1
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Baranska N, Jones B, Dowsett MR, Rhodes C, Elton DM, Zhang J, Bond AM, Gavaghan D, Lloyd-Laney HO, Parkin A. Practical Guide to Large Amplitude Fourier-Transformed Alternating Current Voltammetry-What, How, and Why. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:418-431. [PMID: 39184357 PMCID: PMC11342453 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.4c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Fourier-transformed alternating current voltammetry (FTacV) is a technique utilizing a combination of a periodic (frequently sinusoidal) oscillation superimposed onto a staircase or linear potential ramp. The advanced utilization of a large amplitude sine wave induces substantial nonlinear current responses. Subsequent filter processing (via Fourier-transformation, band selection, followed by inverse Fourier-transformation) generates a series of harmonics in which rapid electron transfer processes may be separated from non-Faradaic and competing electron transfer processes with slower kinetics. Thus, FTacV enables the isolation of current associated with redox processes under experimental conditions that would not generate meaningful data using direct current voltammetry (dcV). In this study, the enhanced experimental sensitivity and selectivity of FTacV versus dcV are illustrated in measurements that (i) separate the Faradaic current from background current contributions, (ii) use a low (5 μM) concentration of analyte (exemplified with ferrocene), and (iii) enable discrimination of the reversible [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ electron-transfer process from the irreversible reduction of oxygen under a standard atmosphere, negating the requirement for inert gas conditions. The simple, homebuilt check-cell described ensures that modern instruments can be checked for their ability to perform valid FTacV experiments. Detailed analysis methods and open-source data sets that accompany this work are intended to facilitate other researchers in the integration of FTacV into their everyday electrochemical methodological toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia
G. Baranska
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Bryn Jones
- SciMed, Unit B4, The Embankment Business
Park, Vale Road, Heaton Mersey, Stockport SK4 3GN, United
Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Dowsett
- Alvatek
Ltd.,Unit 11 Westwood
Court, Brunel Road, Southampton SO40 3WX, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Rhodes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Darrell M. Elton
- School
of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Jie Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials
Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alan M. Bond
- School
of Chemistry and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials
Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - David Gavaghan
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, United Kingdom
| | - Henry O. Lloyd-Laney
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Parkin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, United Kingdom
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2
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Consolidated designer waveform for maximizing analytical output of voltammetric measurements for complex chemical matrices. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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3
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Guziejewski D, Stojanov L, Zwierzak Z, Compton RG, Mirceski V. Electrode kinetics from a single experiment: multi-amplitude analysis in square-wave chronoamperometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:24419-24428. [PMID: 36189648 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01888h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The recently introduced technique of square-wave chronoamperometry (SWCA) is studied under conditions of progressively increasing height of potential pulses (square-wave amplitude) within a single experiment. In multi-amplitude square-wave chronoamperometry (MA-SWCA) a potential modulation consisting of square-wave forward and reverse potential pulses is imposed on a constant mid-potential; the amplitude of pulses increases progressively during the experiment. This allows the fast and reliable estimation of kinetic parameters at a constant pulse frequency in a single experiment, based on the resulting feature known as the amplitude-based quasireversible maximum. The proposed methodology is tested by simulating the responses of a simple quasireversible electrode reaction of a dissolved redox couple and a surface confined electrode reaction. Compared with conventional square-wave voltammetry (SWV) and SWCA, MA-SWCA shows advantages in estimation of the standard rate constant in terms of simplicity, speed and efficiency for both studied electrode mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Guziejewski
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Leon Stojanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, "Ss Cyril and Methodius" University in Skopje, P.O. Box 162, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Zuzanna Zwierzak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Richard G Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Valentin Mirceski
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland.
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, "Ss Cyril and Methodius" University in Skopje, P.O. Box 162, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bul. Krste Misirkov 2, 1000, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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4
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Gundry L, Kennedy G, Keith J, Robinson M, Gavaghan D, Bond AM, Zhang J. A Comparison of Bayesian Inference Strategies for Parameterisation of Large Amplitude AC Voltammetry Derived from Total Current and Fourier Transformed Versions. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Gundry
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Gareth Kennedy
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Jonathan Keith
- School of Mathematics Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Martin Robinson
- Department of Computer Science University of Oxford, Wolfson Building Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QD United Kingdom
| | - David Gavaghan
- Department of Computer Science University of Oxford, Wolfson Building Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QD United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Bond
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton Vic. 3800 Australia
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5
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Stojanov L, Guziejewski D, Puiu M, Bala C, Mirceski V. Multi-frequency analysis in a single square-wave chronoamperometric experiment. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.106943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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6
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Gundry L, Guo SX, Kennedy G, Keith J, Robinson M, Gavaghan D, Bond AM, Zhang J. Recent advances and future perspectives for automated parameterisation, Bayesian inference and machine learning in voltammetry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1855-1870. [PMID: 33529293 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07549c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced data analysis tools such as mathematical optimisation, Bayesian inference and machine learning have the capability to revolutionise the field of quantitative voltammetry. Nowadays such approaches can be implemented routinely with widely available, user-friendly modern computing languages, algorithms and high speed computing to provide accurate and robust methods for quantitative comparison of experimental data with extensive simulated data sets derived from models proposed to describe complex electrochemical reactions. While the methodology is generic to all forms of dynamic electrochemistry, including the widely used direct current cyclic voltammetry, this review highlights advances achievable in the parameterisation of large amplitude alternating current voltammetry. One significant advantage this technique offers in terms of data analysis is that Fourier transformation provides access to the higher order harmonics that are almost devoid of background current. Perspectives on the technical advances needed to develop intelligent data analysis strategies and make them generally available to users of voltammetry are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Gundry
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Si-Xuan Guo
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Gareth Kennedy
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Jonathan Keith
- School of Mathematics, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia
| | - Martin Robinson
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QD, UK
| | - David Gavaghan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Wolfson Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QD, UK
| | - Alan M Bond
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
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7
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Dickinson EJ, Wain AJ. The Butler-Volmer equation in electrochemical theory: Origins, value, and practical application. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Bond AM. A perceived paucity of quantitative studies in the modern era of voltammetry: prospects for parameterisation of complex reactions in Bayesian and machine learning frameworks. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Li J, Kennedy GF, Gundry L, Bond AM, Zhang J. Application of Bayesian Inference in Fourier-Transformed Alternating Current Voltammetry for Electrode Kinetic Mechanism Distinction. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5303-5309. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhen Li
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | - Luke Gundry
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alan M. Bond
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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10
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Electrochemical perspective on the size-dependent density of states at single graphene flake. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Song P, Ma H, Meng L, Wang Y, Nguyen HV, Lawrence NS, Fisher AC. Fourier transform large amplitude alternating current voltammetry investigations of the split wave phenomenon in electrocatalytic mechanisms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:24304-24315. [PMID: 28849830 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform large amplitude alternating current voltammetry (FTACV) studies are reported on an electrocatalytic (EC') mechanistic system which exhibits split wave behavior on both macro- and micro-size working electrodes. The electrochemical characteristics of the EC' mechanism were analysed using the fundamental to fourth harmonic components deduced by the Fourier transform algorithm. The effects of the sinusoidal frequencies of the applied potential, electrode geometry and substrate concentrations are investigated. The split wave phenomenon was observed and explored particularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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12
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Lin M, Li J, Pan D, Bond AM, Zhang J. A Systematic Study of the Mass Transport, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Properties of the FeIII/II Process at Glassy Carbon and Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Probing Electrode Heterogeneity using Fourier-Transformed Alternating Current Voltammetry: Protocol Development. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Mashkina E, Bond AM, Simonov AN. Limitations in Electrochemical Determination of Mass-Transport Parameters: Implications for Quantification of Electrode Kinetics Using Data Optimisation Methods. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Voltammetric quantification of the electrode kinetics for the quasi-reversible reaction requires detailed experiment–theory comparisons. Ideally, predicted data derived from the theoretical model are fitted to the experimental data by adjusting the reversible potential (E0), heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant at E0 (k0), and charge transfer coefficient α, with mass-transport and other parameters exactly known. However, parameters relevant to mass transport that include electrode area (A), diffusion coefficient (D), and concentration (c), are usually subject to some uncertainty. Herein, we examine the consequences of having different combinations of errors present in A, D, and c in the estimation of E0, k0, and α on the basis of the a.c. (alternating current) voltammetric experiment–theory comparisons facilitated by the use of a computer-assisted parameter optimisation algorithm. In most cases, experimentally reasonable errors (<10 %) in the mass-transport parameters do not introduce significant errors in recovered E0, k0, and α values. However, a pernicious situation may emerge when a slight overestimation of A, D or c is included in the model and results in erroneous identification of a reversible redox process as a quasi-reversible one with a report of apparently quantifiable kinetic parameters k0 and α.
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15
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Tan SY, Lazenby RA, Bano K, Zhang J, Bond AM, Macpherson JV, Unwin PR. Comparison of fast electron transfer kinetics at platinum, gold, glassy carbon and diamond electrodes using Fourier-transformed AC voltammetry and scanning electrochemical microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:8726-8734. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00968b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Complementary techniques reveal new insights on electron transfer rates at different electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-yin Tan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- School of Chemistry
| | | | - Kiran Bano
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Alan M. Bond
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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