K, Zhou J, Cheng Y, Li Y, Yeung J, Wang R, Fajtová P, Amer L, Mattoussi H, O'Donoghue AJ, Jokerst JV. Endoproteolysis of Oligopeptide-Based Coacervates for Enzymatic Modeling. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16980-16992. [PMID: 37579082 PMCID: PMC10614163 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Better insights into the fate of membraneless organelles could strengthen the understanding of the transition from prebiotic components to multicellular organisms. Compartmentalized enzyme reactions in a synthetic coacervate have been investigated, yet there remains a gap in understanding the enzyme interactions with coacervate as a substrate hub. Here, we study how the molecularly crowded nature of the coacervate affects the interactions of the embedded substrate with a protease. We design oligopeptide-based coacervates that comprise an anionic Asp-peptide (D10) and a cationic Arg-peptide (R5R5) with a proteolytic cleavage site. The coacervates dissolve in the presence of the main protease (Mpro) implicated in the coronavirus lifecycle. We capitalize on the condensed structure, introduce a self-quenching mechanism, and model the enzyme kinetics by using Cy5.5-labeled peptides. The determined specificity constant (kcat/KM) is 5817 M-1 s-1 and is similar to that of the free substrate. We further show that the enzyme kinetics depend on the type and quantity of dye incorporated into the coacervates. Our work presents a simple design for enzyme-responsive coacervates and provides insights into the interactions between the enzyme and coacervates as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Chuxuan Ling
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Yu-Ci Chang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Tengyu He
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Yi Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Justin Yeung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Ruijia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Lubna Amer
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Hedi Mattoussi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306, Florida, United States
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, California, United States
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5
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Yeung J, Jin Z, Ling C, Retout M, Barbosa da Silva E, Damani M, Chang YC, Yim W, O'Donoghue AJ, Jokerst JV. An approach to zwitterionic peptide design for colorimetric detection of the Southampton norovirus SV3CP protease. Analyst 2023; 148:4504-4512. [PMID: 37578304 PMCID: PMC10614164 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00873h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are highly contagious and are one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to a lack of effective antiviral therapies, there is a need to diagnose and surveil norovirus infections to implement quarantine protocols and prevent large outbreaks. Currently, the gold standard of diagnosis uses reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but PCR can have limited availability. Here, we propose a combination of a tunable peptide substrate and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to colorimetrically detect the Southampton norovirus 3C-like protease (SV3CP), a key protease in viral replication. Careful design of the substrate employs a zwitterionic peptide with opposite charged moieties on the C- and N- termini to induce a rapid color change visible to the naked eye; thus, this color change is indicative of SV3CP activity. This work expands on existing zwitterionic peptide strategies for protease detection by systematically evaluating the effects of lysine and arginine on nanoparticle charge screening. We also determine a limit of detection for SV3CP of 28.0 nM with comparable results in external breath condensate, urine, and fecal matter for 100 nM of SV3CP. The key advantage of this system is its simplicity and accessibility, thus making it an attractive tool for qualitative point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Yeung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| | - Chuxuan Ling
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| | - Maurice Retout
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| | - Elany Barbosa da Silva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Manan Damani
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yu-Ci Chang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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6
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Liu X, Hu B. Mask device as a new wearable sampler for breath analysis: what can we expect in the future? Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04673-z. [PMID: 37017724 PMCID: PMC10074379 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Human exhaled breath is becoming an attractive clinical source as it is foreseen to enable noninvasive diagnosis of many diseases. Because mask devices can be used for efficiently filtering exhaled substances, mask-wearing has been required in the past few years in daily life since the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. In recent years, there is a new development of mask devices as new wearable breath samplers for collecting exhaled substances for disease diagnosis and biomarker discovery. This paper attempts to identify new trends in mask samplers for breath analysis. The couplings of mask samplers with different (bio)analytical approaches, including mass spectrometry (MS), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sensor, and others for breath analysis, are summarized. The developments and applications of mask samplers in disease diagnosis and human health are reviewed. The limitations and future trends of mask samplers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Liu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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7
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Chang YC, Jin Z, Li K, Zhou J, Yim W, Yeung J, Cheng Y, Retout M, Creyer MN, Fajtová P, He T, Chen X, O'Donoghue AJ, Jokerst JV. Peptide valence-induced breaks in plasmonic coupling. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2659-2668. [PMID: 36908948 PMCID: PMC9993903 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05837e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions are a key driving force that mediates colloidal assembly. The Schulze-Hardy rule states that nanoparticles have a higher tendency to coagulate in the presence of counterions with high charge valence. However, it is unclear how the Schulze-Hardy rule works when the simple electrolytes are replaced with more sophisticated charge carriers. Here, we designed cationic peptides of varying valencies and demonstrate that their charge screening behaviors on anionic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) follow the six-power relationship in the Schulze-Hardy rule. This finding further inspires a simple yet effective strategy for measuring SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) via naked eyes. This work provides a unique avenue for fundamental NP disassembly based on the Schulze-Hardy rule and can help design versatile substrates for colorimetric sensing of other proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ci Chang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Justin Yeung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Maurice Retout
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Matthew N Creyer
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Tengyu He
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
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8
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Jin Z, Li Y, Li K, Zhou J, Yeung J, Ling C, Yim W, He T, Cheng Y, Xu M, Creyer MN, Chang YC, Fajtová P, Retout M, Qi B, Li S, O'Donoghue AJ, Jokerst JV. Peptide Amphiphile Mediated Co-assembly for Nanoplasmonic Sensing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214394. [PMID: 36409652 PMCID: PMC9852014 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic interactions are commonly involved in the assembly of naturally occurring building blocks, and these interactions can be replicated in an artificial setting to produce functional materials. Here we describe a colorimetric biosensor using co-assembly experiments with plasmonic gold and surfactant-like peptides (SLPs) spanning a wide range of aromatic residues, polar stretches, and interfacial affinities. The SLPs programmed in DDD-(ZZ)x -FFPC self-assemble into higher-order structures in response to a protease and subsequently modulate the colloidal dispersity of gold leading to a colorimetric readout. Results show the strong aggregation propensity of the FFPC tail without polar DDD head. The SLPs were specific to the target protease, i.e., Mpro , a biomarker for SARS-CoV-2. This system is a simple and visual tool that senses Mpro in phosphate buffer, exhaled breath condensate, and saliva with detection limits of 15.7, 20.8, and 26.1 nM, respectively. These results may have value in designing other protease testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Justin Yeung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Chuxuan Ling
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Tengyu He
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Matthew N Creyer
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yu-Ci Chang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maurice Retout
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Baiyan Qi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shuzhou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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9
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Jin Z, Ling C, Li Y, Zhou J, Li K, Yim W, Yeung J, Chang YC, He T, Cheng Y, Fajtová P, Retout M, O'Donoghue AJ, Jokerst JV. Spacer Matters: All-Peptide-Based Ligand for Promoting Interfacial Proteolysis and Plasmonic Coupling. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8932-8940. [PMID: 36346642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic coupling via nanoparticle assembly is a popular signal-generation method in bioanalytical sensors. Here, we customized an all-peptide-based ligand that carries an anchoring group, polyproline spacer, biomolecular recognition, and zwitterionic domains for functionalizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a colorimetric enzyme sensor. Our results underscore the importance of the polyproline module, which enables the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) to recognize the peptidic ligand on nanosurfaces for subsequent plasmonic coupling via Coulombic interactions. AuNP aggregation is favored by the lowered surface potential due to enzymatic unveiling of the zwitterionic module. Therefore, this system provides a naked-eye measure for Mpro. No proteolysis occurs on AuNPs modified with a control ligand lacking a spacer domain. Overall, this all-peptide-based ligand does not require complex molecular conjugations and hence offers a simple and promising route for plasmonic sensing other proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chuxuan Ling
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yi Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Justin Yeung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yu-Ci Chang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tengyu He
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Maurice Retout
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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10
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Xu M, Zhou J, Cheng Y, Jin Z, Clark AE, He T, Yim W, Li Y, Chang YC, Wu Z, Fajtová P, O’Donoghue AJ, Carlin AF, Todd MD, Jokerst JV. A Self-Immolative Fluorescent Probe for Selective Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11728-11733. [PMID: 35973073 PMCID: PMC9396966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Existing tools to detect and visualize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suffer from low selectivity, poor cell permeability, and high cytotoxicity. Here we report a novel self-immolative fluorescent probe (MP590) for the highly selective and sensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). This fluorescent probe was prepared by connecting a Mpro-cleavable peptide (N-acetyl-Abu-Tle-Leu-Gln) with a fluorophore (i.e., resorufin) via a self-immolative aromatic linker. Fluorescent titration results show that MP590 can detect Mpro with a limit of detection (LoD) of 35 nM and is selective over interferents such as hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), thrombin, amylase, SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro), and trypsin. The cell imaging data indicate that this probe can report Mpro in HEK 293T cells transfected with a Mpro expression plasmid as well as in TMPRSS2-VeroE6 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. Our results suggest that MP590 can both measure and monitor Mpro activity and quantitatively evaluate Mpro inhibition in infected cells, making it an important tool for diagnostic and therapeutic research on SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alex E. Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tengyu He
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yi Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yu-Ci Chang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhuohong Wu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Aaron F. Carlin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael D. Todd
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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11
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Hu B. Recent Advances in Facemask Devices for In Vivo Sampling of Human Exhaled Breath Aerosols and Inhalable Environmental Exposures. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 151:116600. [PMID: 35310778 PMCID: PMC8917876 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the unprecedented use of facemasks has been requiring for wearing in daily life. By wearing facemask, human exhaled breath aerosols and inhaled environmental exposures can be efficiently filtered and thus various filtration residues can be deposited in facemask. Therefore, facemask could be a simple, wearable, in vivo, onsite and noninvasive sampler for collecting exhaled and inhalable compositions, and gain new insights into human health and environmental exposure. In this review, the recent advances in developments and applications of in vivo facemask sampling of human exhaled bacteria, viruses, proteins, and metabolites, and inhalable facemask contaminants and air pollutants, are reviewed. New features of facemask sampling are highlighted. The perspectives and challenges on further development and potential applications of facemask devices are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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12
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Jin Z, Mantri Y, Retout M, Cheng Y, Zhou J, Jorns A, Fajtova P, Yim W, Moore C, Xu M, Creyer MN, Borum RM, Zhou J, Wu Z, He T, Penny WF, O’Donoghue A, Jokerst JV. A Charge-Switchable Zwitterionic Peptide for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112995. [PMID: 34936725 PMCID: PMC8854333 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has led to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nucleic acid testing while specific has limitations for mass surveillance. One alternative is the main protease (Mpro ) due to its functional importance in mediating the viral life cycle. Here, we describe a combination of modular substrate and gold colloids to detect Mpro via visual readout. The strategy involves zwitterionic peptide that carries opposite charges at the C-/N-terminus to exploit the specific recognition by Mpro . Autolytic cleavage releases a positively charged moiety that assembles the nanoparticles with rapid color changes (t<10 min). We determine a limit of detection for Mpro in breath condensate matrices <10 nM. We further assayed ten COVID-negative subjects and found no false-positive result. In the light of simplicity, our test for viral protease is not limited to an equipped laboratory, but also is amenable to integrating as portable point-of-care devices including those on face-coverings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yash Mantri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Maurice Retout
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alec Jorns
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pavla Fajtova
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Colman Moore
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew N. Creyer
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Raina M. Borum
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhuohong Wu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tengyu He
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - William F. Penny
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Anthony O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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13
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Simultaneous Sensitive Determination of δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O in Human Breath CO 2 Based on ICL Direct Absorption Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041527. [PMID: 35214432 PMCID: PMC8877011 DOI: 10.3390/s22041527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous research revealed that isotopes 13C and 18O of exhaled CO2 have the potential link with Helicobacter pylori; however, the 17O isotope has received very little attention. We developed a sensitive spectroscopic sensor for simultaneous δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O analysis of human breath CO2 based on mid-infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy with an interband cascade laser (ICL) at 4.33 μm. There was a gas cell with a small volume of less than 5 mL, and the pressure in the gas cell was precisely controlled with a standard deviation of 0.0035 Torr. Moreover, real-time breath sampling and batch operation were achieved in gas inlets. The theoretical drifts for δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O measurement caused by temperature were minimized to 0.017‰, 0.024‰, and 0.021‰, respectively, thanks to the precise temperature control with a standard deviation of 0.0013 °C. After absolute temperature correction, the error between the system responded δ-value and the reference is less than 0.3‰. According to Allan variance analysis, the system precisions for δ13C, δ18O, and δ17O were 0.12‰, 0.18‰, and 0.47‰, respectively, at 1 s integration time, which were close to the real-time measurement errors of six repeated exhalations.
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14
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Jin Z, Yeung J, Zhou J, Cheng Y, Li Y, Mantri Y, He T, Yim W, Xu M, Wu Z, Fajtova P, Creyer MN, Moore C, Fu L, Penny WF, O'Donoghue AJ, Jokerst JV. Peptidic Sulfhydryl for Interfacing Nanocrystals and Subsequent Sensing of SARS-CoV-2 Protease. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:1259-1268. [PMID: 37406055 PMCID: PMC8791034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c03871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for surveillance of COVID-19 to identify individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Although specific, nucleic acid testing has limitations in terms of point-of-care testing. One potential alternative is the nonstructural protease (nsp5, also known as Mpro/3CLpro) implicated in SARS-CoV-2 viral replication but not incorporated into virions. Here, we report a divalent substrate with a novel design, (Cys)2-(AA)x-(Asp)3, to interface gold colloids in the specific presence of Mpro leading to a rapid and colorimetric readout. Citrate- and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP)-AuNPs were identified as the best reporter out of the 17 ligated nanoparticles. Furthermore, we empirically determined the effects of varying cysteine valence and biological media on the sensor specificity and sensitivity. The divalent peptide was specific to Mpro, that is, there was no response when tested with other proteins or enzymes. Furthermore, the Mpro detection limits in Tris buffer and exhaled breath matrices are 12.2 and 18.9 nM, respectively, which are comparable to other reported methods (i.e., at low nanomolar concentrations) yet with a rapid and visual readout. These results from our work would provide informative rationales to design a practical and noninvasive alternative for COVID-19 diagnostic testing-the presence of viral proteases in biofluids is validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Justin Yeung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yi Li
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yash Mantri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tengyu He
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zhuohong Wu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Pavla Fajtova
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Matthew N Creyer
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Colman Moore
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lei Fu
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - William F Penny
- Division of Cardiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92161, United States
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jesse V Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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15
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Jin Z, Mantri Y, Retout M, Cheng Y, Zhou J, Jorns A, Fajtova P, Yim W, Moore C, Xu M, Creyer MN, Borum RM, Zhou J, Wu Z, He T, Penny WF, O'Donoghue AJ, Jokerst JV. A Charge‐Switchable Zwitterionic Peptide for Rapid Detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 Main Protease. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Yash Mantri
- Department of Bioengineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Maurice Retout
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Jiajing Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Alec Jorns
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Pavla Fajtova
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Wonjun Yim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Colman Moore
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Matthew N. Creyer
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Raina M. Borum
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Zhuohong Wu
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Tengyu He
- Materials Science and Engineering Program University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - William F. Penny
- Department of Medicine University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Anthony J. O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla California 92093 USA
- Department of Radiology University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla California 92093 USA
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16
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Cai SH, Di D, Yuan ZC, Chen W, Hu B. Paper-in-Facemask Device for Direct Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Human Respiratory Aerosols and Environmental Exposures via Wearable Continuous-Flow Adsorptive Sampling: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13743-13748. [PMID: 34609849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Facemasks are considered safe and wearable devices that cover the human mouth and nose for filtering exhaled aerosols and inhaled environmental exposures; various chemical and environmental residues thus can remain in facemasks. Therefore, direct analysis of residues in facemasks can be used to investigate the wearer's health and behavior. Here, we developed a simple paper-in-facemask sampling method for adsorbing a wearer's respiratory aerosol and environmental exposures by fixing paper strips at the outside and inside surfaces of facemasks, and the paper strips were then analyzed by paper spray mass spectrometry (PSMS) for directly detecting adsorbed analytes without any sample pretreatment. The applicability of this device was demonstrated by directly analyzing exhaled aerosolized saliva, breath metabolites, and inhalable environmental exposures. The technical aspects, including sampling time, sampling position, paper property, and spray solvent, were investigated. The sampling process was revealed to involve a continuous-flow adsorptive mechanism. These findings motivated us to extend this work and build a wearable sampling device that is capable of simultaneously monitoring both exhaled and inhaled biomarkers in situ to investigate human health and environmental exposure. This work highlights that facemasks are promising platforms for aerosol collection and direct MS analysis, which is expected to be a promising method for monitoring human health, diseases, and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Hui Cai
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dandan Di
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zi-Cheng Yuan
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weini Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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