1
|
Aebischer MK, Bouvarel T, Barrozo E, Kochardt D, Elger C, Haindl M, Ruppert R, Guillarme D, D'Atri V. Boosting the Separation of Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Proteins by Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108503. [PMID: 37239849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The purity of the three capsid proteins that make up recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is considered a critical quality attribute of gene therapy products. As such, there is a clear need to develop separation methods capable of rapidly characterizing these three viral proteins (VPs). In this study, the potential benefits and limitations of different electrophoretic and chromatographic methods were evaluated, including capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS), reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), for the analysis of VPs obtained from different serotypes (i.e., AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV9). CE-SDS is considered to be the reference method and provides a suitable separation of VP1-3 proteins using generic conditions and laser induced fluorescence detection. However, the characterization of post-translational modifications (i.e., phosphorylation, oxidation) remains difficult, and species identification is almost impossible due to the lack of compatibility between CE-SDS and mass spectrometry (MS). In contrast, RPLC and HILIC were found to be less generic than CE-SDS and require tedious optimization of the gradient conditions for each AAV serotype. However, these two chromatographic approaches are inherently compatible with MS, and were shown to be particularly sensitive in detecting capsid protein variants resulting from different post-translational modifications. Finally, despite being non-denaturing, HIC offers disappointing performance for viral capsid proteins characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megane K Aebischer
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bouvarel
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmalyn Barrozo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Carsten Elger
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haindl
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Raphael Ruppert
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou Y, Niu J, Zhou Y, Li F. Liquid Plasticine-Based Electrokinetic Enrichment of Proteins. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202200259. [PMID: 36971105 PMCID: PMC10041546 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein analysis is an important approach for disease diagnosis, in which sample pretreatment is an essential step since protein samples are often complex and many protein biomarkers are of low abundance. Here, given the good openness and light transmission of liquid plasticine (LP), which is a liquid entity formed by SiO2 nanoparticles and encapsulated aqueous solution, we developed a LP-based field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) system for protein enrichment. The system was composed of a LP container, a sample solution and a Tris-HCl solution containing hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The system design, mechanism investigation, optimization of experimental parameters and characterization of LP-FASS performance for protein enrichment were well studied. Under the optimized experimental conditions of 1 % HEC, 100 mm Tris-HCl and 100 V in the LP-FASS system, a 40-80 times enrichment of proteins was obtained in 40 min using bovine hemoglobin (BHb) as the model protein using the constructed LP-FASS system. The simultaneous enrichment of multiple proteins (phycocyanin, BHb and cytochrome C) was also realized using the system. The LP-FASS system can serve as a new platform for protein enrichment which is easy to be combined with online and offline detections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Jicheng Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hajba L, Jeong S, Chung DS, Guttman A. Capillary Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins: Historical overview and recent advances. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
|
4
|
Puerta A, Garcia-Lopez D, Tejedor-Matellanes P, Gomez-Ruiz L, de la Cruz-Rodriguez R, de Frutos M. Capillary gel electrophoresis of very high molecular weight glycoproteins. Commercial and tailor-made gels for analysis of human monomeric and secretory immunoglobulin A. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463689. [PMID: 36528901 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) has been widely used for analysis of proteins according to their size. However, to our knowledge, this technique has not been optimized to immunoglobulin A (IgA) analysis, a protein of current and emerging high interest in several fields. IgA is the first barrier of human body against pathogens. This protein in human milk and colostrum is essential for immune protection of newborns and treatment of milk for storage in Human Milk Banks may alter IgA. The emerging use of IgA as therapeutic treatment also encourages the development of analysis methods for this class of immunoglobulins. IgA is far more heterogeneously glycosylated and complex than the well-studied IgG molecules. IgA in serum is mainly monomeric (mIgA) with about 160 kDa, while in secretions such as saliva, milk, colostrum, etc, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the predominant form. This is a dimer where both monomers are linked by the J-chain and the secretory component accounting all together for a MW higher than 400 kDa including the glycans. This size is far from the 225 kDa MW for which commercial CGE kits are intended. The general rules governing CGE behavior of analytes cannot be directly applied to every protein. Addressing studies directed specifically to target proteins is specially needed for the large size and highly complex target analytes of this study. In this work the effect of several factors on CGE analysis of human serum and colostrum IgA is studied. The feasibility of performing analysis of both IgA classes using a commercial CGE kit is shown. In addition, this work introduces another novelty by preparing tailor-made reproducible gel buffers and to characterize them in terms of dynamic viscosity, conductivity, and electroosmotic flow mobility in bare fused silica capillaries. The possibility of analyzing mIgA and sIgA in less than 10 min using these tailor-made gels is demonstrated. Inter-day variation (RSD) for the main peak of sIgA is 0.25% for migration time (tm) and 0.27% for percentage corrected peak area (Acorr).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Puerta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Garcia-Lopez
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Gomez-Ruiz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes de Frutos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IQOG-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Assessing Multi-Attribute Characterization of Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viral Particles by Capillary Electrophoresis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112539. [PMID: 36423148 PMCID: PMC9695396 DOI: 10.3390/v14112539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-based biopharmaceutical products are used in clinical applications such as vaccines, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. However, their manufacturing remains a challenge, hampered by the lack of appropriate analytical tools for purification monitoring or characterization of the final product. This paper describes the implementation of a highly sensitive method, capillary electrophoresis (CE)-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) combined with a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector to monitor the impact of various bioprocess steps on the quality of different viral vectors. The fluorescence labelling procedure uses the (3-(2-furoyl) quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde dye, and the CE-SDS LIF method enables the evaluation of in-process besides final product samples. This method outperforms other analytical methods, such as SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with Sypro Ruby staining, in terms of sensitivity, resolution, and high-throughput capability. Notably, this CE-SDS LIF method was also successfully implemented to characterize enveloped viruses such as Maraba virus and lentivirus, whose development as biopharmaceuticals is now restricted by the lack of suitable analytical tools. This method was also qualified for quantification of rAAV2 according to the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. Overall, our work shows that CE-SDS LIF is a precise and sensitive analytical platform for in-process sample analysis and quantification of different virus-based targets, with a great potential for application in biomanufacturing.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhimwal R, Rustandi RR, Payne A, Dawod M. Recent advances in capillary gel electrophoresis for the analysis of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
Analysis of therapeutic nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114928. [PMID: 35853263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are getting increased attention to fulfill unmet medical needs. The past five years have seen more than ten FDA approvals of nucleic acid based therapeutics. New analytical challenges have been posed in discovery, characterization, quality control and bioanalysis of therapeutic nucleic acids. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has proven to be an efficient separation technique and has been widely used for analyzing oligonucleotides and nucleic acids. This review discusses the recent technical advances of CE in nucleic acid analysis such as polymeric matrices, separation conditions and detection methods, and the applications of CE to various therapeutic nucleic acids including antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), gene editing tools such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based gene and cell therapy, and other nucleic acid related therapeutics.
Collapse
|
8
|
Booth PPM, Lamb DT, Anderson JP, Furtaw MD, Kennedy RT. Capillary electrophoresis Western blot using inkjet transfer to membrane. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463389. [PMID: 35933772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Western blots are commonly used to separate and assay proteins; however, they have limitations including a long, cumbersome process and large sample requirements. Here, we describe a system for Western blotting where capillary gel electrophoresis is used to separate sodium dodecyl sulfate-protein complexes. The capillary outlet is threaded into a piezoelectric inkjetting head that deposits the separated proteins in a quasi-continuous stream of <100 pL droplets onto a moving membrane. Through separations at 400 V/cm and protein capture on a membrane moving at 2 mm/min, we are able to detect actin with a limit of detection at 8 pM, or an estimated 5 fg injected. Separation and membrane capture of sample containing 10 proteins ranging in molecular weights from 11 - 250 kDa was achieved in 15 min. The system was demonstrated with Western blots for actin, β-tubulin, ERK1/2, and STAT3 in human A431 epidermoid carcinoma cell lysate.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lothert K, Eilts F, Wolff MW. Quantification methods for viruses and virus-like particles applied in biopharmaceutical production processes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1029-1044. [PMID: 35483057 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2072302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective cell-based production processes of virus particles are the foundation for the global availability of classical vaccines, gene therapeutic vectors, and viral oncolytic treatments. Their production is subject to regulatory standards ensuring the safety and efficacy of the pharmaceutical product. Process analytics must be fast and reliable to provide an efficient process development and a robust process control during production. Additionally, for the product release, the drug compound and the contaminants must be quantified by assays specified by regulatory authorities. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes analytical methods suitable for the quantification of viruses or virus-like particles. The different techniques are grouped by the analytical question that may be addressed. Accordingly, methods focus on the infectivity of the drug component on the one hand, and on particle counting and the quantification of viral elements on the other hand. The different techniques are compared regarding their advantages, drawbacks, required assay time, and sample throughput. EXPERT OPINION Among the technologies summarized, a tendency toward fast methods, allowing a high throughput and a wide applicability, can be foreseen. Driving forces for this progress are miniaturization and automation, and the continuous enhancement of process-relevant databases for a successful future process control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lothert
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Friederike Eilts
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany.,Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Escandell JM, Pais DA, Carvalho SB, Vincent K, Gomes-Alves P, Alves PM. Leveraging rAAV bioprocess understanding and next generation bioanalytics development. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 74:271-277. [PMID: 35007989 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated (rAAV) vector-based gene therapy has been the focus of intense research driven by the safety profile and several recent clinical breakthroughs. As of April 2021, there are two rAAV-based gene therapies approved and more than two-hundred active clinical trials (approximately thirty in Phase III). However, the expected increase in demand for rAAV vectors still poses several challenges. Discussed herein are key aspects related to R&D needs and Chemistry, Manufacturing and Control (CMC) efforts required to attend this growing demand. Authors provide their perspective on strategic topics for rAAV-based therapies success: scalability and productivity; improved safety; increased process understanding combined with development of orthogonal bioanalytics that are able to identify, monitor and control Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) during bioprocessing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Escandell
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Daniel Am Pais
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Sofia B Carvalho
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Karen Vincent
- SANOFI, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Patrícia Gomes-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, Oeiras, 2780-901, Portugal; ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Da República, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Applications of capillary electromigration methods for separation and analysis of proteins (2017–mid 2021) – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
12
|
Hutanu A, Boelsterli D, Schmidli C, Montealegre C, Dang Thai MHN, Bobaly B, Koch M, Schwarz MA. Stronger together: Analytical techniques for recombinant adeno associated virus. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:1107-1117. [PMID: 34821392 PMCID: PMC9300034 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
With recent FDA approval of two recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV)‐based gene therapies, these vectors have proven that they are suitable to address monogenic diseases. However, rAAVs are relatively new modalities, and their production and therapy costs significantly exceed those of conventional biologics. Thus, significant efforts are made to improve the processes, methods, and techniques used in manufacturing and quality control (QC). Here, we evaluate transmission electron microscopy (TEM), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), and two modes of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for their ability to analyze the DNA encapsidated by rAAVs. While TEM and AUC are well‐established methods for rAAV, capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) has been just recently proposed for viral genome sizing. The data presented reflect that samples are very complex, with various DNA species incorporated in the virus, including small fragments as well as DNA that is larger than the targeted transgene. CGE provides a good insight in the filling of rAAVs, but the workflow is tedious and the method is not applicable for the determination of DNA titer, since a procedure for the absolute quantification (e.g., calibration) is not yet established. For estimating the genome titer, we propose a simplified capillary zone electrophoresis approach with minimal sample preparation and short separation times (<5 min/run). Our data show the benefits of using the four techniques combined, since each of them alone is prone to delivering ambiguous results. For this reason, a clear view of the rAAV interior can only be provided by using several analytical methods simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Hutanu
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland.,Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Mike H N Dang Thai
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Maria A Schwarz
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland.,Solvias AG, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Green EA, Lee KH. Analytical methods to characterize recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors and the benefit of standardization and reference materials. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:65-76. [PMID: 34273809 PMCID: PMC8530916 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is an increasingly important gene therapy vector, but its properties present unique challenges to critical quality attribute (CQA) identification and analytics development. Advances in, and ongoing hurdles to, characterizing rAAV proteins, nucleic acids, and vector potency are discussed in this review. For nucleic acids and vector potency, current analytical techniques for defined CQAs would benefit from further optimization, while for proteins, more complete characterization and mapping of properties to safety and efficacy is needed to finalize CQAs. The benefits of leveraging reference vectors to validate analytics and CQA ranges are also proposed. Once defined, CQA specifications can be used to establish target parameters for and inform the development of next generation rAAV processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Green
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Römer J, Stolz A, Kiessig S, Moritz B, Neusüß C. Online top-down mass spectrometric identification of CE(SDS)-separated antibody fragments by two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114089. [PMID: 33940498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Size heterogeneity analysis by capillary sieving electrophoresis utilizing sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE(SDS)) with optical detection is a major method applied for release and stability testing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in biopharmaceutical applications. Identification of mAb-fragments and impurities observed with CE(SDS) is of outstanding importance for the assessment of critical quality attributes and development of the analytical control system. Mass spectrometric (MS) detection is a powerful tool for protein identification and characterization. Unfortunately, CE(SDS) is incompatible with online MS-hyphenation due to strong ionization suppression of SDS and other separation buffer components. Here, we present a comprehensive platform for full characterization of individual CE(SDS)-separated peaks by CE(SDS)-capillary zone electrophoresis-top-down-MS. The peak of interest is transferred from the first to the second dimension via an 8-port valve to remove MS-incompatible components. Full characterization of mAb byproducts is performed by intact mass determination and fragmentation by electron transfer dissociation, higher-energy collisional dissociation, and ultraviolet photodissociation. This enables online determination of intact mass as well as sequence verification of individual CE(SDS)-separated peaks simultaneously. A more substantiated characterization of unknown CE(SDS) peaks by exact localization of modifications without prior digestion is facilitated. High sensitivity is demonstrated by successful mass and sequence verification of low abundant, unknown CE(SDS) peaks from two stressed mAb samples. Good fragmentation coverages are obtained by MS2, enabling unequivocal identification of these mAb-fragments. Also, the differentiation of reduced/non-reduced intra-protein disulfide bonds is demonstrated. In summary, a reliable and unambiguous online MS2 identification of unknown compounds of low-abundant individual CE(SDS) peaks is enabled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Römer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Stolz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Kiessig
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Moritz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Z, Park J, Barrett H, Dooley S, Davies C, Verhagen MF. Capillary Electrophoresis-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection as a Highly Sensitive and Quality Control-Friendly Method for Monitoring Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Protein Purity. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:628-637. [PMID: 33081515 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The capsid protein purity of adeno-associated virus (AAV) is considered a critical quality attribute of AAV-based gene therapy products. However, the analytical methods currently available to monitor the viral capsid proteins, which are present in extremely low concentrations, have limited sensitivity and robustness, thus limiting their general applicability. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop robust separation methods with highly sensitive detection. In this article, we describe the first denaturation and fluorescence labeling procedure for AAV capsid proteins using the pyrylium dye Chromeo™ P503, enabling the establishment of the first capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) method combined with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection for AAV. Upon optimization using a quality-by-design approach, the newly developed method features a simple and robust one-step sample preparation workflow resulting in consistently labeled and denatured viral protein samples, which can subsequently be separated and quantified by CE-LIF. The method has been validated to be accurate and precise with a linear range of 50-150% of the nominal concentration of 2.0 × 1011 vector genomes per mL (vg/mL). The detection limit and quantitation limit were established to be 8.0 × 107 vg/mL (∼0.8 ng/mL) and 4.2 × 108 vg/mL (∼4 ng/mL), respectively, representing the highest sensitivity achieved for AAV capsid protein quantitation reported to date and a linear dynamic range of 8.0 × 107-3.0 × 1011 vg/mL. A comparison of the CE-SDS LIF method with existing methods, such as CE-SDS ultraviolet and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with SYPRO Ruby stain, indicated that the new method has superior resolution and a significant increase in signal intensity. Capsid protein purity analysis of multiple AAV serotypes, including AAV5, scAAVrh10, AAV2, and AAV6, has been demonstrated for the first time using the same method, indicating the newly developed AAV labeling procedure and CE-LIF analysis could serve as a Quality Control-friendly platform and best-in-class analytical method for the control of AAV capsid protein purity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Zhang
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeehae Park
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hannah Barrett
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott Dooley
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claire Davies
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc F Verhagen
- Sanofi Biologics Development, Bioanalytics, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kurasawa JH, Park A, Sowers CR, Halpin RA, Tovchigrechko A, Dobson CL, Schmelzer AE, Gao C, Wilson SD, Ikeda Y. Chemically Defined, High-Density Insect Cell-Based Expression System for Scalable AAV Vector Production. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:330-340. [PMID: 33145369 PMCID: PMC7591331 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector is one of the most utilized viral vectors in gene therapy due to its robust, long-term in vivo transgene expression and low toxicity. One major hurdle for clinical AAV applications is large-scale manufacturing. In this regard, the baculovirus-based AAV production system is highly attractive due to its scalability and predictable biosafety. Here, we describe a simple method to improve the baculovirus-based AAV production using the ExpiSf Baculovirus Expression System with a chemically defined medium for suspension culture of high-density ExpiSf9 cells. Baculovirus-infected ExpiSf9 cells produced up to 5 × 1011 genome copies of highly purified AAV vectors per 1 mL of suspension culture, which is up to a 19-fold higher yield than the titers we obtained from the conventional Sf9 cell-based system. When mice were administered the same dose of AAV vectors, we saw comparable transduction efficiency and biodistributions between the vectors made in ExpiSf9 and Sf9 cells. Thus, the ExpiSf Baculovirus Expression System would support facile and scalable AAV manufacturing amenable for preclinical and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H Kurasawa
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Andrew Park
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Carrie R Sowers
- Physicochemical Development, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Rebecca A Halpin
- Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Andrey Tovchigrechko
- Applied Analytics & Artificial Intelligence, Data Science & AI, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Claire L Dobson
- Biologic Therapeutics, Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Albert E Schmelzer
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Susan D Wilson
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McNally DJ, Piras BA, Willis CM, Lockey TD, Meagher MM. Development and Optimization of a Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography-Based Method of AAV Harvest, Capture, and Recovery. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 19:275-284. [PMID: 33102619 PMCID: PMC7569186 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With many ongoing clinical trials utilizing adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy, it is necessary to find scalable and serotype-independent primary capture and recovery methods to allow for efficient and robust manufacturing processes. Here, we demonstrate the ability of a hydrophobic interaction chromatography membrane to capture and recover AAV1, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV “Mutant C” (a novel serotype incorporating elements of AAV3B and AAV8) particles from cell culture media and cell lysate with recoveries of 76%–100% of loaded material, depending on serotype. A simple, novel technique that integrates release and recovery of cell-associated AAV capsids is demonstrated. We show that by the addition of lyotropic salts to AAV-containing cell suspensions, AAV is released at an equivalent efficiency to mechanical lysis. The addition of the lyotropic salt also promotes a phase separation, which allows physical removal of large amounts of DNA and insoluble cellular debris from the AAV-containing aqueous fraction. The AAV is then captured and eluted from a hydrophobic interaction chromatography membrane. This integrated lysis and primary capture and recovery technique facilitates substantial removal of host-cell DNA and host-cell protein impurities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J McNally
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Bryan A Piras
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | | | - Timothy D Lockey
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Michael M Meagher
- Department of Therapeutics Production & Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Geurink L, van Tricht E, Dudink J, Pajic B, Sänger-van de Griend CE. Four-step approach to efficiently develop capillary gel electrophoresis methods for viral vaccine protein analysis. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:10-18. [PMID: 32640046 PMCID: PMC7361255 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against infectious diseases are urgently needed. Therefore, modern analytical method development should be as efficient as possible to speed up vaccine development. The objectives of the study were to identify critical method parameters (CMPs) and to establish a set of steps to efficiently develop and validate a CE‐SDS method for vaccine protein analysis based on a commercially available gel buffer. The CMPs were obtained from reviewing the literature and testing the effects of gel buffer dilution. A four‐step approach, including two multivariate DoE (design of experiments) steps, was proposed, based on CMPs and was verified by CE‐SDS method development for: (i) the determination of influenza group 1 mini‐hemagglutinin glycoprotein; and (ii) the determination of polio virus particle proteins from an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). The CMPs for sample preparation were incubation temperature(s) and time(s), pH, and reagent(s) concentration(s), and the detection wavelength. The effects of gel buffer dilution revealed the CMPs for CE‐SDS separation to be the effective length, the gel buffer concentration, and the capillary temperature. The four‐step approach based on the CMPs was efficient for the development of the two CE methods. A four‐step approach to efficiently develop capillary gel electrophoresis methods for viral vaccine protein analysis was successfully established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Geurink
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Justin Dudink
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bojana Pajic
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cari E Sänger-van de Griend
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Oszwałdowski S. Capillary electrophoresis study on segment/segment system and its role in characterization of nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:365-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
20
|
Zhang CX, Meagher MM. Highly Sensitive SDS Capillary Gel Electrophoresis with Sample Stacking Requiring Only Nanograms of Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1972:263-270. [PMID: 30847798 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9213-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) has been the method of choice in the past decades for size-based protein analysis. However, in general it requires the protein concentration in mg/mL level and thus is not practical for trace level protein analysis, not to mention the lengthy labor-intensive procedures. The SDS capillary gel electrophoresis (SDS CGE) method reported herein requires only nanogram-sized proteins loaded onto the autosampler. A sample stacking technique (e.g., head-column field-amplified sample stacking (HC FASS)) was employed, providing three orders of magnitude sensitivity enhancement compared to conventional SDS CGE. This method has been used routinely in purity analysis and characterization of adeno-associated virus (AAV) intermediates and finished gene therapeutics of AAV vectors. The sensitivity achieved is comparable to the currently most sensitive size-based protein assay silver-stained SDS PAGE. The highly sensitive sample stacking SDS CGE can be used for other types of proteins as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Therapeutics Production and Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Michael M Meagher
- Department of Therapeutics Production and Quality, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lou C, Zheng M, Xu Y, Shen Y, Kang J. Detection of 2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) Dihydrochloride in Polyvinylpyrrolidone by Capillary Electrophoresis with Field-Amplified Sample Injection. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
22
|
Breadmore MC, Grochocki W, Kalsoom U, Alves MN, Phung SC, Rokh MT, Cabot JM, Ghiasvand A, Li F, Shallan AI, Keyon ASA, Alhusban AA, See HH, Wuethrich A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2016-2018). Electrophoresis 2018; 40:17-39. [PMID: 30362581 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most cited limitations of capillary and microchip electrophoresis is the poor sensitivity. This review continues to update this series of biannual reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, on developments in the field of online/in-line concentration methods in capillaries and microchips, covering the period July 2016-June 2018. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field-amplified sample stacking and large-volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction, and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or in-line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wojciech Grochocki
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mónica N Alves
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Joan M Cabot
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Aliaa I Shallan
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aemi S Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ala A Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Voeten RLC, Ventouri IK, Haselberg R, Somsen GW. Capillary Electrophoresis: Trends and Recent Advances. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1464-1481. [PMID: 29298038 PMCID: PMC5994730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L C Voeten
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iro K Ventouri
- TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Quirino JP, Grochocki W, Markuszewski MJ. Sample Concentration of Charged Small Molecules and Peptides in Capillary Electrophoresis by Micelle to Cyclodextrin Stacking. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13422-13428. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Wojciech Grochocki
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał J. Markuszewski
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu Y, Wang W, Jia M, Liu R, Liu Q, Xiao H, Li J, Xue Y, Wang Y, Yan C. Recent advances in microscale separation. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:8-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Jia
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Rangdong Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Han Xiao
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Unimicro (shanghai) Technologies Co., Ltd.; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yun Xue
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Novo P, Janasek D. Current advances and challenges in microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis-A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 991:9-29. [PMID: 29031303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The research field on microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis has developed vast amounts of devices, methods, applications and raised new questions, often in analogy to conventional techniques from which it derives. Most efforts have been employed on device development and a myriad of architectures and fabrication techniques have been reported using simple proof-of-principle separations. As technological aspects reach a quite mature state, researchers' new challenges include the development of protocols for the separation of complex mixtures, as required in the fields of application. The success of this effort is extremely dependent on the capability to transfer the device's fabrication to an industrial setting as well as to ensure interfacing simplicity, namely at the solutions' supply and collection, and actuation such as electric potential application and temperature control. Other advanced applications such as direct interfacing to downstream systems such as mass spectrometry, integration of sensing and feedback controls will require further development in the laboratory. In this review we provide an overview on the field, from basic concepts, through advanced developments both in the theoretical and experimental arenas, and addressing the above details. A comprehensive survey of designs, materials and applications is presented with particular highlights to most recent developments, namely the integration of electrodes, flow control and hyphenation of microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis with other techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Novo
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Janasek
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|