1
|
Anderson BG, Hancock TA, Kennedy RT. Preparation of high-efficiency HILIC capillary columns utilizing slurry packing at 2100 bar. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464856. [PMID: 38579610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Complex mixture analysis requires high-efficiency chromatography columns. Although reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the dominant approach for such mixtures, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) is an important complement to RPLC by enabling the separation of polar compounds. Chromatography theory predicts that small particles and long columns will yield high efficiency; however, little work has been done to prepare HILIC columns longer than 25 cm packed with sub-2 μm particles. In this work, we tested the slurry packing of 75 cm long HILIC columns with 1.7 μm bridged-ethyl-hybrid amide HILIC particles at 2,100 bar (30,000 PSI). Acetonitrile, methanol, acetone, and water were tested as slurry solvents, with acetonitrile providing the best columns. Slurry concentrations of 50-200 mg/mL were assessed, and while 50-150 mg/mL provided comparable results, the 150 mg/mL columns provided the shortest packing times (9 min). Columns prepared using 150 mg/mL slurries in acetonitrile yielded a reduced minimum plate height (hmin) of 3.3 and an efficiency of 120,000 theoretical plates for acenaphthene, an unretained solute. Para-toluenesulfonic acid produced the lowest hmin of 1.9 and the highest efficiency of 210,000 theoretical plates. These results identify conditions for producing high-efficiency HILIC columns with potential applications to complex mixture analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brady G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Tate A Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nakano Y, Sakamaki H, Tasaki-Handa Y, Saito S. High-pH mobile phase in reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to improve the separation efficiency of aminoglycoside isomers. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:375-384. [PMID: 38141143 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In chromatography, the use of extreme conditions can often lead to unique separation selectivity. In this study, a highly basic mobile phase (pH > 11), which is not typically employed for reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), was utilized in RPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to achieve effective separation between electrically neutral bases of aminoglycosides (AGs). A mixture of AGs was simultaneously analyzed using 500 mmol L-1 ammonia aqueous solution (pH 11.8) as the mobile phase. A total of 11 AGs, including 2 stereoisomers of neomycin (B and C) and 5 structurally similar components of gentamicin (C1, C1a, C2, C2a, and C2b), were completely separated for the first time. The high separation performance for AGs was mainly due to two factors: First, slight differences in hydrophobicity among the AGs were significantly enhanced at a high pH by the complete acid dissociation of amines. Second, the high pH of the mobile phase minimized any electrostatic interactions between the AGs and residual silanol groups in the stationary phase, resulting in extremely sharp peaks for the AGs. The sensitivity of spectinomycin decreased by more than 20% when using the highly basic mobile phase (pH 11.8) due to its degradation, therefore, a mixture of 10 AGs was analyzed with 250 mmol L-1 ammonia aqueous solution (pH 11.5) with less degradation as the optimum condition. The developed analytical method could be used to determine the concentrations of trace AGs in milk with high accuracy and precision. Thus, RPLC-MS/MS using a high-pH mobile phase has great potential for the efficient separation of basic compounds containing amino sugars such as AGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakano
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 1600 Shimo-takano, Sugito-Machi, Kitakatsushika-Gun, Saitama, 345-0043, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sakamaki
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 1600 Shimo-takano, Sugito-Machi, Kitakatsushika-Gun, Saitama, 345-0043, Japan
| | - Yuiko Tasaki-Handa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shingo Saito
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Niezen LE, Sasaki T, Sadriaj D, Ritchie H, Broeckhoven K, Cabooter D, Desmet G. Detailed analysis of the effective and intra-particle diffusion coefficient of proteins at elevated pressure in columns packed with wide-pore core-shell particles. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1713:464538. [PMID: 38043163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the efficiency that can be obtained in a packed-bed liquid-chromatography column for a particular analyte, a correct determination of the molecular and effective diffusion coefficients (Dm and Deff) of the analyte is required. The latter is usually obtained via peak parking experiments wherein the flow is stopped. As a result, the column pressure rapidly dissipates and the measurement is essentially conducted at ambient pressure. This is problematic for analytes whose retention depends on pressure, such as proteins and potentially other large (dipolar) molecules. In that case, a conventional peak parking experiment is expected to lead to large errors in Deff. To obtain a better estimate ofDeff, the present study reports on the use of a set-up enabling peak parking measurements under pressurized conditions. This approach allowed us to report, for the first time, Deff for proteins at elevated pressure under retained conditions. First, Deff was determined at a (average) pressure of about 105 bar for a set of proteins with varying size, namely: bradykinin, insulin, lysozyme, β-lactoglobulin, and carbonic anhydrase in a column packed with 400 Å core-shell particles. The obtained data were then compared to those of several small analytes: acetophenone, propiophenone, benzophenone, valerophenone, and hexanophenone. A clear trend between Deff and analyte size was observed. The set-up was then used to determine Deff of bradykinin and lysozyme at variable (average) pressures ranging from 28 bar to 430 bar. These experiments showed a decrease in intra-particle and surface diffusion with pressure, which was larger for lysozyme than bradykinin. The data show that pressurized peak parking experiments are vital to correctly determine Deff when the analyte retention varies significantly with pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Tsukasa Sasaki
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Donatela Sadriaj
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harald Ritchie
- Advanced Materials Technology, Silverside Rd, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Duivelshof BL, Bouvarel T, Pirner S, Larraillet V, Knaupp A, Koll H, D’Atri V, Guillarme D. Enhancing Selectivity of Protein Biopharmaceuticals in Ion Exchange Chromatography through Addition of Organic Modifiers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16623. [PMID: 38068945 PMCID: PMC10706461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Charge heterogeneity among therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is considered an important critical quality attribute and requires careful characterization to ensure safe and efficacious drug products. The charge heterogeneity among mAbs is the result of chemical and enzymatic post-translational modifications and leads to the formation of acidic and basic variants that can be characterized using cation exchange chromatography (CEX). Recently, the use of mass spectrometry-compatible salt-mediated pH gradients has gained increased attention to elute the proteins from the charged stationary phase material. However, with the increasing antibody product complexity, more and more selectivity is required. Therefore, in this study, we set out to improve the selectivity by using a solvent-enriched mobile phase composition for the analysis of a variety of mAbs and bispecific antibody products. It was found that the addition of the solvents to the mobile phase appeared to modify the hydrate shell surrounding the protein and alter the retention behavior of the studied proteins. Therefore, this work demonstrates that the use of solvent-enriched mobile phase composition could be an attractive additional method parameter during method development in CEX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Laurens Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bouvarel
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Hans Koll
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU—Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Plachká K, Pilařová V, Horáček O, Gazárková T, Vlčková HK, Kučera R, Nováková L. Columns in analytical-scale supercritical fluid chromatography: From traditional to unconventional chemistries. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300431. [PMID: 37568246 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Within this review, we thoroughly explored supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) columns used across > 3000 papers published from the first study carried out under SFC conditions in 1962 to the end of 2022. We focused on the open tubular capillary, packed capillary, and packed columns, their chemistries, dimensions, and trends in used stationary phases with correlation to their specific interactions, advantages, drawbacks, used instrumentation, and application field. Since the 1990s, packed columns with liquid chromatography and SFC-dedicated stationary phases for chiral and achiral separation are predominantly used. These stationary phases are based on silica support modified with a wide range of chemical moieties. Moreover, numerous unconventional stationary phases were evaluated, including porous graphitic carbon, titania, zirconia, alumina, liquid crystals, and ionic liquids. The applications of unconventional stationary phases are described in detail as they bring essential findings required for further development of the supercritical fluid chromatography technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Plachká
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Taťána Gazárková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kočová Vlčková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Niezen LE, Bos TS, Schoenmakers PJ, Somsen GW, Pirok BWJ. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection to account for system-induced gradient deformation in liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1271:341466. [PMID: 37328247 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The time required for method development in gradient-elution liquid chromatography (LC) may be reduced by using an empirical modelling approach to describe and predict analyte retention and peak width. However, prediction accuracy is impaired by system-induced gradient deformation, which can be especially prominent for steep gradients. As the deformation is unique to each LC instrument, it needs to be corrected for if retention modelling for optimization and method transfer is to become generally applicable. Such a correction requires knowledge of the actual gradient profile. The latter has been measured using capacitively coupled "contactless" conductivity detection (C4D), featuring a low detection volume (approximately 0.05 μL) and compatibility with very high pressures (80 MPa or more). Several different solvent gradients, from water to acetonitrile, water to methanol, and acetonitrile to tetrahydrofuran, could be measured directly without the addition of a tracer component to the mobile phase, exemplifying the universal nature of the approach. Gradient profiles were found to be unique for each solvent combination, flowrate, and gradient duration. The profiles could be described by convoluting the programmed gradient with a weighted sum of two distribution functions. Knowledge of the exact profiles was used to improve the inter-system transferability of retention models for toluene, anthracene, phenol, emodin, sudan-I and several polystyrene standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Tijmen S Bos
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Farsang E, Lukács D, József S, Horváth K. Effect of time-invariant pressure gradients on peak formation and efficiency in ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1704:464135. [PMID: 37302250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In chromatography, pressure can affect the retention factors of compounds significantly. In liquid chromatography, this effect is primarily related to the change in the molecular volume of solute during adsorption that is remarkably high for large biomolecules such as peptides and proteins. As a result, the migration velocities of chromatographic bands vary spatially through the column affecting the degree of band broadening. In this work, based on theoretical considerations, chromatographic efficiencies are studied under pressure-induced gradient conditions. The retention factor and migration velocity of different components are examined, and it is shown that components with the same retention time can have different migration patterns. The width of the initial band after injection is affected by the pressure gradient, providing significantly thinner initial bands for compounds with higher pressure sensitivity. In addition to classical band broadening phenomena, the influence of pressure gradients on band broadening is remarkable. The positive velocity gradient leads to extra band broadening. Our results clearly demonstrate that the zones are significantly wider at the end of the column if the change of molar volume of solute during adsorption is large. If the pressure drop is increasing, this effect becomes more significant. In the same time, the high release velocity of the bands somewhat counteracts the extra band broadening effect, however, it can not offset it perfectly. As a result, the separation efficiency of large biomolecules is decreased significantly due to the chromatographic pressure gradient. Under UHPLC conditions, the extent of apparent efficiency loss can reach up to 50% compared to the intrinsic efficiency of the column.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Farsang
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Diána Lukács
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Simon József
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; MS Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Centre for Structural Science, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Horváth
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fekete S, Lauber MA. Theoretical study on solute migration and band broadening occurring in pressure-enhanced liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463872. [PMID: 36804800 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Upon recently studying the use of pressure gradients during liquid chromatography (LC), it was noted that pressure differentials across a column can have a significant impact on peak shape, not just retention as has been noted several times before. Theoretical models and thought experiments were performed here to more carefully study these effects. Two situations have been elucidated. The first is one that reflects a protein reversed phase separation wherein solute retention increases with pressure. In this condition, it has been found that a positive pressure gradient will result in band broadening while a negative pressure gradient will help yield sharper peaks. The second case that has come to be better appreciated is when solute retention decreases with pressure, which can occur in protein ion exchange (IEX) and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). In this situation, a positive pressure gradient will conversely result in peak sharpening, and a negative pressure gradient will introduce band broadening. These observations have facilitated making new fundamental understandings on pressurized separations which has in turn made it possible to begin envisioning new ways of and reasons for applying pressure enhanced LC methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Fekete
- Waters Corporation, located in CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fekete S. Chromatography and COVID-19. LCGC EUROPE 2023. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.eu.ec7268d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
|
10
|
Cash K, Seid E, Dahlseid T, Stoll DR. Essentials of LC Troubleshooting, Part II, Continued: More Misbehaving Retention Times. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2023. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.ja4681f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Some liquid chromatography (LC) troubleshooting topics never get old, because there are some problems that persist in the practice of LC, even as instrument technology improves over time. There are many ways for things to go wrong in an LC system that ultimately manifest as deviations from expected retention times. Lot-to-lot variability in column chemistry, effects of pressure on selectivity, and stationary phase loss are less frequently encountered causes of unexpected retention shifts, but ones that should be included in a comprehensive troubleshooting agenda.
Collapse
|
11
|
Murisier A, D’Atri V, Pirner S, Larraillet V, Fekete S, Lauber M, Guillarme D. Ultra-Fast Middle-Up Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Complex Bispecific Antibodies Obtained in Less Than One Minute. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2315. [PMID: 36365134 PMCID: PMC9698801 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This work illustrates the benefits and limitations of using ultra-short reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) columns for the characterization of various complex bispecific antibodies after prolonged thermal stress at the middle-up level of analysis. First, we have demonstrated that alternative organic modifiers, such as isopropanol, can be used in RPLC mode without generating excessive pressure, thanks to the prototype 10 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 µm particle column. However, compared to acetonitrile, the selectivity was not improved, at least for the selected biopharmaceutical products. Importantly, very fast separations (sub-1 min) of high quality were systematically obtained for the different samples when using a spectroscopic detector, but a severe loss of performance was observed with mass spectrometry (MS) detection due to dispersion effects. Based on these results, there is a clear need to improve the interfacing between LC and MS (shorter/thinner tubing) to mitigate band broadening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amarande Murisier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Szabolcs Fekete
- Waters Corporation, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boosting the Liquid Chromatography Separation of Complex Bispecific Antibody Products by Using the Multi-Isocratic Elution Mode. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), the selectivity between major species and minor variants of protein biopharmaceutical products is always limited. Unfortunately, the stationary phase chemistry, type of mobile phase (organic modifier and salts) and temperature only have a very limited impact on selectivity. Therefore, instead of using a linear elution gradient, we evaluated a recently developed strategy, named the multi-isocratic elution mode, to improve the chromatographic resolution. In this contribution, a generic workflow involving the use of an Excel spreadsheet is provided for the rapid and successful development of multi-isocratic elution methods, without the need to use HPLC modeling software. This simple strategy was then successfully applied to very complex biopharmaceutical products; these included one reduced mAb-cytokine fusion protein and a mAb-domain-fusion (C-terminal) protein sample, containing numerous minor variants that were poorly separated from the major species. The addition of several isocratic steps during the chromatographic run provides a clear added value in terms of chromatographic selectivity for several variants, simplifying characterization of the sample with advanced MS tools. In addition to these advantages, some of the limitations of the multi-isocratic elution mode were also highlighted; these included the need to use a highly precise pumping device (preferably, a binary pumping system) and the need to prepare highly accurate mobile phases.
Collapse
|