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Li C, Feng M, Stanković D, Bouffier L, Zhang F, Wang Z, Sojic N. Wireless rotating bipolar electrochemiluminescence for enzymatic detection. Analyst 2024; 149:2756-2761. [PMID: 38563766 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00365a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
New dynamic, wireless and cost-effective analytical devices are developing rapidly in biochemical analysis. Here, we report on a remotely-controlled rotating electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing system for enzymatic detection of a model analyte, glucose, on both polarized sides of an iron wire acting as a bipolar electrode. The iron wire is controlled by double contactless mode, involving remote electric field polarization, and magnetic field-induced rotational motion. The former triggers the interfacial polarization of both extremities of the wire by bipolar electrochemistry, which generates ECL emission of the luminol derivative (L-012) with the enzymatically produced hydrogen peroxide in presence of glucose, at both anodic and cathodic poles, simultaneously. The latter generates a convective flow, leading to an increase in mass transfer and amplifying the corresponding ECL signals. Quantitative glucose detection in human serum samples is achieved. The ECL signals were found to be a linear function of the glucose concentration within the range of 10-1000 μM and with a limit of detection of 10 μM. The dynamic bipolar ECL system simultaneously generates light emissions at both anodic and cathodic poles for glucose detection, which can be further applied to biosensing and imaging in autonomous devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Minghui Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Dalibor Stanković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, UMR 5255, 33607 Pessac, France.
| | - Feifei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zonghua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS, UMR 5255, 33607 Pessac, France.
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2
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Saqib M, Zafar M, Halawa MI, Murtaza S, Kamal GM, Xu G. Nanoscale Luminescence Imaging/Detection of Single Particles: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:3-24. [PMID: 38404493 PMCID: PMC10885340 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Single-particle-level measurements, during the reaction, avoid averaging effects that are inherent limitations of conventional ensemble strategies. It allows revealing structure-activity relationships beyond averaged properties by considering crucial particle-selective descriptors including structure/morphology dynamics, intrinsic heterogeneity, and dynamic fluctuations in reactivity (kinetics, mechanisms). In recent years, numerous luminescence (optical) techniques such as chemiluminescence (CL), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), and fluorescence (FL) microscopies have been emerging as dominant tools to achieve such measurements, owing to their diversified spectroscopy principles, noninvasive nature, higher sensitivity, and sufficient spatiotemporal resolution. Correspondingly, state-of-the-art methodologies and tools are being used for probing (real-time, operando, in situ) diverse applications of single particles in sensing, medicine, and catalysis. Herein, we provide a concise and comprehensive perspective on luminescence-based detection and imaging of single particles by putting special emphasis on their basic principles, mechanistic pathways, advances, challenges, and key applications. This Perspective focuses on the development of emission intensities and imaging based individual particle detection. Moreover, several key examples in the areas of sensing, motion, catalysis, energy, materials, and emerging trends in related areas are documented. We finally conclude with the opportunities and remaining challenges to stimulate further developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqib
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Zafar
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Halawa
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, United
Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab
Emirates
| | - Shahzad Murtaza
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa Kamal
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Guobao Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 5625 Renmin
Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- School
of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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3
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Ben Trad F, Carré B, Delacotte J, Lemaître F, Guille-Collignon M, Arbault S, Sojic N, Labbé E, Buriez O. Electrochemiluminescent imaging of a NADH-based enzymatic reaction confined within giant liposomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05133-y. [PMID: 38227016 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Herein, transient releases either from NADH-loaded liposomes or enzymatic reactions confined in giant liposomes were imaged by electrochemiluminescence (ECL). NADH was first encapsulated with the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ luminophore inside giant liposomes (around 100 µm in diameter) made of DOPC/DOPG phospholipids (i.e., 1,2-dioleolyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) sodium salt) on their inner- and outer-leaflet, respectively. Then, membrane permeabilization triggered upon contact between the liposome and a polarized ITO electrode surface and ECL was locally generated. Combination of amperometry, photoluminescence, and ECL provided a comprehensive monitoring of a single liposome opening and content release. In a second part, the work is focused on the ECL characterization of NADH produced by glucose dehydrogenase (GDH)-catalyzed oxidation of glucose in the confined environment delimited by the liposome membrane. This was achieved by encapsulating both the ECL and catalytic reagents (i.e., the GDH, glucose, NAD+, and [Ru(bpy)3]2+) in the liposome. In accordance with the results obtained, NADH can be used as a biologically compatible ECL co-reactant to image membrane permeabilization events of giant liposomes. Under these conditions, the ECL signal duration was rather long (around 10 s). Since many enzymatic reactions involve the NADH/NAD+ redox couple, this work opens up interesting prospects for the characterization of enzymatic reactions taking place notably in artificial cells and in confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ben Trad
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bixente Carré
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Delacotte
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Manon Guille-Collignon
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS, 33400, Talence, France.
| | - Eric Labbé
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.
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Wang N, Cao X, Sun D, Li X, Tian G, Feng J, Wei P. A polymer dot-based NADH-sensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensor for analysis of metabolites in serum. Talanta 2024; 267:125149. [PMID: 37690417 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) plays a pivotal role in metabolism. Convenient detection of NADH and its related metabolites has the pursuit of point-of-care and clinical analysis. Here, we propose a polymer dots (Pdots)-based NADH-sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor for detection of NADH and three metabolites. Pdots acted as the efficient ECL emitters without additional modification to construct this biosensor. Specially, NADH both acted as the final detection target and at the same time as the bio-coreactants to sensitively influence the ECL intensities, in which NADH was generated or consumed in the presence of the target analyte and their specific enzyme. For glucose and lactic acid detection, NAD+ was reduced to NADH to generate an enhanced ECL signal. Conversely, for pyruvate detection, NADH was consumed to further decrease the ECL. The designed Pdots-based ECL biosensor showed wide detection ranges, high selectivity and low limits of detection of 4.6 μM, 0.7 μM and 0.5 μM for the analysis of three analytes, respectively. This strategy was successfully applied in quantifying the concentrations of glucose, lactic acid and pyruvate in human serum, which also has the potential to be implemented as a powerful and fast tool for ECL sensing of NADH and other related metabolites for point-of-care use and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xuewei Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China; Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264100, China
| | - Daxi Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Geng Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Jiankai Feng
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264100, China.
| | - Pengfei Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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5
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Calabria D, Lazzarini E, Pace A, Trozzi I, Zangheri M, Cinti S, Difonzo M, Valenti G, Guardigli M, Paolucci F, Mirasoli M. Smartphone-based 3D-printed electrochemiluminescence enzyme biosensor for reagentless glucose quantification in real matrices. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115146. [PMID: 36821991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printed electrochemical devices are increasingly used in point-of-need and point-of-care testing. They show several advantages such as simple fabrication, low cost, fast response, and excellent selectivity and sensitivity in small sample volumes. However, there are only a few examples of analytical devices combining 3D-printed electrodes with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection, an electrochemical detection principle widely employed in clinical chemistry analysis. Herein, a portable, 3D-printed miniaturized ECL biosensor for glucose detection has been developed, based on the luminol/H2O2 ECL system and employing a two-electrode configuration with carbon black-doped polylactic acid (PLA) electrodes. The ECL emission is obtained by means of a 1.5V AA alkaline battery and detected using a smartphone camera, thus providing easy portability of the analytical platform. The ECL system was successfully applied for sensing H2O2 and, upon coupling the luminol/H2O2 system with the enzyme glucose oxidase, for glucose detection. The incorporation of luminol and glucose oxidase in an agarose hydrogel matrix allowed to produce ECL devices preloaded with the reagents required for the assay, so that the analysis only required sample addition. The ECL biosensor showed an excellent ability to detect glucose up to 5 mmol L-1, with a limit of detection of 60 μmol L-1. The biosensor was also used to analyse real samples (i.e., glucose saline solutions and artificial serum samples) with satisfactory results, thus suggesting its suitability for point-of-care analysis. Coupling with other oxidases could further extend the applicability of this analytical platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Calabria
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121, Forlì, Italy
| | - Elisa Lazzarini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pace
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Trozzi
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Zangheri
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrofood Research (CIRI AGRO), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, I-47521, Cesena, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Advanced Mechanical Engineering Applications and Materials Technology (CIRI MAM), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, I-40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, I-80131, Naples, Italy; BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli "Federico II", 80055, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marinella Difonzo
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Guardigli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121, Forlì, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy (CIRI FRAME), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, I-48123, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI AEROSPACE), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Baldassarre Canaccini 12, I-47121, Forlì, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Renewable Resources, Environment, Sea and Energy (CIRI FRAME), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Sant'Alberto 163, I-48123, Ravenna, Italy.
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6
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Zhao Y, Descamps J, Le Corre B, Léger Y, Kuhn A, Sojic N, Loget G. Wireless Anti-Stokes Photoinduced Electrochemiluminescence at Closed Semiconducting Bipolar Electrodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5538-5544. [PMID: 35695813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wireless electrochemical systems constitute a rapidly developing field. Herein, photoinduced electrochemiluminescence (PECL) is studied at Si-based closed bipolar electrodes (BPEs) for designing anti-Stokes systems that can convert IR into visible photons, without direct electrical contact. We show that protection of the anodic emitting pole of the BPE allows the triggering of bright and longstanding emission under the synergetic actions of an external bias and IR illumination. Photoactive n- and p-type Si BPEs are studied with front-side and back-side illumination, respectively, and nonphotoactive n+-Si BPEs are studied in the dark. Two electrochemiluminescent (ECL) systems ([Ru(bpy)3]2+/TPrA and L-012) are tested, and we show that the onset bias and the anti-Stokes shift can be controlled by the ECL system that is employed. These advances, rationalized by simulations, will be useful for the design of original PECL systems for chemical sensing or photodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhao
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Julie Descamps
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, University of Bordeaux, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Brieg Le Corre
- INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON-UMR 6082, Univ Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Yoan Léger
- INSA Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON-UMR 6082, Univ Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, University of Bordeaux, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, University of Bordeaux, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Gabriel Loget
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes F-35000, France
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7
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Shared-cathode closed bipolar electrochemiluminescence cloth-based chip for multiplex detection. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1206:339446. [PMID: 35473861 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) chips have been widely used in the field of medical diagnosis. However, most of these chips currently in use are costly and require high amounts of sample. In this work, we present, for the first time, a shared-cathode closed bipolar electrochemiluminescence (SC-CBP-ECL) cloth-based chip, which can be used for multiplex detection. The SC-CBP-ECL chips ($0.03-0.05 for each chip) are manufactured using carbon ink- and wax-based screen-printing techniques, without the need for expensive and complex fabrication equipment. Under optimised conditions, the SC-CBP-ECL chips were successfully used for coinstantaneous detection of glucose in double ECL systems (i.e., Ru(bpy)32+ and luminol), with corresponding linear ranges of 0.05-1 mM and 0.05-10 mM, and detection limits of 0.0382 mM and 0.0422 mM. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the application of fibre material-based closed bipolar electrodes (C-BPE) combined with double ECL systems. Furthermore, the SC-CBP-ECL chips exhibit an acceptable specificity and good reproducibility and stability and can be used for glucose detection in human serum samples with a good agreement compared with the clinical method. Finally, the SC-CBP-ECL chips could be successfully used for simultaneous detection of seven glucose samples and also show potential for simultaneous detection of three different targets (hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], glucose, and uric acid [UA]). Therefore, we believe that the chip described in this study has broad potential application in the field of cost-effective multiplex detection.
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8
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Cheng G, Li S, Wu K, Deng A, Li J. Highly sensitive competitive electrochemiluminescence immunosensor based on ABEI-H 2O 2 system with cobalt hydroxide nanosheets and bimetal PdAg as co-enhancer for detection of florfenicol. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:214. [PMID: 35513500 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A competitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay was established based on the isoluminol-H2O2 (ABEI-H2O2) system catalyzed by cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2) to detect florfenicol residues in food. First , ultra-thin two-dimensional Co(OH)2 nanosheets were used as the catalyst of ABEI-H2O2 system, and excellent catalytic effects were acquired by catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with cobalt ions. Then, bimetal PdAg (Pd/Ag) alloy nanoparticles were used as a bridge to connect ABEI and antibody due to their good biocompatibility; Pd/Ag alloy nanoparticles also had a catalytic effect to further amplify the ECL signal in the system due to the synergistic catalytic effect of the bimetal. A competitive immunoassay strategy was used to detect florfenicol, where the florfenicol in the sample will compete with the antibody for the limited binding sites on the coating antigen. The ECL immunosensor for florfenicol detection shows high sensitivity, with a linear range from 10-4 to 102 ng mL-1, and a detection limit of 3.1 × 10-5 ng mL-1, where the scan potential was varied from 0 to 0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl . This work was the first to use Co(OH)2 nanosheets and bimetal PdAg catalytic signal amplification methods to design the sensor, which provides a novel, convenient and reliable strategy for ultra-sensitive detection of florfenicol, and other biological small molecules. A novel ECL immunosensor based on ABEI-H2O22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaobiao Cheng
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunan Li
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Wu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anping Deng
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianguo Li
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Rahmawati I, Einaga Y, Ivandini TA, Fiorani A. Enzymatic biosensors with electrochemiluminescence transduction. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Keio University - Yagami Campus: Keio Gijuku Daigaku - Yagami Campus Department of chemistry JAPAN
| | | | - Andrea Fiorani
- Keio University - Yagami Campus: Keio Gijuku Daigaku - Yagami Campus Department of Chemistry 3-14-1 Hiyoshi 223-8522 Yokohama JAPAN
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10
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Zhang YW, Cao Y, Mao CJ, Jiang D, Zhu W. An Iron(III)-Based Metal-Organic Gel-Catalyzed Dual Electrochemiluminescence System for Cytosensing and In Situ Evaluation of the VEGF 165 Subtype. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4095-4102. [PMID: 35196001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recent surge of interest in metal-organic gels (MOGs) has emerged for their soft porous structure, large surface area, and abundant active metal sites, making them a promising candidate for building catalyst matrices. In this work, facilely synthesized Fe(III)-organic gel was directly used as a robust electrode matrix. Detailed studies illustrated that their Fe(III) centers can speed up the electro-oxidation/reduction of the H2O2 coreactant to produce reactive oxygen species for enhancing a potential-resolved dual electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emission. Among them, the anodic signal of luminol varied with the cell concentration based on the impedance ECL mechanism, while the cathodic signal of CdS quantum dots traced the VEGF165 subtype at cell surface by specific aptamer recognition. Based on this, a ratiometric strategy was proposed for accurate cytosensing by eliminating environmental interference. Moreover, by cooperating these two signals, a novel strategy was developed for direct evaluation of the VEGF165 subtype, further realizing rapid drug screening and subtype assessment on different cell lines. This work not only opens up the promising application of MOGs as an effective catalyst matrix but also develops reliable cell assays and protein subtype identification for clinical diagnosis and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Zhang
- School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Ministry of Education), Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yue Cao
- School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chang-Jie Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Ministry of Education), Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wenlei Zhu
- School of the Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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11
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Bhaiyya M, Pattnaik PK, Goel S. Multiplexed and simultaneous biosensing in a 3D-printed portable six-well smartphone operated electrochemiluminescence standalone point-of-care platform. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Zhang C, Zhang H, Pi J, Zhang L, Kuhn A. Elektrokatalytische NADH‐Cofaktor‐Regenerierung in der Bulkphase mit bipolarer Elektrochemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Junying Pi
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials Henan University Kaifeng China
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP Pessac Frankreich
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13
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Che ZY, Wang XY, Ma X, Ding SN. Bipolar electrochemiluminescence sensors: From signal amplification strategies to sensing formats. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Zhang C, Zhang H, Pi J, Zhang L, Kuhn A. Bulk Electrocatalytic NADH Cofactor Regeneration with Bipolar Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111804. [PMID: 34705321 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical regeneration of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is an extremely important challenge for the electroenzymatic synthesis of many valuable chemicals. Although some important progress has been made with modified electrodes concerning the reduction of NAD+ , the scale-up is difficult due to mass transport limitations inherent to large-size electrodes. Here, we propose instead to employ a dispersion of electrocatalytically active modified microparticles in the bulk of a bipolar electrochemical cell. In this way, redox reactions occur simultaneously on all of these individual microelectrodes without the need of a direct electrical connection. The concept is validated by using [Rh(Cp*)(bpy)Cl]+ functionalized surfaces, either of carbon felt as a reference material, or carbon microbeads acting as bipolar objects. In the latter case, enzymatically active 1,4-NADH is electroregenerated at the negatively polarized face of the particles. The efficiency of the system can be fine-tuned by controlling the electric field in the reaction compartment and the number of dispersed microelectrodes. This wireless bioelectrocatalytic approach opens up very interesting perspectives for electroenzymatic synthesis in the bulk phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Junying Pi
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,University Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR, 5255, ENSCBP, Pessac, France
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15
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Zhou J, Zhang S, Liu Y. Electrochemiluminescence Single‐cell Analysis on Nanostructured Interface. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanhua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation Kay Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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16
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Bouffier L, Zigah D, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Bipolar (Bio)electroanalysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:65-86. [PMID: 33940930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-090820-093307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This contribution reviews a selection of the most recent studies on the use of bipolar electrochemistry in the framework of analytical chemistry. Despite the fact that the concept is not new, with several important studies dating back to the middle of the last century, completely novel and very original approaches have emerged over the last decade. This current revival illustrates that scientists still (re)discover some exciting virtues of this approach, which are useful in many different areas, especially for tackling analytical challenges in an unconventional way. In several cases, this "wireless" electrochemistry strategy enables carrying out measurements that are simply not possible with classic electrochemical approaches. This review will hopefully stimulate new ideas and trigger scientists to integrate some aspects of bipolar electrochemistry in their work in order to drive the topic into yet unexplored and eventually completely unexpected directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bouffier
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
| | - Dodzi Zigah
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
| | - Neso Sojic
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science, and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; , , ,
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17
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Ma X, Gao W, Du F, Yuan F, Yu J, Guan Y, Sojic N, Xu G. Rational Design of Electrochemiluminescent Devices. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2936-2945. [PMID: 34165296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a light-emitting process which combines the intriguing merits of both electrochemical and chemiluminescent methods. It is an extensively used method especially in clinical analysis and biological research due to its high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, and good reliability. ECL devices are critical for the development and applications of ECL. Much effort has been expended to improve the sensitivity, portability, affordability, and throughput of new ECL devices, which allow ECL to adapt broad usage scenarios.In this Account, we summarize our efforts on the recent development of ECL devices including new electrodes, ECL devices based on a wireless power transfer (WPT) technique, and novel bipolar electrochemistry. As the essential components in the ECL devices, electrodes play an important role in ECL detection. We have significantly improved the sensitivity of luminol ECL detection of H2O2 by using a stainless steel electrode. By using semiconductor materials (e.g., silicon and BiVO4), we have exploited photoinduced ECL to generate intense emission at much lower potentials upon illumination. For convenience, portability, and disposability, ECL devices based on cheap WPT devices have been designed. A small diode has been employed to rectify alternating current into direct current to dramatically enhance ECL intensity, enabling sensitive ECL detection using a smart phone as a detector. Finally, we have developed several ECL devices based on bipolar electrochemistry in view of the convenience of multiplex ECL sensing using a bipolar electrode (BPE). On the basis of the wireless feature of BPE, we have employed movable BPEs (e.g., BPE swimmers and magnetic rotating BPE) for deep exploration of the motional and ECL properties of dynamic BPE systems. To make full use of the ECL solution, we have dispersed numerous micro-/nano-BPEs in solution to produce intense 3D ECL in the entire solution, instead of 2D ECL in conventional ECL devices. In addition, the interference of ECL noise from driving electrodes was minimized by introducing the stainless steel with a passivation layer as the driving electrode. To eliminate the need for the fabrication of electrode arrays and the interference from the driving electrode and to decrease the applied voltage, we develop a new-type BPE device consisting of a single-electrode electrochemical system (SEES) based on a resistance-induced potential difference. The SEES is fabricated easily by attaching a multiperforated plate to a single film electrode. It enables the simultaneous detection of many samples and analytes using only a single film electrode (e.g., screen-printed electrode) instead of electrode arrays. It is of great potential in clinical analysis especially for multiple-biomarker detection, drug screening, and biological studies. Looking forward, we believe that more ECL devices and related ECL materials and detection methods will be developed for a wide range of applications, such as in vitro diagnosis, point-of-care testing, high-throughput analysis, drug screening, biological study, and mechanism investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wenyue Gao
- Shandong Provincial Center for In-Situ Marine Sensors, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fangxin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jing Yu
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Yiran Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Neso Sojic
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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18
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19
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Zhao W, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence detection of single entities. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5720-5736. [PMID: 34168801 PMCID: PMC8179668 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence, also known as electrochemiluminescence (ECL), is an electrochemically induced production of light by excited luminophores generated during redox reactions. It can be used to sense the charge transfer and related processes at electrodes via a simple visual readout; hence, ECL is an outstanding tool in analytical sensing. The traditional ECL approach measures averaged electrochemical quantities of a large ensemble of individual entities, including molecules, microstructures and ions. However, as a real system is usually heterogeneous, the study of single entities holds great potential in elucidating new truths of nature which are averaged out in ensemble assays or hidden in complex systems. We would like to review the development of ECL intensity and imaging based single entity detection and place emphasis on the assays of small entities including single molecules, micro/nanoparticles and cells. The current challenges for and perspectives on ECL detection of single entities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China +86-25-89687294 +86-25-89687294
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China +86-25-89687294 +86-25-89687294
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China +86-25-89687294 +86-25-89687294
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20
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Gupta B, Zhang L, Melvin AA, Goudeau B, Bouffier L, Kuhn A. Designing tubular conducting polymer actuators for wireless electropumping. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2071-2077. [PMID: 34163970 PMCID: PMC8179276 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05885h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational design and shaping of soft smart materials offer potential applications that cannot be addressed with rigid systems. In particular, electroresponsive elastic materials are well-suited for developing original active devices, such as pumps and actuators. However, applying the electric stimulus requires usually a physical connection between the active part and a power supply. Here we report about the design of an electromechanical system based on conducting polymers, enabling the actuation of a wireless microfluidic pump. Using the electric field-induced asymmetric polarization of miniaturized polypyrrole tubes, it is possible to trigger simultaneously site-specific chemical reactions, leading to shrinking and swelling in aqueous solution without any physical connection to a power source. The complementary electrochemical reactions occurring at the opposite extremities of the tube result in a differential change of its diameter. In turn, this electromechanical deformation allows inducing highly controlled fluid dynamics. The performance of such a remotely triggered electrochemically active soft pump can be fine-tuned by optimizing the wall thickness, length and inner diameter of the material. The efficient and fast actuation of the polymer pump opens up new opportunities for actuators in the field of fluidic or microfluidic devices, such as controlled drug release, artificial organs and bioinspired actuators. Tubular conducting polymer actuators are used for developing a wireless electropumping device. Bipolar electrochemistry, allowing symmetry breaking in terms of polarization and electrochemical reactions, is the key ingredient for efficient pumping. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Gupta
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP 16 Avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac France .,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP 16 Avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac France .,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Ambrose Ashwin Melvin
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP 16 Avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP 16 Avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP 16 Avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP 16 Avenue Pey Berland 33607 Pessac France
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21
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Chen M, Ning Z, Chen K, Zhang Y, Shen Y. Recent Advances of Electrochemiluminescent System in Bioassay. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Adhikari J, Rizwan M, Keasberry NA, Ahmed MU. Current progresses and trends in carbon nanomaterials‐based electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence biosensors. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juthi Adhikari
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mohammad Rizwan
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
- School of Natural SciencesBangor University Bangor Wales UK
| | - Natasha Ann Keasberry
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
| | - Minhaz Uddin Ahmed
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
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23
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Perez-Tejeda P, Martínez-Delgado A, Grueso E, Giráldez-Pérez RM. Measuring nanoparticle-induced resonance energy transfer effect by electrogenerated chemiluminescent reactions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:3861-3871. [PMID: 35492653 PMCID: PMC9048710 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08857a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) efficiencies, redox potentials, photoluminescent (PL) (quenching and coupling) effects, and AFM images for the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/Au@tiopronin system were determined in aqueous solutions of the gold nanoparticles (NPs) at pH 7.0. The most remarkable finding was that ECL measurements can display the nanoparticle-induced resonance energy transfer (NP-RET) effect. Its effectiveness was quantified through a coefficient, K(NP-RET)ECL, which measures how much an ECL reaction has been enhanced. Moreover, the NP-RET effect was also checked using PL measurements, in such a way that a coefficient, K(NP-RET)PL, was determined; both constants, K(NP-RET)ECL and K(NP-RET)PL being in close agreement. It is important to highlight the fact that the NP-RET effect is only displayed in diluted solutions in which there is no NPs self-aggregation. The existence of the NPs self-aggregation behavior is revealed through AFM measurements. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence efficiencies, redox potentials, photoluminescent (quenching and coupling) effects, and AFM images for the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/Au@tiopronin system were determined in aqueous solutions of the gold nanoparticles at pH 7.0.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Perez-Tejeda
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Sevilla
- Sevilla
- Spain
| | | | - Elia Grueso
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Sevilla
- Sevilla
- Spain
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24
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Dauphin AL, Akchach A, Voci S, Kuhn A, Xu G, Bouffier L, Sojic N. Tracking Magnetic Rotating Objects by Bipolar Electrochemiluminescence. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5318-5324. [PMID: 31436997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There has been a very rapid development of original systems that can be remotely controlled or addressed by playing with chemical and physical concepts. Here, we present the synergetic combination of external magnetic and electric fields to promote, in a double contactless mode, the rotational motion and the concomitant generation of light emission at the level of a gold-coated iron wire. The latter can be moved by rotating magnetic fields. Simultaneously, an electric field induces its remote polarization, which triggers the local generation of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) by bipolar electrochemistry. During rotation, the motion is tracked by changes in ECL intensity as a function of the orientation of the conducting wire in the electric field. The ECL behavior of the rotating bipolar wire is rationalized by considering the angular dependence of the polarization. Unlike previously reported systems, the rotation induces enhanced ECL emission due to the convective flow produced by the motion. This demonstrates that ECL emission can be coupled to magnetically controlled rotating bipolar objects. Such dual magnetically and electrically addressable dynamic systems open exciting prospects for integrating new functions such as imaging and sensing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Dauphin
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Abdelmounaim Akchach
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Silvia Voci
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , China
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac , France
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25
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Zhang J, Arbault S, Sojic N, Jiang D. Electrochemiluminescence Imaging for Bioanalysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:275-295. [PMID: 30939032 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a widely used analytical technique with the advantages of high sensitivity and low background signal. The recent and rapid development of electrochemical materials, luminophores, and optical elements significantly increases the ECL signals and, thus, ECL imaging with enhanced spatial and temporal resolutions is realized. Currently, ECL imaging is successfully applied to high-throughput bioanalysis and to visualize the distribution of molecules at single cells. Compared with other optical bioassays, no optical excitation is involved in imaging, so the approach avoids a background signal from illumination and increases the detection sensitivity. This review highlights some of the most exciting developments in this field, including the mechanisms, electrode designs, and the applications of ECL imaging in bioanalysis and at single cells and particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China;
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science (ISM), and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France;
| | - Neso Sojic
- Bordeaux INP, Institute of Molecular Science (ISM), and CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France;
| | - Dechen Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China;
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26
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Zhang L, Gupta B, Goudeau B, Mano N, Kuhn A. Wireless Electromechanical Readout of Chemical Information. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15501-15506. [PMID: 30347149 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Collecting electrochemical information concerning the presence of molecules in a solution is usually achieved by measuring current, potential, resistance, or impedance via connection to a power supply. Here, we suggest wireless electromechanical actuation as a straightforward readout of chemical information. This can be achieved based on the concept of bipolar electrochemistry, which allows measuring the presence of different model species in a quantitative way. We validate the concept by using a free-standing polypyrrole film. Its positively polarized extremity participates in an oxidation of the analyte and delivers electrons to the opposite extremity for the reduction of the polymer. This reduction is accompanied by the insertion of counterions and thus leads to partial swelling of the film, inducing its bending. The resulting actuation is found to be a linear function of the analyte concentration, and also a Michaelis-Menten type correlation is obtained for biochemical analytes. This electromechanical transduction allows an easy optical readout and opens up very interesting perspectives not only in the field of sensing but also far beyond, such as for the elaboration of self-regulating biomimetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Université Bordeaux , CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland , 33607 Pessac , France.,Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal , CNRS UMR 5031, Avenue Albert Schweitzer , 33600 Pessac , France
| | - Bhavana Gupta
- Université Bordeaux , CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Université Bordeaux , CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Nicolas Mano
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal , CNRS UMR 5031, Avenue Albert Schweitzer , 33600 Pessac , France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Université Bordeaux , CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland , 33607 Pessac , France
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27
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Zhou Y, Chen S, Luo X, Chai Y, Yuan R. Ternary Electrochemiluminescence Nanostructure of Au Nanoclusters as a Highly Efficient Signal Label for Ultrasensitive Detection of Cancer Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10024-10030. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Shihong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xiliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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28
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Li M, Liu S, Jiang Y, Wang W. Visualizing the Zero-Potential Line of Bipolar Electrodes with Arbitrary Geometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6390-6396. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yingyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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29
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Soulsby LC, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Chen L, Hogan CF, Kerr E, Adcock JL, Francis PS. Electrochemically, Spectrally, and Spatially Resolved Annihilation‐Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Mixed‐Metal Complexes at Working and Counter Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan C. Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - David J. Hayne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Egan H. Doeven
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Lifen Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Conor F. Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Emily Kerr
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
- Current affiliation: Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jacqui L. Adcock
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Paul S. Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
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30
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Wang H, Chai Y, Li H, Yuan R. Sensitive electrochemiluminescent immunosensor for diabetic nephropathy analysis based on tris(bipyridine) ruthenium(II) derivative with binary intramolecular self-catalyzed property. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 100:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Douman SF, Brennan E, Iwuoha EI, Forster RJ. Wireless Electrochemiluminescence at Nafion–Carbon Microparticle Composite Films. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11614-11619. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha F. Douman
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Sensor
Lab, Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eoin Brennan
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Emmanuel I. Iwuoha
- Sensor
Lab, Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J. Forster
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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32
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Kitte SA, Gao W, Zholudov YT, Qi L, Nsabimana A, Liu Z, Xu G. Stainless Steel Electrode for Sensitive Luminol Electrochemiluminescent Detection of H2O2, Glucose, and Glucose Oxidase Activity. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9864-9869. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shimeles Addisu Kitte
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyue Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuriy T. Zholudov
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Analytical Optochemotronics, Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics, 14 Nauka Avenue, Kharkiv 61166, Ukraine
| | - Liming Qi
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anaclet Nsabimana
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guobao Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Capillary-assisted bipolar electrochemistry: A focused mini review. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2687-2694. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
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34
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Zhang X, Zhai Q, Xing H, Li J, Wang E. Bipolar Electrodes with 100% Current Efficiency for Sensors. ACS Sens 2017; 2:320-326. [PMID: 28723210 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A bipolar electrode (BPE) is an electron conductor that is embedded in the electrolyte solution without the direct connection with the external power source (driving electrode). When the sufficient voltage was provided, the two poles of BPE promote different oxidation and reduction reactions. During the past few years, BPEs with wireless feature and easy integration showed great promise in the various fields including asymmetric modification/synthesis, motion control, targets enrichment/separation, and chemical sensing/biosensing combined with the quantitative relationship between two poles of BPE. In this perspective paper, we first describe the concept and history of the BPE for analytical chemistry and then review the recent developments in the application of BPEs for sensing with ultrahigh current efficiency (ηc = iBPE/ichannel) including the open and closed bipolar system. Finally, we offer the guide for possible challenge faced and solution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Qingfeng Zhai
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Xing
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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36
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Irkham, Watanabe T, Fiorani A, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Einaga Y. Co-reactant-on-Demand ECL: Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence by the in Situ Production of S2O82– at Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15636-15641. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irkham
- Department
of Chemistry, Keio University, 3−14−1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Department
of Chemistry, Keio University, 3−14−1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department
of Chemistry, Keio University, 3−14−1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
- JST-ACCEL, 3−14−1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223−8522, Japan
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