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Yoshinaga K, Imasaka T, Imasaka T. Femtosecond Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Online Analysis of Human Exhaled Breath. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38972070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
A variety of organic compounds in human exhaled breath were measured online by mass spectrometry using the fifth (206 nm) and fourth (257 nm) harmonic emissions of a femtosecond ytterbium (Yb) laser as the ionization source. Molecular ions were enhanced significantly by means of resonance-enhanced, two-color, two-photon ionization, which was useful for discrimination of analytes against the background. The limit of detection was 0.15 ppm for acetone in air. The concentration of acetone in exhaled breath was determined for three subjects to average 0.31 ppm, which lies within the range of normal healthy subjects and is appreciably lower than the range for patients with diabetes mellitus. Many other constituents, which could be assigned to acetaldehyde, ethanol, isoprene, phenol, octane, ethyl butanoate, indole, octanol, etc., were observed in the exhaled air. Therefore, the present approach shows potential for use in the online analysis of diabetes mellitus and also for the diagnosis of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540:744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Totaro Imasaka
- Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Hikari Giken, Co., 2-10-30, Sakurazaka, Chuou-ku Fukuoka 810-0024, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imasaka
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540:744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Cai H, Stearns SD. A fast temperature-programmed second-dimension column for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:2435-2446. [PMID: 36449031 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The short analysis time and constant temperature environment in the second dimension of two-dimensional comprehensive chromatography frequently causes wraparound problems, especially for complex high boilers. This problem can be solved by temperature programming on the second column, but since this requires heating and cooling the column in a matter of seconds, it is difficult to implement. In this study, we describe a method of accomplishing rapid heating and cooling with a resistively heated column cooled by compressed air. Critical to this method is minimizing the lag time between the actual temperature and the reported temperature by using the column heating element as the temperature sensor, virtually eliminating the danger of overshooting the temperature setpoint. This technique facilitates a ramp rate of up to 100 °C/s with minimal overshooting-well beyond the requirements of gas chromatography. A single-layer column bundle design allows a compressed-air cooling device to cool the column from 200 to 50 °C at an average rate of -21 °C/s. The secondary dimension temperature programming is facilitated by the longer secondary dimension time made possible by the direct flow modulation method. We evaluated the performance of the single-layer column bundle and demonstrated this method by applying it to a gasoline sample. We also compared this method with the traditional isothermal approach and found that use of the secondary temperature program reduced the naphthalene retention time from 12.1 to 6.3 s and its peak width at half height from 846 to 126 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Cai
- Valco Instruments Co. Inc., 8300 Waterbury Dr., Houston, TX, 77055, USA.
| | - Stanley D Stearns
- Valco Instruments Co. Inc., 8300 Waterbury Dr., Houston, TX, 77055, USA
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3
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Flaxer E, Alon T. Programmable smart fast gas chromatograph and open probe controller. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1657:462576. [PMID: 34601255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Today, labs that carry out chemical analyses for regulation, food safety, health, forensics, or even security purposes are looking for ways to accelerate the analytical process. Slow procedures are costly because the necessary instruments are expensive and require maintenance and a highly trained staff to operate them. One of the more ubiquitous instruments in such labs is a Gas Chromatograph (GC), which accepts a solution and outputs each of the compounds within it in a gaseous form, one by one to be further analyzed and identified, usually by a Mass Spectrometer (MS). This separation process in a GC can be rather time-consuming, partly due to the slow heating and cooling of the GC column through which the compounds move, which happens inside a box-shaped oven. This paper describes a controller developed for a unique Open Probe Fast GC instrument that enables, among other things, high-speed and controlled heating and cooling of a gas-carrying capillary transfer line. Fast heating is achieved by precisely controlling the electrical current flowing through the small inner-diameter steel tube through which the GC column passes. The fast cooling occurs by exposing the low-mass heated tube to room temperature, along with the assistance of a simple fan that carries the heated air away. This technology also supports control of other system parts, including a unique quick sampling device called an Open Probe that allows for an even faster analysis cycle. Our design is based entirely on a digital signal processor (DSP) and digital control. The use of pulse width modulation (PWM) control enables a compact and efficient system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Flaxer
- AFEKA - Tel-Aviv Academic College of Engineering, 69107 Tel-Aviv, Israel; School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Tal Alon
- AFEKA - Tel-Aviv Academic College of Engineering, 69107 Tel-Aviv, Israel; School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Gehm C, Schnepel K, Czech H, Miersch T, Ehlert S, Zimmermann R. Hyper-fast gas chromatography and single-photon ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry with integrated electrical modulator-based sampling for headspace and online VOC analyses. Analyst 2021; 146:3137-3149. [PMID: 33949436 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel fast gas chromatography (fastGC) instrument with integrated sampling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and detection by single-photon ionisation (SPI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS). A consumable-free electrical modulator rapidly cools down to -55 °C to trap VOCs and inject them on a short chromatographic column by prompt heating to 300 °C, followed by carrier gas exchange from air to helium. Due to the low thermal mass and optical heating, the fastGC is operated within total runtimes including cooling for 30 s and 15 s, referring to hyper-fast GC, and at a constantly increasing temperature ramp from 30 °C to 280 °C. The application of soft SPI-TOFMS allows the detection of co-eluting VOCs of different molecular compositions, which cannot be resolved by conventional GC (cGC) with electron ionisation (EI). Among other analytical figures of merit, we achieved limits of detection for toluene and p-xylene of 2 ppb and 0.5 ppb, respectively, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 and a linear response over a range of more than five orders of magnitude. Furthermore, we demonstrate the performance of the instrument on samples from the fields of environmental research and food science by headspace analysis of roasted coffee beans and needles from coniferous trees as well as by quasi-real-time analysis of biomass burning emissions and coffee roast gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gehm
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Efimova A, Varga J, Matuschek G, Saraji-Bozorgzad MR, Denner T, Zimmermann R, Schmidt P. Thermal Resilience of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids—Studies on Short- and Long-Term Thermal Stability and Decomposition Mechanism of 1-Alkyl-3-methylimidazolium Halides by Thermal Analysis and Single-Photon Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8738-8749. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Efimova
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus—Senftenberg, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peer Schmidt
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus—Senftenberg, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
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Czech H, Schepler C, Klingbeil S, Ehlert S, Howell J, Zimmermann R. Resolving Coffee Roasting-Degree Phases Based on the Analysis of Volatile Compounds in the Roasting Off-Gas by Photoionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PI-TOFMS) and Statistical Data Analysis: Toward a PI-TOFMS Roasting Model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5223-31. [PMID: 27309797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Coffee beans of two cultivars, Arabica (Mexico) and Robusta (Vietnam), were roasted in a small-scale drum roaster at different temperature profiles. Evolving volatile compounds out of the roasting off-gas were analyzed by photoionization mass spectrometry at four different wavelengths, either with single-photon ionization (SPI) or resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI). The different analyte selectivities at the four wavelengths and their relevance for the examination of the roasting process were discussed. Furthermore, intensities of observed m/z were grouped by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to reveal the temporal evolutions of four roasting phases ("evaporation", "early roast", "late roast", and "overroast") from NMF scores and the corresponding molecular composition from the NMF factor loadings, giving chemically sound results concerning the roasting phases. Finally, linear classifiers were constructed from real mass spectra at maximum NMF scores by linear discriminant analysis to obtain quantities which are simple to measure for real-time analysis of the roasting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Schepler
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sophie Klingbeil
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health (HICE) , www.hice-vi.eu, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Ehlert
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Photonion GmbH , 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | - Jessalin Howell
- The J.M. Smucker Company , 1 Strawberry Lane, Orrville, Ohio 44667, United States
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health (HICE) , www.hice-vi.eu, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Evolution of Volatile Flavor Compounds During Roasting of Nut Seeds by Thermogravimetry Coupled to Fast-Cycling Optical Heating Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Electron and Photoionization. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wohlfahrt S, Fischer M, Varga J, Saraji-Bozorgzad MR, Matuschek G, Denner T, Zimmermann R. Dual-Stage Consumable-Free Thermal Modulator for the Hyphenation of Thermal Analysis, Gas Chromatography, and Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 88:640-4. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wohlfahrt
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass
Spectrometry Centre, University Rostock, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Fischer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass
Spectrometry Centre, University Rostock, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Janos Varga
- Joint Mass
Spectrometry Centre, University Rostock, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- University of Augsburg, Chair
of Resource Strategy, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | | | - Georg Matuschek
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Mass
Spectrometry Centre, University Rostock, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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