1
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Wang A, Chen Z, Feng X, He G, Zhong T, Xiao Y, Yu X. Magnetic-gold nanoparticle-mediated paper-based biosensor for highly sensitive colorimetric detection of food adulteration. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134849. [PMID: 38885584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Food adulteration presents a significant challenge due to the evasion of legal oversight and the difficulty of identification. Addressing this issue, there is an urgent need for on-site, rapid, visually based small-scale equipment, along with large-scale screening technology, to enable prompt results without providing opportunities for dishonest traders to react. Colorimetric reactions offer advantages in terms of speed, visualization, and miniaturization. However, there is a scarcity of suitable colorimetric reactions for food adulteration detection, and interference from colored food impurities and easily comparable color results affects accuracy. To overcome limitations, this study introduces a novel approach utilizing polydopamine magnetic nanoparticles to enrich DNA in food samples, effectively eliminating interfering components. By employing gold nanoparticles to generate magnetic-gold nanoparticles, a single magnetic bead achieves simultaneous enrichment, impurity removal, and detection. The use of paper-based biosensors and visualization equipment allows for the visualization and digital analysis of results, achieving a low detection limit of 4.59 nmol mL-1. The method also exhibits high accuracy and repeatability, with a RSD ranging from 1.6 % to 4.0 %. This innovative colorimetric method addresses the need for rapid, miniaturized, and large-scale detection, thus providing a solution for food adulteration challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyu Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Zihan Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiao Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangyun He
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China.
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2
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Zhao Y, Gan Y, Chen J, Zheng H, Chang Y, Lin C. Recent reports on the sensing strategy and the On-site detection of illegal drugs. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6917-6929. [PMID: 38410368 PMCID: PMC10895702 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, works on the on-site detection of illegal drugs in recent years are summarised and discussed, most of which were published within the past five years. The detection methods are categorised as colourimetric, fluorescence, Raman spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Also, strategies that are possibly suitable for on-site detection and the actual instrumentation to be used in the field are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security P.R.C. No. 18 Dongbeiwang West Road, Haidian District 100193 Beijing China
- Institute of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Public Security No. 17 Muxidi Nanli, West City District 100038 Beijing China
| | - Yumeng Gan
- Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University 9 Zengcuoan West Road 361005 Xiamen China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface Xiamen China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security P.R.C. No. 18 Dongbeiwang West Road, Haidian District 100193 Beijing China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security P.R.C. No. 18 Dongbeiwang West Road, Haidian District 100193 Beijing China
| | - Ying Chang
- Institute of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Public Security No. 17 Muxidi Nanli, West City District 100038 Beijing China
| | - Changxu Lin
- Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University 9 Zengcuoan West Road 361005 Xiamen China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface Xiamen China
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3
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Takahashi F, Shimosaka Y, Mori S, Kaneko M, Harayama Y, Kobayashi K, Shoji T, Seto Y, Tatsumi H, Jin J. Development of a Potential-Modulated Electrochemiluminescence Measurement System for Selective and Sensitive Determination of the Controlled Drug Codeine. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:271-279. [PMID: 38432909 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Codeine is a common analgesic drug that is a pro-drug of morphine. It also has a high risk of abuse as a recreational drug because of its extensive distribution as an OTC drug. Therefore, sensitive and selective screening methods for codeine are crucial in forensic analytical chemistry. To date, a commercial analytical kit has not been developed for dedicated codeine determination, and there is a need for an analytical method to quantify codeine in the field. In the present work, potential modulation was combined with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for sensitive determination of codeine. The potential modulated technique involved applying a signal to electrodes by superimposing an AC potential on the DC potential. When tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) was used as an ECL emitter, ECL activity was confirmed for codeine. A detailed investigation of the electrochemical reaction mechanism suggested a characteristic ECL reaction mechanism involving electrochemical oxidation of the opioid framework. Besides the usual ECL reaction derived from the amine framework, selective detection of codeine was possible under the measurement conditions, with clear luminescence observed in an acidic solution. The sensitivity of codeine detection by potential modulated-ECL was one order of magnitude higher than that obtained with the conventional potential sweep method. The proposed method was applied to codeine determination in actual prescription medications and OTC drug samples. Codeine was selectively determined from other compounds in medications and showed good linearity with a low detection limit (150 ng mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Shimosaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Shuki Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Mayu Kaneko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Yuta Harayama
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Kanya Kobayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Taku Shoji
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University
| | | | | | - Jiye Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
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4
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Crocombe RA, Giuntini G, Schiering DW, Profeta LTM, Hargreaves MD, Leary PE, Brown CD, Chmura JW. Field-portable detection of fentanyl and its analogs: A review. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1570-1600. [PMID: 37565563 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The need to detect fentanyl and its analogs in the field is an important capability to help prevent unintentional exposure or overdose on these substances, which may result in death. Many portable methods historically used in the field by first responders and other field users to detect and identify other chemical substances, such as hazardous materials, have been applied to the detection and identification of these synthetic opioids. This paper describes field portable spectroscopic methods used for the detection and identification of fentanyl and its analogs. The methods described are automated colorimetric tests including lateral flow assays; vibrational spectroscopy (mid-infrared and Raman); gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; ion mobility spectrometry, and high-pressure mass spectrometry. In each case the background and key details of these technologies are outlined, followed by a discussion of the application of the technology in the field. Attention is paid to the analysis of complex mixtures and limits of detection, including the required spectral databases and algorithms used to interrogate these types of samples. There is also an emphasis on providing actionable information to the (likely) non-scientist operators of these instruments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David W Schiering
- RedWave Technology, Danbury, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
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5
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Bugeja N, Oliver C, McGrath N, McGuire J, Yan C, Carlysle-Davies F, Reid M. Teaching old presumptive tests new digital tricks with computer vision for forensic applications. DIGITAL DISCOVERY 2023; 2:1143-1151. [PMID: 38013815 PMCID: PMC10408571 DOI: 10.1039/d3dd00066d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Presumptive (or 'spot') tests have served forensic scientists, law enforcement, and legal practitioners for over a hundred years. Yet, the intended design of such tests, enabling quick identification of drugs by-eye, also hides their full potential. Here, we report the development and application of time-resolved imaging methods of reactions attending spot tests for amphetamines, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines. Analysis of the reaction videos helps distinguish drugs within the same structural class that, by-eye, are judged to give the same qualitative spot test result. It is envisaged that application of these results will bridge the existing suite of field and lab-based confirmatory forensic tests, and support a broader range of colorimetric sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bugeja
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Cameron Oliver
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Nicole McGrath
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Jake McGuire
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Chunhui Yan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | | | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
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6
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Bazyar H. On the Application of Microfluidic-Based Technologies in Forensics: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5856. [PMID: 37447704 PMCID: PMC10346202 DOI: 10.3390/s23135856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology is a powerful tool to enable the rapid, accurate, and on-site analysis of forensically relevant evidence on a crime scene. This review paper provides a summary on the application of this technology in various forensic investigation fields spanning from forensic serology and human identification to discriminating and analyzing diverse classes of drugs and explosives. Each aspect is further explained by providing a short summary on general forensic workflow and investigations for body fluid identification as well as through the analysis of drugs and explosives. Microfluidic technology, including fabrication methodologies, materials, and working modules, are touched upon. Finally, the current shortcomings on the implementation of the microfluidic technology in the forensic field are discussed along with the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Bazyar
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
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7
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Woolf MS, Dignan LM, Karas SM, Lewis HM, Kim SN, Geise GM, DeMers HL, Hau D, Gates-Hollingsworth MA, AuCoin DP, Landers JP. Digital image analysis for biothreat detection via rapid centrifugal microfluidic orthogonal flow immunocapture. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1870-1880. [PMID: 36975002 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00073g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report clear proof-of-principle for centrifugally-driven, multiplexed, paper-based orthogonal flow sandwich-style immunocapture (cOFI) and colorimetric detection of Zaire Ebola virus-like particles. Capture antibodies are immobilized onto nanoporous nitrocellulose membranes that are then laminated into polymeric microfluidic discs to yield ready-to-use analytical devices. Fluid flow is controlled solely by rotational speed, obviating the need for complex pneumatic pumping systems, and providing more precise flow control than with the capillary-driven flow used in traditional lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs). Samples containing the antigen of interest and gold nanoparticle-labeled detection antibodies are pumped centrifugally through the embedded, prefunctionalized membrane where they are subsequently captured to generate a positive, colorimetric signal. When compared to the equivalent LFI counterparts, this cOFI approach generated immunochromatographic colorimetric responses that are objectively darker (saturation), more intense (grayscale), and less variable regarding total area of the color response. We also describe an image analysis approach that enables access to rich color data and area statistics without the need for a commercial 'strip reader' or custom-written image analysis algorithms. Instead, our analytical method exploits inexpensive equipment (e.g., smart phone, flatbed scanner, etc.) and freely available software (Fiji distribution of ImageJ) to permit characterization of immunochromatographic responses that includes multiple color metrics, offering insights beyond typical grayscale analysis. The findings reported here stand as clear proof-of-principle for the feasibility of disc-based, centrifugally driven orthogonal flow through a membrane with immunocapture (cOFI) and colorimetric readout of a sandwich-type immunoassay in less than 15 minutes. Once fully developed, this cOFI platform could render a faster, more accurate diagnosis, while processing multiple samples simul-taneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shane Woolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Leah M Dignan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Scott M Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA
| | | | - Sabrina N Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA
| | | | - Haley L DeMers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Derrick Hau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | | | - David P AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - James P Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Virginia, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, USA
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8
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Woolf MS, Cunha LL, Hadley KC, Moffett RP, Landers JP. Towards an affinity-free, centrifugal microfluidic system for rapid, automated forensic differential extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1249:340826. [PMID: 36868762 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Biological evidence originating from victims of sexual assault is often comprised of unbalanced cellular mixtures with significantly higher contributions from the victim's genetic material. Enrichment of the forensically-critical sperm fraction (SF) with single-source male DNA relies on differential extraction (DE), a manually-intensive process that is prone to contamination. Due to DNA losses from sequential washing steps, some existing DE methods often fail to generate sufficient sperm cell DNA recovery for perpetrator(s) identification. Here, we propose an enzymatic, 'swab-in' rotationally-driven microfluidic device to achieve complete, self-contained, on-disc automation of the forensic DE workflow. This 'swab-in' approach retains the sample within the microdevice, enabling lysis of sperm cells directly from the evidence cutting to improve sperm cell DNA yield. We demonstrate clear proof-of-concept of a centrifugal platform that provides for timed reagent release, temperature control for sequential enzymatic reactions, and enclosed fluidic fractionation that allows for objective evaluation of the DE process chain with a total processing time of ≤15 min. On-disc extraction of buccal or sperm swabs establishes compatibility of the prototype disc with: 1) an entirely enzymatic extraction method, and 2) distinct downstream analysis modalities, such as the PicoGreen® DNA assay for nucleic acid detection and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shane Woolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Larissa L Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Kevyn C Hadley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rachel P Moffett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James P Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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9
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Layne TR, Nouwairi RL, Fleming R, Blair H, Landers JP. Rapid Microchip Electrophoretic Separation of Novel Transcriptomic Body Fluid Markers for Forensic Fluid Profiling. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1657. [PMID: 36296010 PMCID: PMC9609788 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Initial screening of criminal evidence often involves serological testing of stains of unknown composition and/or origin discovered at a crime scene to determine the tissue of origin. This testing is presumptive but critical for contextualizing the scene. Here, we describe a microfluidic approach for body fluid profiling via fluorescent electrophoretic separation of a published mRNA panel that provides unparalleled specificity and sensitivity. This centrifugal microfluidic approach expedites and automates the electrophoresis process by allowing for simple, rotationally driven flow and polymer loading through a 5 cm separation channel; with each disc containing three identical domains, multi-sample analysis is possible with a single disc and multi-sample detection per disc. The centrifugal platform enables a series of sequential unit operations (metering, mixing, aliquoting, heating, storage) to execute automated electrophoretic separation. Results show on-disc fluorescent detection and sizing of amplicons to perform comparably with a commercial 'gold standard' benchtop instrument and permitted sensitive, empirical discrimination between five distinct body fluids in less than 10 min. Notably, our microfluidic platform represents a faster, simpler method for separation of a transcriptomic panel to be used for forensically relevant body fluid identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R. Layne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22939, USA
| | - Renna L. Nouwairi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22939, USA
| | - Rachel Fleming
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Haley Blair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22939, USA
| | - James P. Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22939, USA
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10
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Vannoy KJ, Krushinski LE, Kong EF, Dick JE. Reagentless Voltammetric Identification of Cocaine from Complex Powders. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12638-12644. [PMID: 36066582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most commonly trafficked and abused drugs in the United States, and deployable field tests are important for rapid identification in nonlaboratory settings. At present, colorimetric tests exist for in-field determination, but these fundamentally suffer from interferent effects. Cocaine is an organic salt that is readily water soluble as a cation and almost insoluble in the deprotonated neutral form. Here, we take advantage of the electrochemical window of water to increase the pH at the electrode surface by driving water reduction, effectively electroprecipitating the cocaine base. The precipitate on the electrode surface is then electrochemically oxidized by a voltammetric sweep through sufficiently positive potentials. We demonstrate excellent selectivity to cocaine compared to common adulterants, such as procaine, lidocaine, benzocaine, caffeine, and levamisole. Finally, we detect cocaine on a carbon fiber microelectrode, demonstrating miniaturizability and allowing access to low-resistance media (e.g., tap water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lynn E Krushinski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Edgar F Kong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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11
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A novel method for inward fluid displacement in centrifugal microdevices for highly integrated nucleic acid processing with long-term reagent storage. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Dignan LM, Woolf MS, Ross JA, Baehr C, Holstege CP, Pravetoni M, Landers JP. A Membrane-Modulated Centrifugal Microdevice for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay-Based Detection of Illicit and Misused Drugs. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16213-16221. [PMID: 34807557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased opioid use and misuse have imposed large analytical demands across clinical and forensic sectors. Due to the absence of affordable, accurate, and simple on-site tests (e.g., point of interdiction and bedside), analysis is primarily conducted in centralized laboratories via time-consuming, labor-intensive methods. Many healthcare facilities do not have such analytical capabilities and must send samples to commercial laboratories, increasing turnaround time and care costs, as well as delaying public health warnings regarding the emergence of specific substances. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are used ubiquitously, despite lengthy workflows that require substantial manual intervention. Faster, reliable analytics are desperately needed to mitigate the mortality and morbidity associated with the current substance use epidemic. We describe one such alternative─a portable centrifugal microfluidic ELISA system that supplants repetitive pipetting with rotationally controlled fluidics. Embedded cellulosic membranes act as microvalves, permitting flow only when centrifugally generated hydraulic pressure exceeds their liquid entry pressure. These features enable stepwise reagent introduction, incubation, and removal simply by tuning rotational frequency. We demonstrate the success of this platform through sensitive, specific colorimetric detection of opiates, a subclass of opioids naturally derived from the opium poppy. Objective image analysis eliminated subjectivity in human color perception and permitted reliable detection of opiates in buffer and artificial urine at the ng/μL range. Opiates were clearly differentiated from other drug classes without interference from common adulterants known to cause false positive results in current colorimetric field tests. Eight samples were simultaneously analyzed in under 1 h, a marked reduction from the traditional multiday timeline. This approach could permit rapid, automatable ELISA-based drug detection outside of traditional laboratories by nontechnical personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Dignan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - M Shane Woolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jennifer A Ross
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Carly Baehr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher P Holstege
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - James P Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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13
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McNeill L, Megson D, Linton PE, Norrey J, Bradley L, Sutcliffe OB, Shaw KJ. Lab-on-a-Chip approaches for the detection of controlled drugs, including new psychoactive substances: A systematic review. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Dragan AM, Parrilla M, Feier B, Oprean R, Cristea C, De Wael K. Analytical techniques for the detection of amphetamine-type substances in different matrices: A comprehensive review. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Layne T, Jackson K, Scott A, Tanner NA, Piland A, Haverstick DM, Landers JP. Optimization of novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification with colorimetric image analysis for forensic body fluid identification. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:1033-1041. [PMID: 33559876 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate presumptive and confirmatory test use for forensic body fluid identification is essential for gaining contextual information for crime scene investigators. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an ideal method for forensic body fluid identification because it is highly specific and generates multi-sized amplicon DNA, and successful amplification results can be read out colorimetrically. Here, we show preliminary data on a LAMP method that rapidly identifies body fluids including venous blood, semen, and saliva, based on colorimetric response and image analysis. The method is designed for easy implementation into forensic casework protocols with minimal disruption to DNA analysis. LAMP naturally increases target specificity due to the use of multiple primers for one target and mRNA targets were used for tissue and human specificity. With colorimetric detection as an inherent part of LAMP, samples that are positive or negative for any of the body fluids are readily identified by image capture and analysis, thus eliminating subjectivity. Results show by using the 3D-printed imaging system specific color ranges can be set for easy determination of body fluids. The resulting color change can be seen in <30 min using a universal temperature and primer concentration for all body fluids. This simple method and imaging system allow for minimal hands-on time with objective image analysis and presents a pathway for creating a new potential method for forensic body fluid identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Layne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kimberly Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anchi Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Annie Piland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Doris M Haverstick
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James P Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Departments of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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16
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Digital postprocessing and image segmentation for objective analysis of colorimetric reactions. Nat Protoc 2020; 16:218-238. [PMID: 33299153 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an explosion of scientific literature describing the use of colorimetry for monitoring the progression or the endpoint result of colorimetric reactions. The availability of inexpensive imaging technology (e.g., scanners, Raspberry Pi, smartphones and other sub-$50 digital cameras) has lowered the barrier to accessing cost-efficient, objective detection methodologies. However, to exploit these imaging devices as low-cost colorimetric detectors, it is paramount that they interface with flexible software that is capable of image segmentation and probing a variety of color spaces (RGB, HSB, Y'UV, L*a*b*, etc.). Development of tailor-made software (e.g., smartphone applications) for advanced image analysis requires complex, custom-written processing algorithms, advanced computer programming knowledge and/or expertise in physics, mathematics, pattern recognition and computer vision and learning. Freeware programs, such as ImageJ, offer an alternative, affordable path to robust image analysis. Here we describe a protocol that uses the ImageJ program to process images of colorimetric experiments. In practice, this protocol consists of three distinct workflow options. This protocol is accessible to uninitiated users with little experience in image processing or color science and does not require fluorescence signals, expensive imaging equipment or custom-written algorithms. We anticipate that total analysis time per region of interest is ~6 min for new users and <3 min for experienced users, although initial color threshold determination might take longer.
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17
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Adegoke O, Zolotovskaya S, Abdolvand A, Daeid NN. Biomimetic graphene oxide-cationic multi-shaped gold nanoparticle-hemin hybrid nanozyme: Tuning enhanced catalytic activity for the rapid colorimetric apta-biosensing of amphetamine-type stimulants. Talanta 2020; 216:120990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lockwood TLE, Leong TX, Bliese SL, Helmke A, Richard A, Merga G, Rorabeck J, Lieberman M. idPAD: Paper Analytical Device for Presumptive Identification of Illicit Drugs. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1289-1297. [PMID: 32227600 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As drug overdose deaths across the United States continue to rise, there is increasing interest in field testing of illicit substances. This work discusses a paper-based analytical device (idPAD) that can run a library of 12 colorimetric tests at the same time, each detecting different chemical functional groups and materials found in illicit drugs, distractor substances, and cutting agents. The idPAD requires no electricity, costs less than $2 USD, and requires minimal training to operate. The results of the 12 tests form a color barcode which is "read" by comparison to standard images. The accuracy of the idPAD was assessed using samples of heroin, cocaine HCl, crack, and methamphetamine at concentrations of 25%-100% in a lactose matrix, as well as pure lactose. Based on 840 "reads" by three different users, the idPAD showed 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity for detecting these drugs; the most common error was mistaking cocaine HCl for crack or crack for cocaine HCl. In a second step, samples of heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine (n = 30) and distractor substances (pharmaceuticals, cutting agents, and other illicit drugs, n = 64) were tested by two readers, yielding a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 97%. Targeted substances were detected reliably at 55-180 μg/lane, and the idPAD was found to be stable for at least 3 months when stored at room temperature. The library approach used in the idPAD may provide the accuracy and robustness necessary for a presumptive field drug test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy-Lynn E Lockwood
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Stepan Hall of Chemistry, Notre Dame, IN, 46556
| | - Tammy X Leong
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 2015 Percival Stern Hall, 6400 Freret St., New Orleans, LA, 70118
| | - Sarah L Bliese
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Stepan Hall of Chemistry, Notre Dame, IN, 46556
| | - Alec Helmke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Stepan Hall of Chemistry, Notre Dame, IN, 46556
| | - Alex Richard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Stepan Hall of Chemistry, Notre Dame, IN, 46556
| | - Getahun Merga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Andrews University, Halenz Hall, Room 225, 4270 Administration Drive, Berrien Springs, MI, 49104
| | - John Rorabeck
- Berrien County Forensic Laboratory, Andrews University, Halenz Hall, Room 225, 4270 Administration Drive, Berrien Springs, MI, 49104
| | - Marya Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Stepan Hall of Chemistry, Notre Dame, IN, 46556
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19
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A novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for identification of four body fluids with smartphone detection. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 45:102195. [PMID: 31835180 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.102195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA profiling for body fluid identification (bfID) is a useful approach to collect contextual information associated with a crime. Current methods require costly fluorescent probes, lengthy amplification protocols and/or time-consuming sample preparation. To simplify this process, we developed a bfID method that has the potential to be rapid in analysis time, inexpensive and fluorescence-free, combining a universal operating procedure with a high-throughout (microwell plate) platform for simultaneous detection of mRNA markers from whole blood, semen, saliva, and vaginal fluid. Full bfID sample preparation and analysis of 23 samples was completed in under 3 h using smart phone optical detection and analysis and show efficacy of the method in a validated blind study. The results provide an efficient, sensitive and specific approach to supplement the current biochemical tests in a forensic laboratory.
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20
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May B, Naqi HA, Tipping M, Scott J, Husbands SM, Blagbrough IS, Pudney CR. Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Detection Using Fluorescence Spectral Fingerprinting. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12971-12979. [PMID: 31580647 PMCID: PMC7006962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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Synthetic
cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), termed “Spice”
or “K2”, are molecules that emulate the effects of the
active ingredient of marijuana, and they have gained enormous popularity
over the past decade. SCRAs are Schedule 1 drugs that are highly prevalent
in the U.K. prison system and among homeless populations. SCRAs are
highly potent and addictive. With no way to determine the dose/amount
at the point-of care, they pose severe health risks to users, including
psychosis, stroke, epileptic seizures, and they can kill. SCRAs are
chemically diverse, with over a hundred compounds used as recreational
drugs. The chemical diversity of SCRA structures presents a challenge
in developing detection modalities. Typically, GC-MS is used for chemical
identification; however, this cannot be in place in most settings
where detection is critical, e.g., in hospital Emergency Departments,
in custody suites/prisons, or among homeless communities. Ideally,
real time, point-of-care identification of SCRAs is desirable to direct
the care pathway of overdoses and provide information for informed
consent. Herein, we show that fluorescence spectral fingerprinting
can be used to identify the likely presence of SCRAs, as well as provide
more specific information on structural class and concentration (∼1
μg mL–1). We demonstrate that that fluorescence
spectral fingerprints, combined with numerical modeling, can detect
both parent and combusted material, and such fingerprinting is also
practical for detecting them in oral fluids. Our proof-of-concept
study suggests that, with development, the approach could be useful
in a range of capacities, notably in harm reduction for users of Spice/K2.
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21
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Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Microfluidic Devices for Forensic Applications. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9030085. [PMID: 31277382 PMCID: PMC6784357 DOI: 10.3390/bios9030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices offer important benefits for forensic applications, in particular for fast tests at a crime scene. A large portion of forensic applications require microfluidic chip material to show compatibility with biochemical reactions (such as amplification reactions), and to have high transparency in the visible region and high chemical resistance. Also, preferably, manufacturing should be simple. The characteristic properties of cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) fulfills these requirements and offers new opportunities for the development of new forensic tests. In this work, the versatility of COC as material for lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems in forensic applications has been explored by realizing two proof-of-principle devices. Chemical resistance and optical transparency were investigated for the development of an on-chip presumptive color test to indicate the presence of an illicit substance through applying absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, the compatibility of COC with a DNA amplification reaction was verified by performing an on-chip multiple displacement amplification (MDA) reaction.
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22
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Wang S, Wang W, Li H, Xing Y, Hou K, Li H. Rapid On-Site Detection of Illegal Drugs in Complex Matrix by Thermal Desorption Acetone-Assisted Photoionization Miniature Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3845-3851. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Li
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, 249 Jiaochang North Road, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yuming Xing
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, 249 Jiaochang North Road, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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23
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Song Y, Lin B, Tian T, Xu X, Wang W, Ruan Q, Guo J, Zhu Z, Yang C. Recent Progress in Microfluidics-Based Biosensing. Anal Chem 2018; 91:388-404. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Song
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Bingqian Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tian Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xing Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qingyu Ruan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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24
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Philp M, Fu S. A review of chemical ‘spot’ tests: A presumptive illicit drug identification technique. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:95-108. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Philp
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences; University of Technology Sydney (UTS); Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences; University of Technology Sydney (UTS); Australia
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25
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Lawton ZE, Traub A, Fatigante WL, Mancias J, O'Leary AE, Hall SE, Wieland JR, Oberacher H, Gizzi MC, Mulligan CC. Analytical Validation of a Portable Mass Spectrometer Featuring Interchangeable, Ambient Ionization Sources for High Throughput Forensic Evidence Screening. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1048-1059. [PMID: 28000107 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Forensic evidentiary backlogs are indicative of the growing need for cost-effective, high-throughput instrumental methods. One such emerging technology that shows high promise in meeting this demand while also allowing on-site forensic investigation is portable mass spectrometric (MS) instrumentation, particularly that which enables the coupling to ambient ionization techniques. While the benefits of rapid, on-site screening of contraband can be anticipated, the inherent legal implications of field-collected data necessitates that the analytical performance of technology employed be commensurate with accepted techniques. To this end, comprehensive analytical validation studies are required before broad incorporation by forensic practitioners can be considered, and are the focus of this work. Pertinent performance characteristics such as throughput, selectivity, accuracy/precision, method robustness, and ruggedness have been investigated. Reliability in the form of false positive/negative response rates is also assessed, examining the effect of variables such as user training and experience level. To provide flexibility toward broad chemical evidence analysis, a suite of rapidly-interchangeable ion sources has been developed and characterized through the analysis of common illicit chemicals and emerging threats like substituted phenethylamines. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Angelica Traub
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | | | - Jose Mancias
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Adam E O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Seth E Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Jamie R Wieland
- Department of Management and Quantitative Methods, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael C Gizzi
- Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
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26
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Thompson BL, Wyckoff SL, Haverstick DM, Landers JP. Simple, Reagentless Quantification of Total Bilirubin in Blood Via Microfluidic Phototreatment and Image Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3228-3234. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Sarah L. Wyckoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Doris M. Haverstick
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - James P. Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Science Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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27
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Birch C, DuVall JA, Le Roux D, Thompson BL, Tsuei AC, Li J, Nelson DA, Mills DL, Landers JP, Root BE. Rapid Fabrication of Electrophoretic Microfluidic Devices from Polyester, Adhesives and Gold Leaf. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190314 DOI: 10.3390/mi8010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the microfluidic community has witnessed an evolution in fabrication methodologies that deviate from using conventional glass and polymer-based materials. A leading example within this group is the print, cut and laminate (PCL) approach, which entails the laser cutting of microfluidic architecture into ink toner-laden polyester sheets, followed by the lamination of these layers for device assembly. Recent success when applying this method to human genetic fingerprinting has highlighted that it is now ripe for the refinements necessary to render it amenable to mass-manufacture. In this communication, we detail those modifications by identifying and implementing a suitable heat-sensitive adhesive (HSA) material to equip the devices with the durability and resilience required for commercialization and fieldwork. Importantly, this augmentation is achieved without sacrificing any of the characteristics which make the PCL approach attractive for prototyping. Exemplary HSA-devices performed DNA extraction, amplification and separation which, when combined, constitute the complete sequence necessary for human profiling and other DNA-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Birch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (C.B.); (J.A.D.); (D.L.R.); (B.L.T.); (A.-C.T.); (J.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Jacquelyn A. DuVall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (C.B.); (J.A.D.); (D.L.R.); (B.L.T.); (A.-C.T.); (J.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Delphine Le Roux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (C.B.); (J.A.D.); (D.L.R.); (B.L.T.); (A.-C.T.); (J.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Brandon L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (C.B.); (J.A.D.); (D.L.R.); (B.L.T.); (A.-C.T.); (J.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - An-Chi Tsuei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (C.B.); (J.A.D.); (D.L.R.); (B.L.T.); (A.-C.T.); (J.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (C.B.); (J.A.D.); (D.L.R.); (B.L.T.); (A.-C.T.); (J.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | - Daniel A. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (C.B.); (J.A.D.); (D.L.R.); (B.L.T.); (A.-C.T.); (J.L.); (D.A.N.)
| | | | - James P. Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; (C.B.); (J.A.D.); (D.L.R.); (B.L.T.); (A.-C.T.); (J.L.); (D.A.N.)
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-434-243-8658
| | - Brian E. Root
- Applied Research Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;
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28
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Li GZ, Tang D. Bioresponsive controlled glucose release from TiO2 nanotube arrays: a simple and portable biosensing system for cocaine with a glucometer readout. J Mater Chem B 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we design a simple and portable biosensing platform for the quantitative detection of cocaine based on target-triggered glucose release from a TiO2 nanotube array (TiNTA) with a glucometer readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhou Li
- Department of Sports and Health
- Chongqing Three Gorges University
- Wanzhou 404100
- China
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (MOE & Fujian Province)
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety (MOE & Fujian Province)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Detection Technology for Haixi Food Safety and Products (Fujian Province)
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
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