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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1301-1367. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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2
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Yang J, Zhou A, Li M, He Q, Zhou J, Crommen J, Wang W, Jiang Z, Wang Q. Mimotope peptide modified pompon mum-like magnetic microparticles for precise recognition, capture and biotransformation analysis of rituximab in biological fluids. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1317-1328. [PMID: 38487009 PMCID: PMC10935506 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to low immobilized ligand density, limited binding capacity, and severe interference from serum proteins, developing ideal peptide-based biomaterials for precise recognition and in vivo analysis of biopharmaceuticals remains a huge challenge. In this study, mimotope peptide modified pompon mum-like biomimetic magnetic microparticles (MMPs, 3.8 μm) that mimic the specific functionalities of CD20 on malignant B cells were developed for the first time. Benefit from the numerous ligand binding sites (Ni2+) on the pompon mum-like MMPs, these novel materials achieved ≥10 times higher peptide ligand densities (>2300 mg/g) and antibody binding capacities (1380 mg/g) compared to previous reported biomaterials. Leveraging the high specificity of the mimotope peptide, rituximab can be precisely recognized and enriched from cell culture media or serum samples. We also established an LC‒MS/MS method using the MMPs for tracking rituximab biotransformation in patient serum. Intriguingly, deamidation of Asn55 and Asn33, as well as oxidation of Met81 and Met34 were observed at the key complementarity determining regions of rituximab, which could potentially influence antibody function and require careful monitoring. Overall, these versatile biomimetic MMPs demonstrate superior recognition and enrichment capabilities for target antibodies, offering interesting possibilities for biotransformation analysis of biopharmaceuticals in patient serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy/State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Aixuan Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy/State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Minyi Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy/State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiaoxian He
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy/State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy/State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jacques Crommen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy/State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CIRM, University of Liege, Liege B-4000, Belgium
| | | | - Zhengjin Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy/State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CIRM, University of Liege, Liege B-4000, Belgium
| | - Qiqin Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy/State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CIRM, University of Liege, Liege B-4000, Belgium
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3
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Chu PY, Wang H, Ross E, Stephens N, Zhang HM, Andersen N, Chan W, Shivva V, Crowell SR, Spiess C, Holder PG, Agard NJ, Ji C, Chen J, Sreedhara A, Wang J, Wu C, Liu Y, Tran JC. Translatability of In Vitro Stress for Predicting Deamidation and Oxidation Biotransformation on Biotherapeutics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17957-17961. [PMID: 38084380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation leading to single residue modifications (e.g., deamidation, oxidation) can contribute to decreased efficacy/potency, poor pharmacokinetics, and/or toxicity/immunogenicity for protein therapeutics. Identifying and characterizing such liabilities in vivo are emerging needs for biologics drug discovery. In vitro stress assays involving PBS for deamidation or AAPH for oxidation are commonly used for predicting liabilities in manufacturing and storage and are sometimes considered a predictive tool for in vivo liabilities. However, reports discussing their in vivo translatability are limited. Herein, we introduce a mass spectrometry workflow that characterizes in vivo oxidation and deamidation in pharmacokinetically relevant compartments for diverse protein therapeutic modalities. The workflow has low bias of <10% in quantitating degradation in the relevant pharmacokinetic concentration range for monkey and rabbit serum/plasma (1-100 μg/mL) and allows for high sequence coverage (∼85%) for discovery/monitoring of amino acid modifications. For oxidation and deamidation, the assay was precise, with percent coefficient of variation of <8% at 1-100 μg/mL and ≤6% method-induced artifacts. A high degree of in vitro and in vivo correlation was observed for deamidation on the six diverse protein therapeutics (seven liability sites) tested. In vivo translatability for oxidation liabilities were not observed for the 11 molecules tested using in vitro AAPH stress. One of the molecules dosed in eyes resulted in a false positive and a false negative prediction for in vivo oxidation following AAPH stress. Finally, peroxide stress was also tested but resulted in limited success (1 out of 4 molecules) in predicting oxidation liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Y Chu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- NovaBioAssays, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, United States
| | - Emily Ross
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Nicole Stephens
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Nisana Andersen
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Wayman Chan
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Vittal Shivva
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Susan R Crowell
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Christoph Spiess
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Patrick G Holder
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Nicholas J Agard
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Chengjie Ji
- NovaBioAssays, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, United States
| | - John Chen
- NovaBioAssays, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, United States
| | | | - Jianyong Wang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Cong Wu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Yichin Liu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - John C Tran
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
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4
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Reinert T, Houzé P, Mignet N, Francois YN, Gahoual R. Post-translational modifications comparative identification and kinetic study of infliximab innovator and biosimilars in serum using capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115541. [PMID: 37399702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite reports indicating the potential impact of post-translational modifications on the activity of a monoclonal antibody, their prediction or monitoring post-administration remains a challenge. In addition, with the expiration of patents concerning the early generation of mAbs, the production of biosimilars is constantly increasing. Structural differences of biosimilars compared to the innovator product are commonly evaluated for the formulated product in the context of biosimilarity assessment. However, estimating their structural outcome after administration is particularly difficult. Due to the complexity of in vivo studies, there is a need to develop analytical strategies to predict PTMs consequently to their administration and their impact on mAbs potency. Here, we identified and evaluated the modification kinetics of 4 asparagine deamidations and 2 aspartate isomerizations of infliximab innovator product (Remicade®) and two biosimilars (Inflectra® and Remsima®) in vitro using serum incubation at 37 °C. The methodology was based on a bottom-up approach with capillary electrophoresis hyphenated with mass spectrometry analysis for an unequivocal assignment of modified and unmodified forms. 2 asparagines demonstrated a gradual deamidation correlated with incubation time. The specific extraction efficiency was evaluated to determine possible changes in the antigen binding affinity of infliximab with the incubation. Results showed the possibility to achieve an additional aspect concerning biosimilarity assessment, oriented on the study of the structural stability after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Reinert
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, France; Université Paris Cité, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Paris, France; Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas Francois
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Université Paris Cité, Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), CNRS UMR8258, Inserm, Faculté de sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, Paris, France.
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5
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Jung M, Zimmermann R. Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Characterizes Client Spectra of Components for Targeting of Membrane Proteins to and Their Insertion into the Membrane of the Human ER. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14166. [PMID: 37762469 PMCID: PMC10532041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the redundancy in the components for the targeting of membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and/or their insertion into the ER membrane under physiological conditions, we previously analyzed different human cells by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry. The HeLa and HEK293 cells had been depleted of a certain component by siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9 treatment or were deficient patient fibroblasts and compared to the respective control cells by differential protein abundance analysis. In addition to clients of the SRP and Sec61 complex, we identified membrane protein clients of components of the TRC/GET, SND, and PEX3 pathways for ER targeting, and Sec62, Sec63, TRAM1, and TRAP as putative auxiliary components of the Sec61 complex. Here, a comprehensive evaluation of these previously described differential protein abundance analyses, as well as similar analyses on the Sec61-co-operating EMC and the characteristics of the topogenic sequences of the various membrane protein clients, i.e., the client spectra of the components, are reported. As expected, the analysis characterized membrane protein precursors with cleavable amino-terminal signal peptides or amino-terminal transmembrane helices as predominant clients of SRP, as well as the Sec61 complex, while precursors with more central or even carboxy-terminal ones were found to dominate the client spectra of the SND and TRC/GET pathways for membrane targeting. For membrane protein insertion, the auxiliary Sec61 channel components indeed share the client spectra of the Sec61 complex to a large extent. However, we also detected some unexpected differences, particularly related to EMC, TRAP, and TRAM1. The possible mechanistic implications for membrane protein biogenesis at the human ER are discussed and can be expected to eventually advance our understanding of the mechanisms that are involved in the so-called Sec61-channelopathies, resulting from deficient ER protein import.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Zimmermann
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
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6
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Schuster J, Kamuju V, Mathaes R. Protein Stability After Administration: A Physiologic Consideration. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:370-376. [PMID: 36202247 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory authorities and the scientific community have identified the need to monitor the in vivo stability of therapeutic proteins (TPs). Due to the unique physiologic conditions in patients, the stability of TPs after administration can deviate largely from their stability under drug product (DP) conditions. TPs can degrade at substantial rates once immersed in the in vivo milieu. Changes in protein stability upon administration to patients are critical as they can have implications on patient safety and clinical effectiveness of DPs. Physiologic conditions are challenging to simulate and require dedicated in vitro models for specific routes of administration. Advancements of in vitro models enable to simulate the exposure to physiologic conditions prior to resource demanding pre-clinical and clinical studies. This enables to evaluate the in vivo stability and thus may allow to improve the safety/efficacy profile of DPs. While in vitro-in vivo correlations are challenging, benchmarking DP candidates enables to identify liabilities and optimize molecules. The in vivo stability should be an integral part of holistic stability assessments during early development. Such assessments can accelerate development timelines and lead to more stable DPs for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schuster
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Vinay Kamuju
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Mathaes
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Beck A, Nowak C, Meshulam D, Reynolds K, Chen D, Pacardo DB, Nicholls SB, Carven GJ, Gu Z, Fang J, Wang D, Katiyar A, Xiang T, Liu H. Risk-Based Control Strategies of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:73. [PMID: 36412839 PMCID: PMC9703962 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first approval of the anti-CD3 recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb), muromonab-CD3, a mouse antibody for the prevention of transplant rejection, by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, mAb therapeutics have become increasingly important to medical care. A wealth of information about mAbs regarding their structure, stability, post-translation modifications, and the relationship between modification and function has been reported. Yet, substantial resources are still required throughout development and commercialization to have appropriate control strategies to maintain consistent product quality, safety, and efficacy. A typical feature of mAbs is charge heterogeneity, which stems from a variety of modifications, including modifications that are common to many mAbs or unique to a specific molecule or process. Charge heterogeneity is highly sensitive to process changes and thus a good indicator of a robust process. It is a high-risk quality attribute that could potentially fail the specification and comparability required for batch disposition. Failure to meet product specifications or comparability can substantially affect clinical development timelines. To mitigate these risks, the general rule is to maintain a comparable charge profile when process changes are inevitably introduced during development and even after commercialization. Otherwise, new peaks or varied levels of acidic and basic species must be justified based on scientific knowledge and clinical experience for a specific molecule. Here, we summarize the current understanding of mAb charge variants and outline risk-based control strategies to support process development and ultimately commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Christine Nowak
- Protein Characterization, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, 100 College St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Deborah Meshulam
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kristina Reynolds
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Chen
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dennis B. Pacardo
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha B. Nicholls
- Protein Sciences, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory J. Carven
- Research, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Jasper Therapeutics, Inc., 2200 Bridge Pkwy Suite 102, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA
| | - Jing Fang
- Biological Drug Discovery, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Global Biologics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- CMC Technical Operations, Magenta Therapeutics, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- Downstream Process and Analytical Development, Boston Institute of Biotechnology, 225 Turnpike Rd., Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Technical Operations/CMC, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Walles M, Berna MJ, Jian W, Hauri S, Hengel S, King L, Tran JC, Wei C, Xu K, Zhu X. A Cross Company Perspective on the Assessment of Therapeutic Protein Biotransformation. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:846-857. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Bults P, van der Voort A, Meijer C, Sonke GS, Bischoff R, van de Merbel NC. Analytical and pharmacological consequences of the in vivo deamidation of trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1513-1524. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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10
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Kato K, Nakayoshi T, Kurimoto E, Oda A. Mechanisms of Deamidation of Asparagine Residues and Effects of Main-Chain Conformation on Activation Energy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197035. [PMID: 32987875 PMCID: PMC7582646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deamidation of asparagine (Asn) residues is a nonenzymatic post-translational modification of proteins. Asn deamidation is associated with pathogenesis of age-related diseases and hypofunction of monoclonal antibodies. Deamidation rate is known to be affected by the residue following Asn on the carboxyl side and by secondary structure. Information about main-chain conformation of Asn residues is necessary to accurately predict deamidation rate. In this study, the effect of main-chain conformation of Asn residues on deamidation rate was computationally investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum chemical calculations. The results of MD simulations for γS-crystallin suggested that frequently deamidated Asn residues have common main-chain conformations on the N-terminal side. Based on the simulated structure, initial structures for the quantum chemical calculations were constructed and optimized geometries were obtained using the B3LYP density functional method. Structures that were frequently deamidated had a lower activation energy barrier than that of the little deamidated structure. We also showed that dihydrogen phosphate and bicarbonate ions are important catalysts for deamidation of Asn residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kato
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan; (T.N.); (E.K.); (A.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-527-980-180
| | - Tomoki Nakayoshi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan; (T.N.); (E.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Eiji Kurimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan; (T.N.); (E.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Akifumi Oda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8503, Japan; (T.N.); (E.K.); (A.O.)
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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11
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Ying Y, Li H. Recent progress in the analysis of protein deamidation using mass spectrometry. Methods 2020; 200:42-57. [PMID: 32544593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deamidation is a nonenzymatic and spontaneous posttranslational modification (PTM) that introduces changes in both structure and charge of proteins, strongly associated with aging proteome instability and degenerative diseases. Deamidation is also a common PTM occurring in biopharmaceutical proteins, representing a major cause of degradation. Therefore, characterization of deamidation alongside its inter-related modifications, isomerization and racemization, is critically important to understand their roles in protein stability and diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an indispensable tool in site-specific identification of PTMs for proteomics and structural studies. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of MS analysis in protein deamidation. In particular, we provide an update on sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and MS technologies at multi-level scales, for accurate and reliable characterization of protein deamidation in both simple and complex biological samples, yielding important new insight on how deamidation together with isomerization and racemization occurs. These technological progresses will lead to a better understanding of how deamidation contributes to the pathology of aging and other degenerative diseases and the development of biopharmaceutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Ying
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Wai Huan Dong Lu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huilin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Wai Huan Dong Lu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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12
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Bioanalytical methods for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates: A review of recent advances and future perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Dong S, Zhang A, Gu Y, Lu S, Teng L, Wang R, Liu J, Fan H, Si D. Direct quantification of intact FIM in monkey plasma using a selective chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: Application in a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 34:e4729. [PMID: 31656040 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
FIM protein, which consists of 155 amino acids, was developed as a novel GLP-1 analog to reduce blood glucose, and pharmacodynamic results showed that it had a certain effect when used in treating Alzheimer's disease. The molecular weight of FIM is 16,304 Da. In theory, the concentration of FIM in biological samples should be determined by the ligand binding assay method or indirectly quantified using LC-MS/MS instrumentation. However, the above methods are complex and time-consuming. In this study, we successfully developed a simpler LC-MS/MS method for directly quantifying the intact FIM protein in monkey plasma for the first time. The chromatographic separation of FIM was achieved using an InertSustain Bio C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid (A)-water containing 0.1% formic acid (B) at a flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. Good linearity was observed in the concentration range of 5-500 ng/ml (r2 > 0.99). The intra- and inter-day precisions (expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD) of FIM were 2.30-12.8 and 7.30-13.2%, respectively. The intra- and inter-day accuracies (expressed as a relative error, RE) were -12.7-6.55 and - 10.1-0.892%, respectively. This method was successfully applied for a pharmacokinetic study of the FIM protein in four monkeys after subcutaneous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Aijie Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuixiu Lu
- Prosperous Biopharma Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | | | - Rui Wang
- Prosperous Biopharma Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Huirong Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Duanyun Si
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
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14
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Riggs DL, Silzel JW, Lyon YA, Kang AS, Julian RR. Analysis of Glutamine Deamidation: Products, Pathways, and Kinetics. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13032-13038. [PMID: 31498611 PMCID: PMC8805438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous chemical modifications play an important role in human disease and aging at the molecular level. Deamidation and isomerization are known to be among the most prevalent chemical modifications in long-lived human proteins and are implicated in a growing list of human pathologies, but the relatively minor chemical change associated with these processes has presented a long standing analytical challenge. Although the adoption of high-resolution mass spectrometry has greatly aided the identification of deamidation sites in proteomic studies, isomerization (and the isomeric products of deamidation) remain exceptionally challenging to characterize. Herein, we present a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based approach for rapidly characterizing the isomeric products of Gln deamidation using diagnostic fragments that are abundantly produced and capable of unambiguously identifying both Glu and isoGlu. Importantly, the informative fragment ions are produced through orthogonal fragmentation pathways, thereby enabling the simultaneous detection of both isomeric forms while retaining compatibility with shotgun proteomics. Furthermore, the diagnostic fragments associated with isoGlu pinpoint the location of the modified residue. The utility of this technique is demonstrated by characterizing the isomeric products generated during in vitro aging of a series of glutamine-containing peptides. Sequence-dependent product profiles are obtained, and the abundance of deamidation-linked racemization is examined. Finally, comparisons are made between Gln deamidation, which is relatively poorly understood, and asparagine deamidation, which has been more thoroughly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan L. Riggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jacob W. Silzel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yana A. Lyon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Amrik S. Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan R. Julian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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15
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Liu C, Bults P, Bischoff R, Crommen J, Wang Q, Jiang Z. Separation of deamidated peptides with mixed-mode chromatography using phospholipid-functionalized monolithic stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:417-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Modifications of recombinant monoclonal antibodies in vivo. Biologicals 2019; 59:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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17
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Biotherapeutic Antibody Subunit LC-MS and Peptide Mapping LC-MS Measurements to Study Possible Biotransformation and Critical Quality Attributes In Vivo. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1415-1422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Beck A, Liu H. Macro- and Micro-Heterogeneity of Natural and Recombinant IgG Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010018. [PMID: 31544824 PMCID: PMC6640695 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) intended for therapeutic usage are required to be thoroughly characterized, which has promoted an extensive effort towards the understanding of the structures and heterogeneity of this major class of molecules. Batch consistency and comparability are highly relevant to the successful pharmaceutical development of mAbs and related products. Small structural modifications that contribute to molecule variants (or proteoforms) differing in size, charge or hydrophobicity have been identified. These modifications may impact (or not) the stability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of mAbs. The presence of the same type of modifications as found in endogenous immunoglobulin G (IgG) can substantially lower the safety risks of mAbs. The knowledge of modifications is also critical to the ranking of critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the drug and define the Quality Target Product Profile (QTPP). This review provides a summary of the current understanding of post-translational and physico-chemical modifications identified in recombinant mAbs and endogenous IgGs at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and developability, IRPF, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien-en-Genevois CEDEX, 74160 Saint-Julien en Genevois, France.
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Anokion, 50 Hampshire Street, Suite 402, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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19
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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20
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Loyet KM, Hass PE, Sandoval WN, Morando A, Liu P, Shatz W, Dickmann L, Kenrick M, Good J, Davancaze T, Morimoto AM, Kelley RF, Scheer JM. In Vivo Stability Profiles of Anti-factor D Molecules Support Long-Acting Delivery Approaches. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:86-95. [PMID: 30444371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The collection of aqueous humor (phase 1 b/2 Mahalo study) from patients dosed intravitreally with anti-factor D (AFD; FCFD4514S, lampalizumab), a humanized antibody fragment previously under investigation to treat geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration, presented a unique opportunity to examine AFD properties in clinical samples. We investigated AFD stability and target-binding characteristics to set up strategies for engineering and evaluating optimized molecules that enable less frequent dosing. Two variants, AFD.v8 and AFD.v14, were evaluated as alternatives to AFD for longer-acting treatments. Mass spectrometry, surface plasmon resonance, and immunoassay were used to assess AFD stability and binding activity in aqueous humor samples from Mahalo patients. In vitro stability and binding activity of AFD, AFD.v8, and AFD.v14 were assessed in human vitreous humor versus buffer at 37 °C over 16 weeks and in vivo in rabbits over 28 days along with pharmacokinetic determinations. In human aqueous humor, AFD specific binding was >85% through 30 days, and deamidation was <3% through 60 days, consistent with the AFD stability and binding activity in vitreous humor from humans in vitro and rabbits in vivo. Target binding, stability, and rabbit pharmacokinetic parameters of AFD.v8 and AFD.v14 were similar to those of AFD. Physiological stability and activity of AFD translated across in vitro and in vivo studies in humans and rabbits. The two variants AFD.v8 and AFD.v14 demonstrated comparable potency and pharmacokinetics. These findings, along with previously demonstrated improved solubility of AFD.v8 and AFD.v14, provide proof-of-concept for developing other similar long-acting therapeutic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Loyet
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Philip E Hass
- Department of Protein Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Wendy N Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, & Lipidomics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Ashley Morando
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Peter Liu
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, & Lipidomics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Whitney Shatz
- Department of Protein Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Leslie Dickmann
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Margaret Kenrick
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Jeremy Good
- Department of Assay Development and Technology , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Teresa Davancaze
- Department of Assay Development and Technology , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Alyssa M Morimoto
- Department of Assay Development and Technology , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Robert F Kelley
- Department of Drug Delivery , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Justin M Scheer
- Department of Protein Chemistry , Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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21
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DiCara DM, Andersen N, Chan R, Ernst JA, Ayalon G, Lazar GA, Agard NJ, Hilderbrand A, Hötzel I. High-throughput screening of antibody variants for chemical stability: identification of deamidation-resistant mutants. MAbs 2018; 10:1073-1083. [PMID: 30130444 PMCID: PMC6204805 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1504726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Developability assessment of therapeutic antibody candidates assists drug discovery by enabling early identification of undesirable instabilities. Rapid chemical stability screening of antibody variants can accelerate the identification of potential solutions. We describe here the development of a high-throughput assay to characterize asparagine deamidation. We applied the assay to identify a mutation that unexpectedly stabilizes a critical asparagine. Ninety antibody variants were incubated under thermal stress in order to induce deamidation and screened for both affinity and total binding capacity. Surprisingly, a mutation five residues downstream from the unstable asparagine greatly reduced deamidation. Detailed assessment by LC-MS analysis confirmed the predicted improvement. This work describes both a high-throughput method for antibody stability screening during the early stages of antibody discovery and highlights the value of broad searches of antibody sequence space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. DiCara
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nisana Andersen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruby Chan
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James A. Ernst
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gai Ayalon
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Greg A. Lazar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Agard
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Hilderbrand
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isidro Hötzel
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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22
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Li KS, Chu PY, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Srikumar N, Kozak KR, Liu Y, Tran JC. Automated On-tip Affinity Capture Coupled with Mass Spectrometry to Characterize Intact Antibody-Drug Conjugates from Blood. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1532-1537. [PMID: 29845559 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) present unique challenges for ligand-binding assays primarily due to the dynamic changes of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) distribution in vivo and in vitro. Here, an automated on-tip affinity capture platform with subsequent mass spectrometry analysis was developed to accurately characterize the DAR distribution of ADCs from biological matrices. A variety of elution buffers were tested to offer optimal recovery, with trastuzumab serving as a surrogate to the ADCs. High assay repeatability (CV 3%) was achieved for trastuzumab antibody when captured below the maximal binding capacity of 7.5 μg. Efficient on-tip deglycosylation was also demonstrated in 1 h followed by affinity capture. Moreover, this tip-based platform affords higher throughput for DAR characterization when compared with a well-characterized bead-based method. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Sherry Li
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Phillip Y Chu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Aimee Fourie-O'Donohue
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Neha Srikumar
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yichin Liu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - John C Tran
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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23
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Nowak C, Tiwari A, Liu H. Asparagine Deamidation in a Complementarity Determining Region of a Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody in Complex with Antigen. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6998-7003. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Ashish Tiwari
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
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24
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Assessment of susceptible chemical modification sites of trastuzumab and endogenous human immunoglobulins at physiological conditions. Commun Biol 2018; 1:28. [PMID: 30271914 PMCID: PMC6123738 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The quality control testing of chemical degradations in the bio-pharmaceutical industry is currently under controversial debate. Here we have systematically applied in vitro and in vivo stress conditions to investigate the influence of protein degradation on structure-function. Extensive purification and characterization enabled identification and functional assessment of the physiological degradation of chemical modification sites in the variable complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) and conserved region of trastuzumab. We demonstrate that the degradation of the solvent-accessible residues located in the CDR and the conserved fragment crystallizable region (Fc) occurs faster in vivo (within days) compared to the levels observed for bio-process and real-time storage conditions. These results hence question the rationality of extreme monitoring of low level alterations in such chemical modifications as critical patient safety parameters in product quality control testing, given that these modifications merely mirror the natural/physiological aging process of endogenous antibodies. Ingrid Schmid and colleagues identified and evaluated the physiological degradation of chemical modification sites of trastuzumab. This study suggests that in vitro PBS incubation studies can be used to predict the protein degradation sites in vivo for critical quality attribute assessment.
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25
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King C, Patel R, Ponniah G, Nowak C, Neill A, Gu Z, Liu H. Characterization of recombinant monoclonal antibody variants detected by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1085:96-103. [PMID: 29649755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In-depth characterization of the commonly observed variants is critical to the successful development of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Multiple peaks of a recombinant monoclonal antibody were observed when analyzed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing. The potential modification causing the heterogeneity was localized to F(ab')2 region by analyzing the antibody after IdeS digestion using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. LC-MS analysis identified asparagine deamidation as the root cause of the observed multiple variants. While the isoelectric focusing method is expected to separate deamidated species, the similar profile observed in hydrophobic interaction chromatography indicates that the single site deamidation caused differences in hydrophobicity. Forced degradation demonstrated that the susceptible asparagine residue is highly exposed, which is expected as it is located in the light chain complementarity determining region. Deamidation of this single site decreased the mAb binding affinity to its specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory King
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Rekha Patel
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States.
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26
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Li H, Popp R, Frohlich B, Chen MX, Borchers CH. Peptide and Protein Quantification Using Automated Immuno-MALDI (iMALDI). J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28872133 DOI: 10.3791/55933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most commonly used technologies for quantifying proteins in complex samples, with excellent assay specificity as a result of the direct detection of the mass-to-charge ratio of each target molecule. However, MS-based proteomics, like most other analytical techniques, has a bias towards measuring high-abundance analytes, so it is challenging to achieve detection limits of low ng/mL or pg/mL in complex samples, and this is the concentration range for many disease-relevant proteins in biofluids such as human plasma. To assist in the detection of low-abundance analytes, immuno-enrichment has been integrated into the assay to concentrate and purify the analyte before MS measurement, significantly improving assay sensitivity. In this work, the immuno- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (iMALDI) technology is presented for the quantification of proteins and peptides in biofluids, based on immuno-enrichment on beads, followed by MALDI-MS measurement without prior elution. The anti-peptide antibodies are functionalized on magnetic beads, and incubated with samples. After washing, the beads are directly transferred onto a MALDI target plate, and the signals are measured by a MALDI-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) instrument after the matrix solution has been applied to the beads. The sample preparation procedure is simplified compared to other immuno-MS assays, and the MALDI measurement is fast. The whole sample preparation is automated with a liquid handling system, with improved assay reproducibility and higher throughput. In this article, the iMALDI assay is used for determining the peptide angiotensin I (Ang I) concentration in plasma, which is used clinically as readout of plasma renin activity for the screening of primary aldosteronism (PA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Li
- University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre
| | - Robert Popp
- University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre
| | | | | | - Christoph H Borchers
- University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre; Dept of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria; Proteomics Centre, Segal Cancer Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital;
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27
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Hsiao K, Alves J, Patel R, Adams M, Nashine V, Goueli S. A High-Throughput Bioluminescent Assay to Monitor the Deamidation of Asparagine and Isomerization of Aspartate Residues in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1528-1537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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28
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Li H, Popp R, Borchers CH. Affinity-mass spectrometric technologies for quantitative proteomics in biological fluids. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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