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Sodia T, David AA, Chesney AP, Perri JN, Gutierrez GE, Nepple CM, Isbell SM, Cash KJ. Nanoparticle-Based Liquid-Liquid Extraction for the Determination of Metal Ions. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4408-4416. [PMID: 34793121 PMCID: PMC8715536 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Traditional liquid phase extraction techniques that use optically responsive ligands provide benefits that enable cost-efficient and rapid measurements. However, these approaches have limitations in their excessive use of organic solvents and multistep procedures. Here, we developed a simple, nanoscale extraction approach by replacing the macroscopic organic phase with hydrophobic polymeric nanoparticles that are dispersed in an aqueous feed. The concentration of analytes in polymeric nanoparticle suspensions is governed by similar partition principles to liquid-liquid phase extraction techniques. By encasing optically responsive metal ligands inside polymeric nanoparticles, we introduce a one-step metal quantification assay based on traditional two-phase extraction methodologies. As an initial proof of concept, we encapsulated bathophenanthroline (BP) inside the particles to extract then quantify Fe2+ with colorimetry in a dissolved supplement tablet and creek water. These Fe2+ nanosensors are sensitive and selective and report out with fluorescence by adding a fluorophore (DiO) into the particle core. To show that this new rapid extraction assay is not exclusive to measuring Fe2+, we replaced BP with either 8-hydroxyquinoline or bathocuproine to measure Al3+ or Cu+, respectively, in water samples. Utilizing this nanoscale extraction approach will allow users to rapidly quantify metals of interest without the drawbacks of larger-scale phase extraction approaches while also allowing for the expansion of phase extraction methodologies into areas of biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler
Z. Sodia
- Quantitative
Biosciences and Engineering, Colorado School
of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexa A. David
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Colorado School
of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ashley P. Chesney
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Colorado School
of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Juliana N. Perri
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Colorado School
of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | | | - Cecilia M. Nepple
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Colorado School
of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sydney M. Isbell
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Colorado School
of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Kevin J. Cash
- Quantitative
Biosciences and Engineering, Colorado School
of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Colorado School
of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Soda Y, Gao W, Bosset J, Bakker E. Emulsion Doping of Ionophores and Ion-Exchangers into Ion-Selective Electrode Membranes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14319-14324. [PMID: 33084307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are widely used analytical devices to selectively measure ionic species. Despite significant advances in recent years, ion-selective membranes are still mostly prepared in the same manner, by preloading the selective components into a solvent that is subsequently cast into a membrane or film. This paper describes an alternative method to prepare ISE membranes by mass transfer of the sensing components from an emulsion phase. Specifically, blank (undoped) plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes mounted into an electrode body are immersed into an aqueous solution containing analyte ions and an appropriate emulsion of the desired sensing components to allow their transfer into the membrane. The concept is demonstrated with conventional membrane electrodes containing an inner solution as well as all-solid-state electrodes. It is shown to be universally useful for the realization of ISEs for K+, Na+, Ca2+, and NO3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Soda
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wenyue Gao
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Bosset
- BioImaging Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Thajee K, Wang L, Grudpan K, Bakker E. Colorimetric ionophore-based coextraction titrimetry of potassium ions. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1029:37-43. [PMID: 29907288 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Potassium ion concentration can be successfully determined volumetrically by moving the titration from a homogeneous phase to a two phase solvent system. This is because potassium can be readily complexed in a selective and thermodynamically stable manner by ionophores such as valinomycin. Previous work demonstrated the successful titration of potassium by ion-exchange into an organic phase containing valinomycin, but the sample itself served as titrant, which is not sufficiently practical for routine applications. This problem is overcome here by a co-extraction based approach, with the sodium salt of the water soluble lipophilic anion tetraphenylborate as titrant. The extraction of potassium tetraphenylborate must be preferred over that of the hydrogen ion-tetraphenylborate pair, which is used to indicate the endpoint by the presence of a lipophilic indicator in the organic phase. This is controlled by the sample pH, which for the conditions chosen here is around 7 for optimal sharpness and accuracy of the endpoint. The approach is demonstrated in a colorimetric detection approach, by use of a tethered digital camera and subsequent automated analysis of the resulting image files. The potassium analysis in a variety of samples is successfully demonstrated, including blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajorngai Thajee
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kate Grudpan
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhai
- Department of Chemistry; Southern University of Science and Technology; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Changyou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; Southern University of Science and Technology; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Xinlei Peng
- Department of Chemistry; Southern University of Science and Technology; Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry; Southern University of Science and Technology; Shenzhen P. R. China
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Abdel-Haleem FM, Rizk MS. Development of ionophore-based nanosphere emulsion incorporating ion-exchanger for complexometric titration of thiocyanate anion. J Adv Res 2017; 8:449-454. [PMID: 28721299 PMCID: PMC5485864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionophore-based ion-exchange nanosphere emulsion was prepared and tested for the determination of thiocyanate. The emulsified nanosphere contained the cationic additive tridodecylmethyl ammonium chloride (TDMAC), the plasticizer, and the ionophore Mn(III)-salophen or Mn(III)-salen. This emulsion was used as titrating agent for thiocyanate complexation with ionophores, which could be transduced using an ion-selective electrode (ISE) as an indicator electrode for the end point detection. The method showed no need for pH control and reliable selectivity, as thiocyanate could be determined in presence of other interfering ions with high accuracy. As well, the emulsion was stable and could be used for approximately couple of weeks. The developed emulsion could be used for the determination of thiocyanate in human saliva with standard deviation <4%. In sum, the proposed method could be used as an alternative for the argentometric titration and would open new avenues for the determination of neutral, anionic, and cationic species without necessity for water soluble ligands or pH control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud S Rizk
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Zhai J, Xie X, Cherubini T, Bakker E. Ionophore-Based Titrimetric Detection of Alkali Metal Ions in Serum. ACS Sens 2017; 2:606-612. [PMID: 28723189 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the titrimetric assay is one of the most precise analytical techniques available, only a limited list of complexometric chelators is available, as many otherwise promising reagents are not water-soluble. Recent work demonstrated successful titrimetry with ion-exchanging polymeric nanospheres containing hydrophobic complexing agents, so-called ionophores, opening an exciting avenue in this field. However, this method was limited to ionophores of very high affinity to the analyte and exhibited a relatively limited titration capacity. To overcome these two limitations, we report here on solvent based titration reagents. This heterogeneous titration principle is based on the dissolution of all hydrophobic recognition components in a solvent such as dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) where the ionophores are shown to maintain a high affinity to the target ions. HSV (hue, saturation, value) analysis of the images captured with a digital camera provides a convenient and inexpensive way to determine the end point. This approach is combined with an automated titration setup. The titrations of the alkali metals K+, Na+, and Li+ in aqueous solution are successfully demonstrated. The potassium concentration in human serum without pretreatment was precisely and accurately determined as 4.38 mM ± 0.10 mM (automated titration), which compares favorably with atomic emission spectroscopy (4.47 mM ± 0.20 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhai
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Thomas Cherubini
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Stelmach E, Maksymiuk K, Michalska A. Copolymeric hexyl acrylate-methacrylic acid microspheres – surface vs. bulk reactive carboxyl groups. Coulometric and colorimetric determination and analytical applications for heterogeneous microtitration. Talanta 2016; 159:248-254. [PMID: 27474305 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhai J, Xie X, Bakker E. Solvatochromic Dyes as pH-Independent Indicators for Ionophore Nanosphere-Based Complexometric Titrations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:12318-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhai
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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