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Kahali S, Das SK, Kumar R, Gupta K, Kundu R, Bhattacharya B, Nath A, Venkatramani R, Datta A. A water-soluble, cell-permeable Mn(ii) sensor enables visualization of manganese dynamics in live mammalian cells. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10753-10769. [PMID: 39027293 PMCID: PMC11253179 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00907j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Central roles of Mn2+ ions in immunity, brain function, and photosynthesis necessitate probes for tracking this essential metal ion in living systems. However, developing a cell-permeable, fluorescent sensor for selective imaging of Mn2+ ions in the aqueous cellular milieu has remained a challenge. This is because Mn2+ is a weak binder to ligand-scaffolds and Mn2+ ions quench fluorescent dyes leading to turn-off sensors that are not applicable for in vivo imaging. Sensors with a unique combination of Mn2+ selectivity, μM sensitivity, and response in aqueous media are necessary for not only visualizing labile cellular Mn2+ ions live, but also for measuring Mn2+ concentrations in living cells. No sensor has achieved this combination thus far. Here we report a novel, completely water-soluble, reversible, fluorescent turn-on, Mn2+ selective sensor, M4, with a K d of 1.4 μM for Mn2+ ions. M4 entered cells within 15 min of direct incubation and was applied to image Mn2+ ions in living mammalian cells in both confocal fluorescence intensity and lifetime-based set-ups. The probe was able to visualize Mn2+ dynamics in live cells revealing differential Mn2+ localization and uptake dynamics under pathophysiological versus physiological conditions. In a key experiment, we generated an in-cell Mn2+ response curve for the sensor which allowed the measurement of the endogenous labile Mn2+ concentration in HeLa cells as 1.14 ± 0.15 μM. Thus, our computationally designed, selective, sensitive, and cell-permeable sensor with a 620 nM limit of detection for Mn2+ in water provides the first estimate of endogenous labile Mn2+ levels in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitaroopa Kahali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 1 Homi Bhabha Road Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Sujit Kumar Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 1 Homi Bhabha Road Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 1 Homi Bhabha Road Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Kunika Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 1 Homi Bhabha Road Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Rajasree Kundu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 1 Homi Bhabha Road Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Baivabi Bhattacharya
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Arnab Nath
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Ravindra Venkatramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 1 Homi Bhabha Road Mumbai 400005 India
| | - Ankona Datta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 1 Homi Bhabha Road Mumbai 400005 India
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Grover K, Koblova A, Pezacki AT, Chang CJ, New EJ. Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Binding- and Activity-Based Sensing of Redox-Active Biological Metals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5846-5929. [PMID: 38657175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Although transition metals constitute less than 0.1% of the total mass within a human body, they have a substantial impact on fundamental biological processes across all kingdoms of life. Indeed, these nutrients play crucial roles in the physiological functions of enzymes, with the redox properties of many of these metals being essential to their activity. At the same time, imbalances in transition metal pools can be detrimental to health. Modern analytical techniques are helping to illuminate the workings of metal homeostasis at a molecular and atomic level, their spatial localization in real time, and the implications of metal dysregulation in disease pathogenesis. Fluorescence microscopy has proven to be one of the most promising non-invasive methods for studying metal pools in biological samples. The accuracy and sensitivity of bioimaging experiments are predominantly determined by the fluorescent metal-responsive sensor, highlighting the importance of rational probe design for such measurements. This review covers activity- and binding-based fluorescent metal sensors that have been applied to cellular studies. We focus on the essential redox-active metals: iron, copper, manganese, cobalt, chromium, and nickel. We aim to encourage further targeted efforts in developing innovative approaches to understanding the biological chemistry of redox-active metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karandeep Grover
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alla Koblova
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Aidan T Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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3
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Fan H, Lu Y. Improving the Sensitivity of a Mn(II)-Specific DNAzyme for Cellular Imaging Sensor through Sequence Mutations. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3853-3858. [PMID: 38375826 PMCID: PMC11060987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Detection of Mn2+ in living cells is important in understanding the roles of Mn2+ in cellular processes and investigating its potential implications in various diseases and disorders. Toward this goal, we have previously selected a Mn2+-specific 11-5 DNAzyme through an in vitro selection method and converted it into a fluorescence sensor for intracellular Mn2+ sensing. Despite the progress, the nucleotides responsible for the activity are unclear, and the performance of the DNAzyme needs to be improved in order for more effective applications in biological systems. To address these issues, we herein report site-specific mutations within the catalytic domain of the selected 11-5 DNAzyme. As a result, we successfully identified a variant DNAzyme, designated as Mn5V, which exhibited a twofold increase in activity compared to the original 11-5 DNAzyme. Importantly, Mn5V DNAzyme maintained its high selectivity for Mn2+ over other competing metal ions. Upon the addition of Mn2+, Mn5V DNAzyme exhibited a higher fluorescence signal within the tumor cells compared to that of the 11-5 DNAzyme. This study therefore provides a better understanding of how the DNAzyme functions and a more sensitive probe for investigating Mn2+ in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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4
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Nie W, Yang J, Wu J, Hu L. Synthesis and photophysical properties of vice-like 1,8-naphthalimide fluorescent sensor for sensitive detection of Mn2+ and Zn2+. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Shen YJ, Zhang K. A bifunctional optical probe based on ESIPT-triggered disalicylaldehyde with ratiometric detection of iron and copper ions. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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6
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Das S, Carmona A, Khatua K, Porcaro F, Somogyi A, Ortega R, Datta A. Manganese Mapping Using a Fluorescent Mn 2+ Sensor and Nanosynchrotron X-ray Fluorescence Reveals the Role of the Golgi Apparatus as a Manganese Storage Site. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13724-13732. [PMID: 31503472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating dynamics in transition-metal distribution and localization under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is central to our understanding of metal-ion regulation. In this Forum Article, we focus on manganese and specifically recent developments that point to the relevance of the Golgi apparatus in manganese detoxification when this essential metal ion is overaccumulated because of either environmental exposure or mutations in manganese efflux transporters. In order to further evaluate the role of the Golgi apparatus as a manganese-ion storage compartment under subcytotoxic manganese levels, we use a combination of confocal microscopy using a sensitive "turn-on" fluorescent manganese sensor, M1, and nanosynchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging to show that manganese ions are stored in the Golgi apparatus under micromolar manganese exposure concentrations. Our results, along with previous reports on manganese accumulation, now indicate a central role of the Golgi apparatus in manganese storage and trafficking under subcytotoxic manganese levels and hint toward a possible role of the Golgi apparatus in manganese storage even under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , 1 Homi Bhabha Road , Colaba, Mumbai 400005 , India
| | - Asuncion Carmona
- Chemical Imaging and Speciation , CENBG, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5797 , 33175 Gradignan , France.,CNRS, IN2P3, CENBG, UMR 5797 , 33175 Gradignan , France
| | - Kaustav Khatua
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , 1 Homi Bhabha Road , Colaba, Mumbai 400005 , India
| | - Francesco Porcaro
- Chemical Imaging and Speciation , CENBG, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5797 , 33175 Gradignan , France.,CNRS, IN2P3, CENBG, UMR 5797 , 33175 Gradignan , France
| | - Andrea Somogyi
- Nanoscopium Synchrotron SOLEIL Saint-Aubin , 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Richard Ortega
- Chemical Imaging and Speciation , CENBG, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5797 , 33175 Gradignan , France.,CNRS, IN2P3, CENBG, UMR 5797 , 33175 Gradignan , France
| | - Ankona Datta
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , 1 Homi Bhabha Road , Colaba, Mumbai 400005 , India
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7
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Deng XY, Xu WT, Liu M, Yang MX, Zhu QJ, Lü B, Tao Z. Cucurbit[8]uril-improved recognition using a fluorescent sensor for different metal cations. Supramol Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2019.1632455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Xiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Jiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, The People’s Republic of China
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8
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A novel fluoro-chromogenic Cu 2+ probe for living-cell imaging based on rhodamine 6G-pyridine conjugation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3021-3028. [PMID: 30888466 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluoro-chromogenic rhodamine spirolactam probe (RP) has been prepared through the condensation of rhodamine hydrazine and 2-acetylpyridine, which displayed the detection of Cu2+ with high selectivity over a large number of other common metal ions. It shows a "turn-on" response to paramagnetic Cu2+ with an about 12-fold enhancement, and a color change from colorless to red that is observable by the naked eye. These changes are ascribed to the ring-opening of the spirolactam in RP, and subsequent host-guest coordination. The 2:1 binding stoichiometry of RP to Cu2+ was confirmed by Job's and B-H plots. The resulting fluorescence enhancement can be used to detect Cu2+ at concentrations from 2.0 to 20.0 μM with a limit of detection of 0.21 μM, which was lower than the maximum allowable Cu2+ level set by the WHO. Finally, RP has been utilized to monitor Cu2+ in living cells and natural water. Graphical abstract.
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Das S, Khatua K, Rakshit A, Carmona A, Sarkar A, Bakthavatsalam S, Ortega R, Datta A. Emerging chemical tools and techniques for tracking biological manganese. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7047-7061. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00508k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This frontier article discusses chemical tools and techniques for tracking and imaging Mn ions in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- Colaba
- India
| | - Kaustav Khatua
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- Colaba
- India
| | - Ananya Rakshit
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- Colaba
- India
| | - Asuncion Carmona
- Chemical Imaging and Speciation
- CENBG
- University of Bordeaux
- UMR 5797
- 33175 Gradignan
| | - Anindita Sarkar
- Department of Biological Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | | | - Richard Ortega
- Chemical Imaging and Speciation
- CENBG
- University of Bordeaux
- UMR 5797
- 33175 Gradignan
| | - Ankona Datta
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- Colaba
- India
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10
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Optical sensors for detection of nano-molar Zn2+ in aqueous medium: Direct evidence of probe- Zn2+ binding by single crystal X-ray structures. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Zhang J, Tang Q, Gao ZZ, Qiu SC, Huang Y, Tao Z. Supramolecular Assembly Mediated by Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution and Its Application in Their Analysis. Chemistry 2017; 23:10092-10099. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Department of Chemistry; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Qing Tang
- College of Tobacco of Guizhou University; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Zheng Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Department of Chemistry; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Chao Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Department of Chemistry; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Department of Chemistry; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
- The Engineering and Research Center for Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical, Resources of National Education Ministry of China; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
| | - Zhu Tao
- The Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province; Department of Chemistry; Guizhou University; Guiyang 550025 P. R. China
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12
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Wang P, Wu J, Di C, Zhou R, Zhang H, Su P, Xu C, Zhou P, Ge Y, Liu D, Liu W, Tang Y. A novel peptide-based fluorescence chemosensor for selective imaging of hydrogen sulfide both in living cells and zebrafish. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:602-609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Dhenadhayalan N, Lee HL, Yadav K, Lin KC, Lin YT, Chang AHH. Silicon Quantum Dot-Based Fluorescence Turn-On Metal Ion Sensors in Live Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:23953-62. [PMID: 27541983 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sensor systems are designed by varying aza-crown ether moiety in silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) for detecting individual Mg(2+), Ca(2+), and Mn(2+) metal ions with significant selectivity and sensitivity. The detection limit of Mg(2+), Ca(2+), and Mn(2+) can reach 1.81, 3.15, and 0.47 μM, respectively. Upon excitation of the SiQDs which are coordinated with aza-crown ethers, the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) takes place from aza-crown ether moiety to the valence band of SiQDs core such that the reduced probability of electron-hole recombination may diminish the subsequent fluorescence. The fluorescence suppression caused by such PET effect will be relieved after selective metal ion is added. The charge-electron binding force between the metal ion and aza-crown ether hinders the PET and thereby restores the fluorescence of SiQDs. The design of sensor system is based on the fluorescence "turn-on" of SiQDs while in search of the appropriate metal ion. For practical application, the sensing capabilities of metal ions in the live cells are performed and the confocal image results reveal their promising applicability as an effective and nontoxic metal ion sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namasivayam Dhenadhayalan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Kanchan Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - King-Chuen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Tyng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University , Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - A H H Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University , Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
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14
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Liu L, Fan J, Ding L, Zhu B, Huang X, Gong W, Xin Y, Fang Y. A simple fluorophore/surfactant ensemble as single discriminative sensor platform: Identifying multiple metal ions in aqueous solution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Zou C, Foda MF, Tan X, Shao K, Wu L, Lu Z, Bahlol HS, Han H. Carbon-Dot and Quantum-Dot-Coated Dual-Emission Core–Satellite Silica Nanoparticles for Ratiometric Intracellular Cu2+ Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7395-403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zou
- State Key Laboratory
of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Mohamed Frahat Foda
- State Key Laboratory
of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xuecai Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, P. R. China
| | - Kang Shao
- State Key Laboratory
of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory
of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory
of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Hagar Shendy Bahlol
- State Key Laboratory
of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Heyou Han
- State Key Laboratory
of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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