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Dou Q, Canavan A, Fu Y, Xiang L, Wang Y, Wang X, Jiang X, Dirr C, Wang F, Elsner M. Nitrogen stable isotope analysis of sulfonamides by derivatization-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05361-2. [PMID: 38849528 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The continuous introduction of micropollutants into the environment through livestock farming, agricultural practices, and wastewater treatment is a major concern. Among these pollutants are synthetic sulfonamide antibiotics such as sulfamethoxazole, which are not always fully degraded and pose a risk of fostering antimicrobial resistance. It is challenging to assess the degradation of sulfonamides with conventional concentration measurements. This study introduces compound-specific isotope analysis of nitrogen isotope ratios at natural abundances by derivatization-gas chromatography hyphenated with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (derivatization-GC-IRMS) as a new and more precise method for tracing the origin and degradation of sulfonamides. Here, sulfamethoxazole was used as a model compound to develop and optimize the derivatization conditions using (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane as a derivatization reagent. With the optimized conditions, accurate and reproducible δ15N analysis of sulfamethoxazole by derivatization-GC-IRMS was achieved in two different laboratories with a limit for precise isotope analysis of 3 nmol N on column, corresponding to 0.253 µg non-derivatized SMX. Application of the method to four further sulfonamides, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimidine, and sulfathiazole, shows the versatility of the developed method. Its benefit was demonstrated in a first application, highlighting the possibility of distinguishing sulfamethoxazole from different suppliers and pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Aoife Canavan
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yuhao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leilei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Christopher Dirr
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Martin Elsner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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Wabnitz C, Canavan A, Chen W, Reisbeck M, Bakkour R. Quartz Crystal Microbalance as a Holistic Detector for Quantifying Complex Organic Matrices during Liquid Chromatography: 1. Coupling, Characterization, and Validation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7429-7435. [PMID: 38683884 PMCID: PMC11099895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A matrix in highly complex samples can cause adverse effects on the trace analysis of targeted organic compounds. A suitable separation of the target analyte(s) and matrix before the instrumental analysis is often a vital step for which chromatographic cleanup methods remain one of the most frequently used strategies, particularly high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The lack of a simple real-time detection technique that can quantify the entirety of the matrix during this step, especially with gradient solvents, renders optimization of the cleanup challenging. This paper, along with a companion one, explores the possibilities and limitations of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) dry-mass sensing for quantifying complex organic matrices during gradient HPLC. To this end, this work coupled a QCM and a microfluidic spray dryer with a commercial HPLC system using a flow splitter and developed a calibration and data processing strategy. The system was characterized in terms of detection and quantification limits, with LOD = 4.3-15 mg/L and LOQ = 16-52 mg/L, respectively, for different eluent compositions. Validation of natural organic matter in an environmental sample against offline total organic carbon analysis confirmed the approach's feasibility, with an absolute recovery of 103 ± 10%. Our findings suggest that QCM dry-mass sensing could serve as a valuable tool for analysts routinely employing HPLC cleanup methods, offering potential benefits across various analytical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wabnitz
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Aoife Canavan
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Mathias Reisbeck
- TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Heinz Nixdorf Chair of Biomedical Electronics, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Rani Bakkour
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
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