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Zhang Y, Zheng XT, Zhang X, Pan J, Thean AVY. Hybrid Integration of Wearable Devices for Physiological Monitoring. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39189683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Wearable devices can provide timely, user-friendly, non- or minimally invasive, and continuous monitoring of human health. Recently, multidisciplinary scientific communities have made significant progress regarding fully integrated wearable devices such as sweat wearable sensors, saliva sensors, and wound sensors. However, the translation of these wearables into markets has been slow due to several reasons associated with the poor system-level performance of integrated wearables. The wearability consideration for wearable devices compromises many properties of the wearables. Besides, the limited power capacity of wearables hinders continuous monitoring for extended duration. Furthermore, peak-power operations for intensive computations can quickly create thermal issues in the compact form factor that interfere with wearability and sensor operations. Moreover, wearable devices are constantly subjected to environmental, mechanical, chemical, and electrical interferences and variables that can invalidate the collected data. This generates the need for sophisticated data analytics to contextually identify, include, and exclude data points per multisensor fusion to enable accurate data interpretation. This review synthesizes the challenges surrounding the wearable device integration from three aspects in terms of hardware, energy, and data, focuses on a discussion about hybrid integration of wearable devices, and seeks to provide comprehensive guidance for designing fully functional and stable wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Xin Ting Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jieming Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Aaron Voon-Yew Thean
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Hirten RP, Lin KC, Whang J, Shahub S, Helmus D, Muthukumar S, Sands BE, Prasad S. Longitudinal assessment of sweat-based TNF-alpha in inflammatory bowel disease using a wearable device. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2833. [PMID: 38310197 PMCID: PMC10838338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Wearable devices can non-invasively monitor patients with chronic diseases. Sweat is an easily accessible biofluid for continuous sampling of analytes, including inflammatory markers and cytokines. We evaluated a sweat sensing wearable device in subjects with and without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract. Participants with an IBD related hospital admission and a C-reactive protein level above 5 mg/L wore a sweat sensing wearable device for up to 5 days. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were continually assessed in the sweat via the sensor, and daily in the blood. A second cohort of healthy subjects without chronic diseases wore the device for up to 48 h. Twenty-eight subjects were enrolled. In the 16 subjects with IBD, a moderate linear relationship between serum and sweat TNF-α levels was observed (R2 = 0.72). Subjects with IBD were found to have a mean sweat TNF-α level of 2.11 pg/mL, compared to a mean value of 0.19 pg/mL in 12 healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Sweat TNF-α measurements differentiated subjects with active IBD from healthy subjects with an AUC of 0.962 (95% CI 0.894-1.000). A sweat sensing wearable device can longitudinally measure key sweat-based markers of IBD. TNF-α levels in the sweat of subjects with IBD correlate with serum values, suggesting feasibility in non-invasive disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Hirten
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kai-Chun Lin
- Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
| | - Jessica Whang
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Shahub
- Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
| | - Drew Helmus
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Bruce E Sands
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA.
- EnLiSense LLC, Allen, TX, USA.
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Ravanelli N, Newhouse D, Foster F, Caldwell AR. Agreement between the ventilated capsule and the KuduSmart® device for measuring sweating responses to passive heat stress and exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:946-953. [PMID: 37566898 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed agreement between a wireless sweat rate monitor (KuduSmart® device) and the ventilated capsule (VC) technique for measuring: (i) minute-averaged local sweat rate (LSR), (ii) sweating onset, (iii) sudomotor thermosensitivity, and (iv) steady-state LSR, during passive heat stress and exercise. It was hypothesized that acceptable agreement with no bias would be observed between techniques for all assessed sweating characteristics. On two separate occasions for each intervention, participants were either passively heated by recirculating hot water (49 °C) through a tube-lined garment until rectal temperature increased 1 °C over baseline (n = 8), or a 60 min treadmill march at a fixed rate of heat production (∼500 W, n = 9). LSR of the forearm was concurrently measured with a VC and the KuduSmart® device secured within ∼2 cm. Using a ratio scale Bland-Altman analysis with the VC as the reference, the KuduSmart® device demonstrated systematic bias and not acceptable agreement for minute-averaged LSR (1.17 [1.09, 1.27], CV = 44.5%), systematic bias and acceptable agreement for steady-state LSR (1.16 [1.09,1.23], CV = 19.5%), no bias and acceptable agreement for thermosensitivity (1.07 [0.99, 1.16], CV = 23.2%), and no bias and good agreement for sweating onset (1.00 [1.00, 1.00], CV = 11.1%). In total, ≥73% of all minute-averaged LSR observations with the KuduSmart® device (n = 2743) were within an absolute error of <0.2 mg/cm2/min to the VC, the reference minimum detectable change in measurement error of a VC on the forearm. Collectively, the KuduSmart® device may be a satisfactory solution for assessing the sweating response to heat stress where a VC is impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ravanelli
- School of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas Newhouse
- School of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Fergus Foster
- School of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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Lu SH, Li Y, Wang X. Soft, flexible conductivity sensors for ocean salinity monitoring. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7334-7343. [PMID: 37337831 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01167d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electrochemical sensors that measure the concentrations of specific analytes (e.g., ions, molecules, and microorganisms) provide valuable information for medical diagnosis, personal health care, and environmental monitoring. However, the conductive electrodes of such sensors need to be exposed to the surrounding environments like chloride-containing aqueous solutions during their operation, where chloride ions (Cl-) can potentially cause corrosion and dissolution of the sensors, negatively impacting their performance and durability. In this work, we develop soft, flexible conductivity sensors made of gold (Au) electrodes and systematically study their electrochemical behaviors in sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions to prevent chloride-induced corrosion and enhance their sensitivity for marine environmental monitoring. The causes of gold chlorination reactions and polarization effects are identified and effectively prevented by analyzing the effects of direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) voltages, AC frequencies, and exposed sensing areas of the conductivity (salinity) sensors. Accordingly, a performance diagram is constructed to provide guidance for the selection of operation parameters for the salinity sensor. We also convert the varying impedance values of salinity sensors at different salinity levels into output voltage signals using a voltage divider circuit with an AC voltage (0.6 V) source. The results offer an assessment of the accuracy and response time of the salinity sensors, as well as their potential for integration with data transmission components for real-time ocean monitoring. This study has important implications for the development of soft, flexible, Au-based electrochemical sensors that can operate efficiently in diverse biological fluids and marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hao Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Wei L, He Y, Lv Z, Guo D, Cheng L, Wu H, Liu A. Full-Cut Manufacture of Skin-Interfaced Microfluidic Patch with Copper Electrode for In Situ Admittance Sensing of Sweat Rate. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:67. [PMID: 36671902 PMCID: PMC9855928 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sweat-rate measurement has received more and more attention, especially for specific groups, such as athletes, soldiers and manual workers, due to their excessive sweat loss under prolonged intense heat stress, which increases the risk of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. The highly effective manufacture of a sweat-sensing device is essential to its wide range of applications in perspiration-related physiological information detection. In this work, we propose a simple and cost-effective strategy for the manufacture of a microfluidic sweat-rate-sensing patch via laser cutting and transfer printing technology. A copper foil tape is used as the electrode for in situ admittance based sweat-rate-sensing. The detection circuits and measurement conditions are optimized to prevent the negative effect of an electrochemical reaction between a copper electrode and sweat for precise admittance measurement. In vitro and on-body experiments demonstrate that the copper electrode is applicable for admittance-based sweat sensing and is capable of achieving equivalent sensing accuracy as a gold electrode and that the proposed sensor structure can perform consecutive and accurate sweat-rate-sensing and facilitates a significant increase in manufacturing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- School of Physics and Electronics Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, China
| | - Yuxin He
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zihan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Daoyou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huaping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education and Zhejiang Province, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Aiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Ramachandran B, Liao YC. Microfluidic wearable electrochemical sweat sensors for health monitoring. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:051501. [PMID: 36186757 PMCID: PMC9520469 DOI: 10.1063/5.0116648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on remote health monitoring through wearable sensors has attained popularity in recent decades mainly due to aging population and expensive health care services. Microfluidic wearable sweat sensors provide economical, non-invasive mode of sample collection, important physiological information, and continuous tracking of human health. Recent advances in wearable sensors focus on electrochemical monitoring of biomarkers in sweat and can be applicable in various fields like fitness monitoring, nutrition, and medical diagnosis. This review focuses on the evolution of wearable devices from benchtop electrochemical systems to microfluidic-based wearable sensors. Major classification of wearable sensors like skin contact-based and biofluidic-based sensors are discussed. Furthermore, sweat chemistry and related biomarkers are explained in addition to integration of microfluidic systems in wearable sweat sensors. At last, recent advances in wearable electrochemical sweat sensors are discussed, which includes tattoo-based, paper microfluidics, patches, wrist band, and belt-based wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Ramachandran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Zhang X, Wang X, Ning M, Wang P, Wang W, Zhang X, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li S. Fast Synthesis of Au Nanoparticles on Metal-Phenolic Network for Sweat SERS Analysis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2977. [PMID: 36080014 PMCID: PMC9458096 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical composition of sweat is closely related to the human physiological state, which provides a favorable window for the monitoring of human health status, especially for the athlete. Herein, an ultra-simple strategy based on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique for sweat analysis is established. Metal-phenolic network (MPN), an outstanding organic-inorganic hybrid material, is adopted as the reductant and platform for the in situ formation of Au-MPN, which displays excellent SERS activity with the limit of detection to 10-15 M for 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA). As an ultrasensitive SERS sensor, Au-MPN is capable of discriminating the molecular fingerprints of sweat components acquired from a volunteer after exercise, such as urea, uric acid, lactic acid, and amino acid. For pH sensing, Au-MPN/4-MBA efficiently presents the pH values of the volunteer's sweat, which can indicate the electrolyte metabolism during exercise. This MPN-based SERS sensing strategy unlocks a new route for the real-time physiological monitoring of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Mengling Ning
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaozhou Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shaoxin Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
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