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Xiao L, Zhang L, Li S, Zhu Y, Yu Q, Liu Z, Qiu M, Li Y, Chen S, Zhou X. Visualization and Quantification of Drug Release by GSH-Responsive Multimodal Integrated Micelles. JACS AU 2024; 4:1194-1206. [PMID: 38559742 PMCID: PMC10976607 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Using molecular imaging techniques to monitor biomarkers and drug release profiles simultaneously is highly advantageous for cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, achieving the accurate quantification of both biomarkers and drug release with a single imaging modality is challenging. This study presents the development of a glutathione (GSH)-responsive polymer-based micelle, PEG-SS-FCy7/PEG-SS-GEM (PSFG), which can precisely localize the tumor using bimodal imaging and prevent drug leakage. These PSFG micelles exhibit a small particle size of 106.3 ± 12.7 nm with a uniform size distribution, and the drug loading efficiency can also be easily controlled by changing the PEG-SS-FCy7 (PSF) and PEG-SS-GEM (PSG) feeding ratio. The PSFG micelles display weak fluorescence emission and minimal drug release under physiological conditions but collapse in the presence of GSH to trigger near-infrared fluorescence and the 19F magnetic resonance imaging signal, allowing for real-time monitoring of intracellular GSH levels and drug release. GSH could synergistically promote the disassembly of the micellar structure, resulting in accelerated probe and drug release of up to about 93.1% after 24 h. These prodrug micelles exhibit high in vitro and in vivo antitumor abilities with minimal side effects. The GSH-responsive drug delivery system with dual-modal imaging capability provides a promising imaging-guided chemotherapeutic platform to probe the tumor microenvironment and quantify real-time drug release profiles with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xiao
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy
for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy
for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sha Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy
for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhu
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy
for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy
for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqing Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy
for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Maosong Qiu
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy
for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy
for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shizhen Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy
for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics,
National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of
Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy
for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P. R. China
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Zhu Z, Zeng C, Zhao Y, Ma J, Yao X, Huo S, Feng Y, Wang M, Lu X. Precise Modulation of Intramolecular Aggregation-induced Electrochemiluminescence by Tetraphenylethylene-based Supramolecular Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312692. [PMID: 37747050 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The precisely modulated synthesis of programmable light-emitting materials remains a challenge. To address this challenge, we construct four tetraphenylethylene-based supramolecular architectures (SA, SB, SC, and SD), revealing that they exhibit higher electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensities and efficiencies than the tetraphenylethylene monomer and can be classified as highly efficient and precisely modulated intramolecular aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (PI-AIECL) systems. The best-performing system (SD) shows a high ECL cathodic efficiency exceeding that of the benchmark tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) chloride in aqueous solution by nearly six-fold. The electrochemical characterization of these architectures in an organic solvent provides deeper mechanistic insights, revealing that SD features the lowest electrochemical band gap. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the band gap of the guest ligand in the SD structure is the smallest and most closely matched to that of the host scaffold. Finally, the SD system is used to realize ECL-based cysteine detection (detection limit=14.4 nM) in real samples. Thus, this study not only provides a precisely modulated supramolecular strategy allowing chromophores to be controllably regulated on a molecular scale, but also inspires the programmable synthesis of high-performance aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Huo
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 730070, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
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Wang XW, Zhang X, Cui CY, Li B, Goldfarb D, Yang Y, Su XC. Stabilizing Nitroxide Spin Labels for Structural and Conformational Studies of Biomolecules by Maleimide Treatment. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301350. [PMID: 37354082 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxide (NO) spin radicals are effective in characterizing structures, interactions and dynamics of biomolecules. The EPR applications in cell lysates or intracellular milieu require stable spin labels, but NO radicals are unstable in such conditions. We showed that the destabilization of NO radicals in cell lysates or even in cells is caused by NADPH/NADH related enzymes, but not by the commonly believed reducing reagents such as GSH. Maleimide stabilizes the NO radicals in the cell lysates by consumption of the NADPH/NADH that are essential for the enzymes involved in destabilizing NO radicals, instead of serving as the solo thiol scavenger. The maleimide treatment retains the crowding properties of the intracellular components and allows to perform long-time EPR measurements of NO labeled biomolecules close to the intracellular conditions. The strategy of maleimide treatment on cell lysates for the EPR applications has been demonstrated on double electron-electron resonance (DEER) measurements on a number of NO labeled protein samples. The method opens a broad application range for the NO labeled biomolecules by EPR in conditions that resemble the intracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chao-Yu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Daniella Goldfarb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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4
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Cui CY, Li B, Su XC. Real-Time Monitoring of the Level and Activity of Intracellular Glutathione in Live Cells at Atomic Resolution by 19F-NMR. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1623-1632. [PMID: 37637729 PMCID: PMC10451033 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Visualization and quantification of important biomolecules like glutathione (GSH) in live cells are highly important. The existing methods are mostly from optical detection and lack of atomic resolution on the activity of GSH. Here, we present a sensitive 19F-NMR method to quantify real-time variations of GSH in live cells in a reversible manner. This NMR method prevents extracellular leakage and irreversible consumption of intracellular GSH during the detection. The high performance of the reactive 19F-probe enables accurate determination of intracellular GSH content at atomic resolution, from which information on GSH variations with respect to the extracellular and intracellular conditions can be inferred. In addition, we demonstrate the applicability of this NMR method to quantify the GSH levels between different live cell lines and to disclose the distinct differences between the intracellular environment and cell lysates. We foresee the application of 19F-NMR to monitor real-time variations of intracellular GSH levels in relation to GSH-involved central cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic
Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai
University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Huang B, Xu L, Ying J, Zhao Y, Huang S. A novel in-situ strategy for enantiomeric discrimination and selective identification of multicomponent carboxylic acids in foods. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1230:340402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang X, Liu H, Jiang J, Qian M, Qi H, Gao Q, Zhang C. Highly Efficient Aggregation-Induced Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence of Cyanophenyl-Functionalized Tetraphenylethene and Its Application in Biothiols Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5441-5449. [PMID: 35311260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exploring new electrochemiluminescence (ECL) luminophores with high ECL efficiency and good stability in aqueous solution is in great demand for biological sensing. In this work, highly efficient aggregation-induced enhanced ECL of cyanophenyl-functionalized tetraphenylethene (tetra[4-(4-cyanophenyl)phenyl]ethene, TCPPE) and its application in biothiols analysis were reported. TCPPE contains four 4-cyanophenyl groups covalently attached to the tetraphenylethene (TPE) core, generating a nonplanar three-dimensional twisted conformation structure. TCPPE nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size of 15.84 nm were prepared by a precipitation method. High ECL efficiency (593%, CdS as standard) and stable ECL emission (over one month) were obtained for TCPPE NPs in aqueous solution. The unique properties of TCPPE NPs could be ascribed to the efficient suppression of nonradiative transition, the decrease of the energy gap, and the increase of anionic radical stability, which were proved by theoretical calculation and electrochemical and fluorescence methods. Contrasting aggregation-induced ECL chromic emission was first observed for TCPPE NPs. As a proof-of-methodology, an ECL method was developed for three biothiol assays with detection limits of 6, 7, and 300 nM for cysteine, homocysteine, and glutathione, respectively. This work demonstrates that TCPPE NPs are promising ECL luminophores, and the incorporation of appropriate substituents into luminophores can improve ECL efficiency and radical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Manping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
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