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Dell'Orco S, Christensen ED, Iisa K, Starace AK, Dutta A, Talmadge MS, Magrini KA, Mukarakate C. Online Biogenic Carbon Analysis Enables Refineries to Reduce Carbon Footprint during Coprocessing Biomass- and Petroleum-Derived Liquids. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4351-4360. [PMID: 33645225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To mitigate green-house gas (GHG) emissions, governments around the world are enacting legislation to reduce carbon intensity in transportation fuels. Coprocessing biomass and petroleum-derived liquids in existing refineries is a near-term, cost-effective approach for introducing renewable carbon in fuels and enabling refineries to meet regulatory mandates. However, coprocessing biomass-derived liquids in refineries results in variable degrees of biogenic carbon incorporation, necessitating accurate quantification to verify compliance with mandates. Existing refinery control and instrumentation systems lack the means to measure renewable carbon accurately, reliably, and quickly. Thus, accurate measurement of biogenic carbon is key to ensuring refineries meet regulatory mandates. In this Perspective, we present existing methods for measuring biogenic carbon, point out their challenges, and discuss the need for new online analytical capabilities to measure biogenic carbon in fuel intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dell'Orco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 40, 50135 Florence, Italy.,Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Earl D Christensen
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Kristiina Iisa
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Anne K Starace
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Abhijit Dutta
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Michael S Talmadge
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Kimberly A Magrini
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Calvin Mukarakate
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
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Murnick DE. Laser-based radiocarbon detection in the laboratory: How soon? J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:768-775. [PMID: 31369168 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research over the past 25 years and the use of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) have demonstrated benefits of single-atom counting of 14 C compared with scintillation monitoring of 14 C radioactive decay for a multitude of applications in drug development studies. These include pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies, microdosing studies, and quantification of DNA adducts. In the last decade, the possibility of single-atom counting using lasers has been demonstrated, providing the possibility of simplified laboratory-based systems, which can equal or excel AMS sensitivity and provide scintillation system convenience without high levels of radioactivity. To achieve the required sensitivity, optical storage cavities have been used to enhance the laser interaction of the low densities of radiocarbon present. Two types of laser technologies have been used-cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and intracavity opto-galvanic spectroscopy (ICOGS). Problems to be overcome to achieve routine use have included separation of the 14 C signal from backgrounds, achievement of acceptable precision and accuracy, reduction of measurement times for small samples, and improvement in the ease of use for the operator. Both technologies have achieved impressive results to date using samples of order 1 mg with CRDS and 10 μg with ICOGS. Commercial development is the next step.
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Murnick D, Liu J, DeGuzman M. Comment on "Intracavity OptoGalvanic Spectroscopy Not Suitable for Ambient Level Radiocarbon Detection". Anal Chem 2016; 88:4571-3. [PMID: 27015316 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Murnick
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University , Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Junming Liu
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University , Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Mark DeGuzman
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University , Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Persson A, Salehpour M. Comment on "Intracavity OptoGalvanic Spectroscopy Not Suitable for Ambient Level Radiocarbon Detection". Anal Chem 2016; 88:4578-9. [PMID: 27015441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Persson
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Microsystems Technology, Uppsala University , Box 534, SE-751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mehran Salehpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ion Physics, Uppsala University , Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
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Paul D, Meijer HAJ. Reply to Comment Submitted by Murnick et al. on "Intracavity OptoGalvanic Spectroscopy Not Suitable for Ambient Level Radiocarbon Detection". Anal Chem 2016; 88:4574-7. [PMID: 27014803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Paul
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro A J Meijer
- Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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