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Vaněčková E, Hrdlička V, Šebera J, Hromadová M, Kocábová J, Sebechlebská T, Kolivoška V. Pencil graphite electrodes for in-situ spectroelectrochemical sensing of reaction intermediates and products in organic solvents. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1296:342350. [PMID: 38401936 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) is a valuable analytical tool providing insights to reaction mechanisms and the structure of species involved in charge transfer reactions. Most of commercial SEC setups are based on platinum working electrodes where the adsorption of species involved in reactions often complicates their analysis. RESULTS In this work, we employ an array of pencil graphite rods as an optically transparent working electrode in a custom-made air-tight thin-layer cell suitable for the SEC analysis performed here in acetonitrile as a representative non-aqueous solvent. The functionality of the device was demonstrated by UV-Vis SEC sensing of charge transfer reactions of ruthenium acetylacetonate, ferrocene and ethylviologen dibromide redox probes performed employing the cyclic voltammetry. The SEC response obtained for all three probes confirmed no adsorption and the absence of oxygen in the cell. Furthermore, we have developed and utilized finite element method numerical simulations considering charge transfer reactions coupled with the diffusional mass transport to model the cyclic voltammetric response and the reaction conversion in the thin-layer SEC cell. SIGNIFICANCE Our work paves the way for easy-to-assemble customized air-tight adsorption-free SEC devices with the manufacturing costs well below those of commercially available platforms. Developed computational approaches have the predictive power for optimizing reaction conditions and the geometry of the SEC cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vaněčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtěch Hrdlička
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Šebera
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Kocábová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Táňa Sebechlebská
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 84215, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic.
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Hernández-Rodríguez JF, Rojas D, Escarpa A. Print-Pause-Print Fabrication of Tailored Electrochemical Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18679-18684. [PMID: 38095628 PMCID: PMC10753525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has emerged as a powerful technology for the fabrication of low-cost microfluidics. Nevertheless, the fabrication of microfluidic devices integrating high-performance electrochemical sensors in practical applications is still an open challenge. Although automatic fabrication of the microfluidic device and the electrodes can be successfully carried out using a one-step multimaterial fused filament fabrication (FFF) approach, the as-printed electrochemical performance of these electrodes is not good enough for chemical (bio)sensing and their surface modification is challenging because after closing the channel there is no physical access to the electrode. Thus, here a pause-print-pause (PPP) microfabrication approach was implemented. The fabrication was paused before printing the microfluidics, and the filament-based electrodes were directly modified on the printing bed via stencil printing, drop casting, and electrodeposition. To exemplify this versatile workflow, the design of a microfluidic glucose sensor was proposed. To this end, first, the working and counter electrodes were stencil printed with graphite ink while the reference electrode was stencil printed with Ag|AgCl ink. Then, Prussian blue was formed on the working electrode either by drop casting or by electrodeposition, and glucose oxidase was drop cast on top. At this point, the microfabrication process was resumed, and the microfluidics were printed on top of the modified electrodes to complete the construction of hybrid electrochemical fluidic fused filament fabricated devices (h-eF4Ds). This print-pause-print approach is not limited to ink-based electrodes or glucose oxidase, and we envisage these results will pave the way for the effective integration of electrodes in microfluidic devices in a simple and clean-room-free approach, allowing the development of highly customized eF4Ds for a plethora of analytes with high significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Hernández-Rodríguez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rojas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Chemical
Research Institute “Andres M. Del Rio”, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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Anthi J, Vaněčková E, Spasovová M, Houska M, Vrabcová M, Vogelová E, Holubová B, Vaisocherová-Lísalová H, Kolivoška V. Probing charge transfer through antifouling polymer brushes by electrochemical methods: The impact of supporting self-assembled monolayer chain length. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1276:341640. [PMID: 37573118 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin surface-tethered polymer brushes represent attractive platforms for a wide range of sensing applications in strategically vital areas such as medicine, forensics, or security. The recent trends in such developments towards "real world conditions" highlighted the role of zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) (pCB) brushes which provide excellent antifouling properties combined with bio-functionalization capacity. Highly dense pCB brushes are usually prepared by the "grafting from" polymerization triggered by initiators on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Here, multi-methodological experimental studies are pursued to elucidate the impact of the alkanethiolate SAM chain length (C6, C8 and C11) on structural and functional properties of antifouling poly(carboxybetaine methacrylamide) (pCBMAA) brush. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a custom-made 3D printed cell employing [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox probe were used to investigate penetrability of SAM/pCBMAA bilayers for small molecules and interfacial charge transfer characteristics. The biofouling resistance of pCBMAA brushes was characterized by surface plasmon resonance; ellipsometry and FT-IRRAS spectroscopy were used to determine swelling and relative density of the brushes synthesized from initiator-bearing SAMs with varied carbon chain length. The SAM length was found to have a substantial impact on all studied characteristics; the highest value of charge transfer resistance (Rct) was observed for denser pCBMAA on longer-chain (C11) SAM when compared to shorter (C8/C6) SAMs. The observed high value of Rct for C11 implies a limitation for the analytical performance of electrochemical sensing methods. At the same time, the pCBMAA brushes on C11 SAM exhibited the best bio-fouling resistance among inspected systems. This demonstrates that proper selection of supporting structures for brushes is critical in the design of these assemblies for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judita Anthi
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Vaněčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Spasovová
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Houska
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Vrabcová
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Vogelová
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Holubová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vaisocherová-Lísalová
- FZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Šikula M, Vaněčková E, Hromadová M, Kolivoška V. Spectroelectrochemical sensing of reaction intermediates and products in an affordable fully 3D printed device. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1267:341379. [PMID: 37257964 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in fused deposition modelling 3D printing (FDM 3DP) and synthesis of printable electrically conductive materials enabled the manufacture of customized electrodes and electrochemical devices by this technique. The past couple of years have seen a boom in applying approaches of FDM 3DP in the realm of spectroelectrochemistry (SEC). Despite significant progress, reported designs of SEC devices still rely on conventionally manufactured optical components such as quartz windows and cuvettes. To bridge this technological gap, in this work we apply bi-material FDM 3DP combining electrically conductive and optically translucent filaments to manufacture working electrodes and cells, constituting a fully integrated microfluidic platform for transmission absorption UV-Vis SEC measurements. The cell design enables de-aeration of samples and their convenient handling and analysis. Employing cyclic voltammetric measurements with ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate, ethylviologen dibromide and ferrocenemethanol redox-active probes as model analytes, we demonstrate that the presented platform allows SEC sensing of reactants, intermediates and products of charge transfer reactions, including the inspection of their long-term stability. Approaches developed and presented in this work pave the way for manufacturing customized SEC devices with dramatically reduced costs compared to currently available commercial platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šikula
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Vaněčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic.
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de Faria LV, do Nascimento SFL, Villafuerte LM, Semaan FS, Pacheco WF, Dornellas RM. 3D printed graphite-based electrode coupled with batch injection analysis: An affordable high-throughput strategy for atorvastatin determination. Talanta 2023; 265:124873. [PMID: 37390670 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
This work integrated a lab-made conductive graphite/polylactic acid (Grp/PLA, 40:60% w/w) filament into a 3D pen to print customized electrodes (cylindrical design). Thermogravimetric analysis validated the incorporation of graphite into the PLA matrix, while Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy images indicated a graphitic structure with the presence of defects and highly porous, respectively. The electrochemical features of the 3D-printed Gpt/PLA electrode were systematically compared to that achieved using commercial carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA, from Protopasta®) filament. The 3D printed Gpt/PLA electrode "in the native form" provided lower charge transfer resistance (Rct = 880 Ω) and a more kinetically favored reaction (K0 = 1.48 × 10-3 cm s-1) compared to the 3D printed CB/PLA electrode (chemically/electrochemically treated). Moreover, a method by batch injection analysis with amperometric detection (BIA-AD) was developed to determine atorvastatin (ATR) in pharmaceutical and water samples. Using the 3D printed Gpt/PLA electrode, a wider linear range (1-200 μmol L-1), sensitivity (3-times higher), and lower detection limit (LOD = 0.13 μmol L-1) were achieved when compared to the CB/PLA electrode. Repeatability studies (n = 15, RSD <7.3%) attested to the precision of the electrochemical measurements, and recovery percentages between 83 and 108% confirmed the accuracy of the method. Remarkably, this is the first time that ATR has been determined by the BIA-AD system and a low-cost 3D-printed device. This approach is promising to be implemented in research laboratories for quality control of pharmaceuticals and can also be useful for on-site environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas V de Faria
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Suéllen F L do Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana M Villafuerte
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Semaan
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wagner F Pacheco
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Dornellas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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Dakošová O, Melníková E, Naumowicz M, Kolivoška V, Vaněčková E, Navrátil T, Labuda J, Veteška P, Gál M. Direct electrochemical determination of environmentally harmful pharmaceutical ciprofloxacin in 3D printed flow-through cell. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137517. [PMID: 36495982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rising amounts of antibiotic residues in wastewater cause serious problems including increased bacterial resistance. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) do not, in the case of new, modern pharmaceuticals, ensure their complete removal. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is one of many micropollutants that partially pass through WWTPs, implying that its monitoring is essential for the assessment of the water quality. In real sewage systems, the determination of CIP needs to be performed under flowing conditions, which calls for the deployment of inexpensive, robust, and easily integrable approaches such as electrochemical techniques. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the electrochemical determination of CIP in a flowing matrix. To bridge this gap, we perform here cyclic and square-wave voltammetric sensing study of CIP employing boron-doped diamond screen printed electrodes in a custom-made 3D printed flow-through cell to mimic conditions in real sewage systems. An irreversible two-step oxidation of CIP is demonstrated, with the first step providing clear Faradaic response as analytically relevant signal. This response was found to scale with the sample flow rate according to the prediction given by Levich equation. Our work provides an in-depth inspection of the electrochemical response of CIP under controlled-convection conditions, which is an essential prerequisite for monitoring this antibiotic in real flowing sewage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olívia Dakošová
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 821 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Melníková
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 821 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Vaněčková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Navrátil
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Labuda
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 821 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Veteška
- Department of Inorganic Materials, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 821 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Gál
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 821 37 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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