1
|
Kayani M, Fatima N, Yarra PC, Almansouri NE, K D, Balasubramanian A, Parvathaneni N, Mowo-Wale AG, Valdez JA, Nazir Z. Novel Biomarkers in Early Detection of Heart Failure: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e53445. [PMID: 38435138 PMCID: PMC10909379 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) represents a significant global health challenge, characterized by a variety of symptoms resulting from cardiac dysfunction. This dysfunction often leads to systemic and pulmonary congestion. The pathophysiology of HF is complex, involving stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is insufficiently balanced by the release of natriuretic peptide. This imbalance leads to progressive hypertrophy and dilatation of the heart's chambers, impairing its pumping efficiency and increasing the risk of arrhythmias and conduction disorders. The prevalence of HF is exceptionally high in industrialized nations and is expected to increase owing to an aging population and advancements in diagnostic methods. This study emphasizes the critical role of early diagnosis in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with HF, focusing specifically on the evolving importance of biomarkers in managing this condition. Biomarkers have played a key role in transforming the diagnosis and treatment of HF. Traditional biomarkers such as b-type natriuretic peptide and N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide have been widely adopted for their cost-effectiveness and ease of access. However, the rise of novel biomarkers such as growth differentiation factor 15 and adrenomedullin has shown promising results, offering superior sensitivity and specificity. These new biomarkers enhance diagnostic accuracy, risk stratification, and prognostic evaluation in HF patients. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, such as limited availability, high costs, and the need for further validation in diverse patient populations. Through a comprehensive literature review across databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library, this study compiles and analyzes data from 18 relevant studies, offering a detailed understanding of the current state of HF biomarkers. The study examines both traditional and emerging biomarkers such as galectin-3 and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 in HF, exploring their clinical roles and impact on patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kayani
- Cardiology, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University Shifa College of Medicine, Islamabad, PAK
| | - Neha Fatima
- Internal Medicine, Lisie Hospital, Kochi, IND
| | | | - Naiela E Almansouri
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, LBY
| | - Deepshikha K
- Cardiology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, IND
| | | | | | | | - Josue A Valdez
- General Practice, Universidad Autónoma de Durango, Los Mochis, MEX
| | - Zahra Nazir
- Internal Medicine, Combined Military Hospital, Quetta, PAK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmed R, Guimarães CF, Wang J, Soto F, Karim AH, Zhang Z, Reis RL, Akin D, Paulmurugan R, Demirci U. Large-Scale Functionalized Metasurface-Based SARS-CoV-2 Detection and Quantification. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15946-15958. [PMID: 36125414 PMCID: PMC9514326 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metasurfaces consist of metal-dielectric interfaces that are excitable at background and leakage resonant modes. The sharp and plasmonic excitation profile of metal-free electrons on metasurfaces at the nanoscale can be used for practical applications in diverse fields, including optoelectronics, energy harvesting, and biosensing. Currently, Fano resonant metasurface fabrication processes for biosensor applications are costly, need clean room access, and involve limited small-scale surface areas that are not easy for accurate sample placement. Here, we leverage the large-scale active area with uniform surface patterns present on optical disc-based metasurfaces as a cost-effective method to excite asymmetric plasmonic modes, enabling tunable optical Fano resonance interfacing with a microfluidic channel for multiple target detection in the visible wavelength range. We engineered plasmonic metasurfaces for biosensing through efficient layer-by-layer surface functionalization toward real-time measurement of target binding at the molecular scale. Further, we demonstrated the quantitative detection of antibodies, proteins, and the whole viral particles of SARS-CoV-2 with a high sensitivity and specificity, even distinguishing it from similar RNA viruses such as influenza and MERS. This cost-effective plasmonic metasurface platform offers a small-scale light-manipulation system, presenting considerable potential for fast, real-time detection of SARS-CoV-2 and pathogens in resource-limited settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Ahmed
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection,
Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California94304, United States
| | - Carlos F. Guimarães
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection,
Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California94304, United States
- 3B’s Research Group−Biomaterials,
Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of
Minho, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT Government
Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4805-017,
Portugal
| | - Jie Wang
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection,
Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California94304, United States
| | - Fernando Soto
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection,
Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California94304, United States
| | - Asma H. Karim
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection,
Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California94304, United States
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection,
Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California94304, United States
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops,
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan430062,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group−Biomaterials,
Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on
Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of
Minho, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT Government
Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4805-017,
Portugal
| | - Demir Akin
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection,
Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California94304, United States
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection,
Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California94304, United States
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection,
Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California94304, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kinnamon DS, Heggestad JT, Liu J, Chilkoti A. Technologies for Frugal and Sensitive Point-of-Care Immunoassays. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:123-149. [PMID: 35216530 PMCID: PMC10024863 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061020-123817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassays are a powerful tool for sensitive and quantitative analysis of a wide range of biomolecular analytes in the clinic and in research laboratories. However, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-the gold-standard assay-requires significant user intervention, time, and clinical resources, making its deployment at the point-of-care (POC) impractical. Researchers have made great strides toward democratizing access to clinical quality immunoassays at the POC and at an affordable price. In this review, we first summarize the commercially available options that offer high performance, albeit at high cost. Next, we describe strategies for the development of frugal POC assays that repurpose consumer electronics and smartphones for the quantitative detection of analytes. Finally, we discuss innovative assay formats that enable highly sensitive analysis in the field with simple instrumentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Kinnamon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Jacob T Heggestad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Jason Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chu L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Kang X. A novel biosensor based on Blu-ray disc coating film for determination of total amino acid content in tea leaves. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39666-39671. [PMID: 35494145 PMCID: PMC9044532 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07061d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensor substrate materials are a key research focus in the field of sensors. Blu-ray discs (BDs) as universal sensor substrates are advantageous in comparison with other substrates (conventional paper and polycarbonate) in terms of easier activity treatment and higher density of reactive groups on the film surface. In this study, a novel and simple microfluidic biosensor based on BD coating film was developed by treating with sodium hydroxide solution and a piece of filter paper at slightly elevated temperatures. There are no significant physical damages to the substrate morphology, and the aging effect is minimal. The unique wetting, optical, and self-cleaning properties of the modified surfaces can be demonstrated in the paper. We have tested this new type of biosensor substrates for assay applications (the determination of total amino acids in tea leaves), which showed excellent performance in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility. The novel biosensor substrate material based on a simple BD coating film displayed preferable merits with easy making, low cost, easy using, and extensive application prospect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanling Chu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing Jiangsu 210096 China
| | - Yunzheng Wang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing Jiangsu 210037 China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei Anhui 230036 China
| | - Xuejun Kang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University Nanjing Jiangsu 210096 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Advances in aptamer-based sensing assays for C-reactive protein. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:867-884. [PMID: 34581827 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP), a non-specific acute-phase indicator of inflammation, has been widely recognized for its value in clinical diagnostic applications. With the advancement of testing technologies, there have been many reports on fast, simple, and reliable methods for CRP testing. Among these, the aptamer-based biosensors are the focus and hotspot of research for achieving high-sensitivity analysis of CRP. This review summarizes the progress of in vitro aptamer screening for CRP and the recent advances in aptamer-based CRP sensor applications, thus developing insight for the new CRP aptasensor design strategy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang L, Wang H, Zhang X, Li X, Yu HZ. Indirect Competitive Immunoassay on a Blu-ray Disc for Digitized Quantitation of Food Toxins. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1239-1245. [PMID: 32237719 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a Blu-ray disc technology enabled immunoassay (namely, assay-on-a-Blu-ray) protocol for the quantitation of food toxins. In particular, commercial Blu-ray discs (BDs) are activated as substrates to create indirect competitive immunoassays with the aid of microfluidic channel plates for the quantitation of aflatoxins; an unmodified Blu-ray drive is employed to read the digitized signal (error counts generated from gold/silver-particle-enhanced binding sites); and a free disc-quality control software is adapted to process the raw data. The performance of this BD-based digital detection platform has been tested for the quantitation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in spiked corn samples and validated with standard high-performance liquid chromatography measurements. The detection limit attained is as low as 0.27 ppb with a dynamic response range up to 200 ppb, which meets the standards established by government agencies worldwide for food products. We truly believe that the application potential of such a BD-technology-based, portable device for multiplex on-site quantitative analysis of food products as well as environmental and biomedical samples in real time is unlimited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Hairong Wang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Xiaochun Li
- College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
| | - Hua-Zhong Yu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chu L, Zhang L, Gu ZZ, Li X, Kang X, Yu HZ. Blu-Ray Discs as Universal Biochip Substrates: Lithography-Free Surface Activation and Assay Patterning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37330-37337. [PMID: 31525871 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blu-ray discs (BDs) are advantageous in comparison with other optical discs (compact discs and digital versatile discs) in terms of not only their storage capacity but also the high-quality materials fabricated from. We have recently discovered that the "Hard Coat" film of Verbatim BDs is in fact a unique type of polymeric substrates that can be readily activated and adapted for biochip fabrications. Particularly, the Hard Coat film peeled from BDs is optically transparent without any fluorescence background, which can be activated by treating with a common base (1.0 M NaOH) at a slightly elevated temperature (55 °C). The surface density of reactive carboxylic acid groups generated, 6.6 ± 0.7 × 10-9 mol/cm2, is much higher than that on polycarbonate upon UV/ozone irradiation (4.8 ± 0.2 × 10-10 mol/cm2). There are no significant physical damages to the substrate morphology, and the aging effect is minimal. More importantly, the BD substrate can be patterned using either cut-out filter paper masks or microfluidic channel plates; both are lithography-free, bench-top methods that facilitate the device fabrication in a common laboratory setting. With classical biotin-streptavidin binding and DNA hybridization arrays as trial systems, we have also demonstrated this new type of biochip substrates for quantitative assay applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanling Chu
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , China
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210037 , China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada
- College of Biomedical Engineering , Taiyuan University of Technology , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030024 , China
| | - Zhong-Ze Gu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , China
| | - Xiaochun Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering , Taiyuan University of Technology , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030024 , China
| | - Xuejun Kang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210096 , China
| | - Hua-Zhong Yu
- Department of Chemistry , Simon Fraser University , Burnaby , British Columbia V5A 1S6 , Canada
- College of Biomedical Engineering , Taiyuan University of Technology , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030024 , China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li MJ, Wang HJ, Yuan R, Chai YQ. A zirconium-based metal-organic framework sensitized by thioflavin-T for sensitive photoelectrochemical detection of C-reactive protein. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10772-10775. [PMID: 31432820 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05086h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) assay was developed for the sensitive detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) based on a zirconium-based metal-organic framework (PCN-777) as the photoelectric material and thioflavin-T (Th-T) as the effective signal sensitizer coupled with rolling circle amplification (RCA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
![]()
The optical pickup
unit (OPU) within a CD/DVD/Blu-ray drive integrates
780, 650, and 405 nm wavelength lasers, diffraction-limited optics,
a high-bandwidth optoelectronic transducer up to 400 MHz, and a nanoresolution x-, z-axis, and tilt actuator in a compact
size. In addition, the OPU is a remarkable piece of engineering and
could enable different scientific applications such as sub-angstrom
displacement sensing, micro- and nanoimaging, and nanolithography.
Although off-the-shelf OPUs can be easily obtained, manufacturers
protect their datasheets under nondisclosure agreements to impede
their availability to the public. Thus, OPUs are black boxes that
few people can use for research, and only experienced researchers
can access all their functions. This review details the OPU mechanism
and components. In addition, we explain how to utilize three commercially
available triple-wavelength OPUs from scratch and optimize sensing
quality. Then, we discuss scientific research using OPUs, from standard
optical drive-based turnkey-biomarker array reading and OPU direct
bioapplications (cytometry, optical tweezing, bioimaging) to modified
OPU-based biosensing (DNA chip fluorescence scanning, biomolecular
diagnostics). We conclude by presenting future trends on optical storage
devices and potential applications. Hacking low-cost and high-performance
OPUs may spread micro- and nanoscale biosensing research from research
laboratories to citizen scientists around the globe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin En-Te Hwu
- Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu J, Dong M, Santos S, Rigatto C, Liu Y, Lin F. Lab-on-a-Chip Platforms for Detection of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Biomarkers. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122934. [PMID: 29258216 PMCID: PMC5751502 DOI: 10.3390/s17122934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer are two leading causes of death worldwide. CVD and cancer share risk factors such as obesity and diabetes mellitus and have common diagnostic biomarkers such as interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein. Thus, timely and accurate diagnosis of these two correlated diseases is of high interest to both the research and healthcare communities. Most conventional methods for CVD and cancer biomarker detection such as microwell plate-based immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction often suffer from high costs, low test speeds, and complicated procedures. Recently, lab-on-a-chip (LoC)-based platforms have been increasingly developed for CVD and cancer biomarker sensing and analysis using various molecular and cell-based diagnostic biomarkers. These new platforms not only enable better sample preparation, chemical manipulation and reaction, high-throughput and portability, but also provide attractive features such as label-free detection and improved sensitivity due to the integration of various novel detection techniques. These features effectively improve the diagnostic test speed and simplify the detection procedure. In addition, microfluidic cell assays and organ-on-chip models offer new potential approaches for CVD and cancer diagnosis. Here we provide a mini-review focusing on recent development of LoC-based methods for CVD and cancer diagnostic biomarker measurements, and our perspectives of the challenges, opportunities and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Meili Dong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, China.
| | - Susy Santos
- Victoria General Hospital and River Heights/Fort Garry Community Areas, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2E8, Canada.
| | | | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, China.
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang G, Han R, Su X, Li Y, Xu G, Luo X. Zwitterionic peptide anchored to conducting polymer PEDOT for the development of antifouling and ultrasensitive electrochemical DNA sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 92:396-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|