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Du M, Zhang L, Meng Y, Chen J, Liu F. Impact of Surface Chemistry on Emulsion-Electrode Interactions and Electron-Transfer Kinetics in the Single-Entity Electrochemistry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1038-1045. [PMID: 38181449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Single-entity electrochemistry (SEE) provides powerful means to track a single particle, single cell, and even single molecule from the nano to microscale. The electrode serves as not only the detector of collision but also the surface supplier in SEE, and the fundamental understanding of the electrode surface chemistry on the dynamic particle-electrode interactions and electrochemical responses of a single particle still remains unexplored, particularly for soft particles. Herein, dynamic interactions of microemulsions and the interaction-controlled electron-transfer (ET) kinetics are studied employing SEE and fluorescence spectroscopy. The o/w-type nitrobenzene emulsions were prepared with the surfactant-type room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). Biased the electrode potential for the reduction of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane within emulsions, it is surprising to see the distinct collision current signals on the carbon fiber ultramicroelectrode (C UME) and Au ultramicroelectrode (Au UME) in the late stage of chronoamperometric measurements. Theoretical understanding was made to determine the ET kinetics behind the disparate current signals. It is believed that the electrode surface chemistry, i.e., the surface energy, has a great influence on the dynamic emulsion-electrode interactions and ET kinetics. On the hydrophilic surface of Au UME, emulsions tend to decompose/detach from the electrode surface immediately after colliding. In contrast, on the lipophilic surface of C UME with lower surface energy, a layer of oil phase accumulated by the coalescence of emulsions and the migration of the precedent colliding emulsions, which would serve as a barrier to block ET via tunneling as manifested by the gradual slowdown of ET rate and the reduced collision frequency in the late stage of measurement. The impacts of the emulsion size and amphiphilicity of RTILs on the C UME-emulsion interactions and ET kinetics were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshu Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Lizhu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Shaanxi Huaqin New Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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2
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Lu SM, Vannoy KJ, Dick JE, Long YT. Multiphase Chemistry under Nanoconfinement: An Electrochemical Perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25043-25055. [PMID: 37934860 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Most relevant systems of interest to modern chemists rarely consist of a single phase. Real-world problems that require a rigorous understanding of chemical reactivity in multiple phases include the development of wearable and implantable biosensors, efficient fuel cells, single cell metabolic characterization techniques, and solar energy conversion devices. Within all of these systems, confinement effects at the nanoscale influence the chemical reaction coordinate. Thus, a fundamental understanding of the nanoconfinement effects of chemistry in multiphase environments is paramount. Electrochemistry is inherently a multiphase measurement tool reporting on a charged species traversing a phase boundary. Over the past 50 years, electrochemistry has witnessed astounding growth. Subpicoampere current measurements are routine, as is the study of single molecules and nanoparticles. This Perspective focuses on three nanoelectrochemical techniques to study multiphase chemistry under nanoconfinement: stochastic collision electrochemistry, single nanodroplet electrochemistry, and nanopore electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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3
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Liu C, Ma Y, Xu Z, You Y, Bai S, Nan J, Wang L. Galvani Potential-Dependent Single Collision/Fusion Impacts at Liquid/Liquid Interface: Faradic or Capacitive? J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9705-9714. [PMID: 36356196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new subtype of nano-impacts by emulsion droplets via reorganization of the electric double layer (EDL) at the liquid/liquid interface (LLI) is reported. This subtype shows anodic, bipolar, and cathodic transient currents with a potential of zero charge (PZC) dependence, revealing the non-faradic characteristic of single fusion impacts. In addition, the absolute integrated mean charge is proportional to the Galvani potential at the ITIES, indicating that the EDL at the LLI may obey the discrete Helmholtz model. The exact PZC point is interpolated from the fitting curve, and the droplet size distribution is estimated from the integrated charge distribution. Moreover, the different values of Epzc between single fusion impacts of MgCl2 droplets and pure water droplets is due to the specific absorption between Mg2+ and antagonistic anion in the organic phase. The influence of the concentration of the supporting electrolyte is also investigated. The above work gives physicochemical insights into the EDL at the micropipette-supported LLI and provides potential application to measure micro/nanoscale heterogeneous media without catalytic, reactive, or charge-transfer activity via impact experiments at LLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Yamin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Zhidan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Yongtao You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Silan Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Junmin Nan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
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4
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Zhang J, Huang L, Fang T, Du F, Xiang Z, Zhang J, Chen R, Peljo P, Ouyang G, Deng H. Discrete Events of Ionosomes at the Water/Toluene Micro‐Interface. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Chemical Engineering and Technology CHINA
| | - Linhan Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Chemical Engineering and Technology CHINA
| | - Taoxiong Fang
- Sun Yat-Sen University School of Chemical Engineering and Technology CHINA
| | - Feng Du
- Sun Yat-Sen University Chemical Engineering and Technology CHINA
| | - Zhipeng Xiang
- South China University of Technology Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jingcheng Zhang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Chemical Engineering and Technology CHINA
| | - Ran Chen
- Southeast University Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Pekka Peljo
- University of Turku: Turun Yliopisto Mechanical and Materials Engineering FINLAND
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Chemical Engineering and Technology CHINA
| | - Haiqiang Deng
- Sun Yat-Sen University School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Room 203, No. 7 Building, Haibin Honglou Road 519082 Zhuhai CHINA
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5
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Opallo MW, Dusilo K, Warczak M, Kalisz J. Hydrogen Evolution, Oxygen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction at Polarizable Liquid|Liquid Interfaces. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wojciech Opallo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Electrode Processes Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warszawa POLAND
| | - Katarzyna Dusilo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Library: Instytut Chemii Fizycznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk Biblioteka Electrode Processes POLAND
| | - Magdalena Warczak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Library: Instytut Chemii Fizycznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk Biblioteka Electrode Processes POLAND
| | - Justyna Kalisz
- University of Warsaw: Uniwersytet Warszawski Chemistry POLAND
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6
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Jaugstetter M, Blanc N, Kratz M, Tschulik K. Electrochemistry under confinement. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2491-2543. [PMID: 35274639 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00789k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the term 'confinement' regularly appears in electrochemical literature, elevated by continuous progression in the research of nanomaterials and nanostructures, up until today the various aspects of confinement considered in electrochemistry are rather scattered individual contributions outside the established disciplines in this field. Thanks to a number of highly original publications and the growing appreciation of confinement as an overarching link between different exciting new research strategies, 'electrochemistry under confinement' is the process of forming a research discipline of its own. To aid the development a coherent terminology and joint basic concepts, as crucial factors for this transformation, this review provides an overview on the different effects on electrochemical processes known to date that can be caused by confinement. It also suggests where boundaries to other effects, such as nano-effects could be drawn. To conceptualize the vast amount of research activities revolving around the main concepts of confinement, we define six types of confinement and select two of them to discuss the state of the art and anticipated future developments in more detail. The first type concerns nanochannel environments and their applications for electrodeposition and for electrochemical sensing. The second type covers the rather newly emerging field of colloidal single entity confinement in electrochemistry. In these contexts, we will for instance address the influence of confinement on the mass transport and electric field distributions and will link the associated changes in local species concentration or in the local driving force to altered reaction kinetics and product selectivity. Highlighting pioneering works and exciting recent developments, this educational review does not only aim at surveying and categorizing the state-of-the-art, but seeks to specifically point out future perspectives in the field of confinement-controlled electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Jaugstetter
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Niclas Blanc
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Markus Kratz
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Analytical Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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7
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Rastgar S, Pleis S, Zhang Y, Wittstock G. Dispensing Single Drops as Electrochemical Reactors. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shokoufeh Rastgar
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg Institute of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Sebastian Pleis
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg Institute of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- China University of Petroleum Huadong - Qingdao Campus College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering CHINA
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg: Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg Institute of Chemistry Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11 W3 1-105 26111 Oldenburg GERMANY
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8
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Ma Y, Liu C, Wang L. Defined Ion-Transfer Voltammetry of a Single Microdroplet at a Polarized Liquid/Liquid Interface. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1850-1858. [PMID: 35023726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the fast analysis of ion transfer/facilitated ion transfer toward a tiny (femtoliter) water-in-oil droplet has been established. This scenario is embodied by the fusion of a w/o microdroplet at the micro liquid/liquid (L/L) interface, with the use of Fourier transform fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FT-FSCV) to express the apparent half-wave potentials of anions or cations encapsulated inside the w/o microdroplet. First, the half-wave potential is in strict accordance with the transfer Gibbs free energy of either cations or anions. Second, the half-wave potential has been found to be positively proportional to the logarithmic concentration of ions, shedding thermodynamic insight into ion transfer. Third, as an instance of multivalent biopolymers, the transfer of protamine inside the single w/o microdroplet has been investigated. Obvious discrepancies in the behaviors of the fusion impacts at different pH, as well as in the absence and presence of the cationic surfactant DNNS-, are revealed. The internal mechanism of protamine transfer has been thoroughly investigated. This work proposes a strategy to sensitively and quickly determine the transfer Gibbs energy and the concentration of ions encapsulated in a single microdroplet, and it provides the possibility of analyzing the interfacial transfer properties of trace biomacromolecules inside an aqueous micro- or nanoscale droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.,School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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9
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Moon H, Park JH. In Situ Probing Liquid/Liquid Interfacial Kinetics through Single Nanodroplet Electrochemistry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16915-16921. [PMID: 34860502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the new application of single nanodroplet electrochemistry to in situ monitor the interfacial transfer kinetics of electroactive species across liquid/liquid interface. Interfacial kinetic information is crucial in drug delivery and membrane transport. However, interfacial information has been mainly studied thermodynamically, such as partition coefficient, which could not manifest a speed of transfer. Herein, we measure the phase-transfer kinetic constant via the steady-state electrochemistry of an extracted redox species in a single nanodroplet. The redox species were transferred from the continuous oil phase to the water nanodroplet by partition equilibrium. The transferred redox species are selectively electrolyzed within the droplet when the droplet contacts with an ultramicroelectrode, while the electrochemical reaction of the redox species outside the droplet (i.e., organic solvent) is effectively suppressed by adjusting the electrolyte composition. The redox species in the water droplets can quickly attain a steady state during electrolysis owing to an extensive mass transfer by radial diffusion, and the steady-state current can be analyzed to obtain kinetic information with help from the finite-element method. Finally, a quick calculation method is suggested to estimate the kinetic constant of phase transfer without simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongkwon Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Jun Hui Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
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10
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Yang Y, Weber S. A Comprehensive Examination of Voltammetric Parameters in Fourier Transform Sine‐Wave Voltammetry (FT‐SWV) Leading to Concentration Linearity and High Signal‐to‐Background Ratio. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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12
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Sánchez-Álvarez AO, Dick JE, Larios E, Cabrera CR. Anodic coulometry of zero-valent iron nanoparticles. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Choi Y, Park C, Kang Y, Muya JT, Jang DP, Chang J. Temporally Resolved Electrochemical Interrogation for Stochastic Collision Dynamics of Electrogenerated Single Polybromide Droplets. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8336-8344. [PMID: 34075746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we present electrochemical interrogation for collision dynamics of electrogenerated individual polybromide ionic liquid (PBIL) droplets through chronoamperometry combined with fast scan cyclic voltammetry (CA-FSCV). In the CA mode of CA-FSCV, a Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) acts as the electrochemical generator for PBIL droplets by holding the oxidation potential for Br- in a given time, while FSCV is repetitively performed at a certain frequency. In the FSCV mode of CA-FSCV, a Pt UME serves as the probe to electrochemically monitor Br3- reduction for an adsorbed PBIL droplet during collision with a high temporal resolution. Based on the newly introduced CA-FSCV, we can estimate the dynamic changes in the following parameters for a short collision time: the contact radius of a PBIL droplet on a Pt UME, the concentration of Br- in the droplet, and the apparent charge transfer rate constant for electro-reduction of Br3- to Br- in the droplet, koapp. Moreover, a computational calculation using molecular dynamics is presented that can explain the change in koapp as a function of time for Br- electrolysis in a PBIL droplet. Based on the quantitative estimation of the above parameters, we suggest a more advanced mechanism for the stochastic electrochemical collision process of a PBIL droplet. These findings are important for understanding QBr2n+1/QBr half redox reactions in aqueous energy storage systems, such as Zn-Br redox flow batteries and Br-related redox enhanced electrochemical capacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheonho Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jules Tshishimbi Muya
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Theoretical Chemistry and Physics in Central Africa, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Avenue BY-PASS, 384 Kinshasa, Kinshasa 1015, DR Congo
| | - Dong Pyo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.,Department of HY-KIST Bio-convergence, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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14
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Deng H, Peljo P, Huang X, Smirnov E, Sarkar S, Maye S, Girault HH, Mandler D. Ionosomes: Observation of Ionic Bilayer Water Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7671-7680. [PMID: 33978400 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emulsification of immiscible two-phase fluids, i.e., one condensed phase dispersed homogeneously as tiny droplets in an outer continuous medium, plays a key role in medicine, food, chemical separations, cosmetics, fabrication of micro- and nanoparticles and capsules, and dynamic optics. Herein, we demonstrate that water clusters/droplets can be formed in an organic phase via the spontaneous assembling of ionic bilayers. We term these clusters ionosomes, by analogy with liposomes where water clusters are encapsulated in a bilayer of lipid molecules. The driving force for the generation of ionosomes is a unique asymmetrical electrostatic attraction at the water/oil interface: small and more mobile hydrated ions reside in the inner aqueous side, which correlate tightly with the lipophilic bulky counterions in the adjacent outer oil side. These ionosomes can be formed through electrochemical (using an external power source) or chemical (by salt distribution) polarization at the liquid-liquid interface. The charge density of the cations, the organic solvent, and the synergistic effects between tetraethylammonium and lithium cations, all affecting the formation of ionosomes, were investigated. These results clearly prove that a new emulsification strategy is developed providing an alternative and generic platform, besides the canonical emulsification procedure with either ionic or nonionic surfactants as emulsifiers. Finally, we also demonstrate the detection of individual ionosomes via single-entity electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Deng
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, People's Republic of China
| | - Pekka Peljo
- Research Group of Physical Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Physics, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, PO Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.,Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de I'Industrie, 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland.,Research Group of Battery Materials and Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, 20014 Turun Yliopisto, Finland
| | - Xinjian Huang
- Institute of Intelligent Perception, Midea Corporate Research Center, Foshan 528311, People's Republic of China
| | - Evgeny Smirnov
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de I'Industrie, 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Bioanalytical Methods and Optical Sensor Systems, Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sujoy Sarkar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Sunny Maye
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de I'Industrie, 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de I'Industrie, 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Mandler
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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15
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Glasscott MW, Voci S, Kauffmann PJ, Chapoval AI, Dick JE. Mapping Solvent Entrapment in Multiphase Systems by Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2907-2912. [PMID: 33625240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial properties of multiphase systems are often difficult to quantify. We describe the observation and quantification of immiscible solvent entrapment on a carbonaceous electrode surface using microscopy-coupled electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). As aqueous microdroplets suspended in 1,2-dichloroethane collide with a glassy carbon electrode surface, small volumes of the solvent become entrapped between the electrode and aqueous phase, resulting in an overestimation of the true microdroplet/electrode contact area. To quantify the contribution of solvent entrapment decreasing the microdroplet contact area, we drive an ECL reaction within the microdroplet phase using tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride ([Ru(bpy)3]Cl2) as the ECL luminophore and sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) as the co-reactant. Importantly, the hydrophilicity of sodium oxalate ensures that the reaction proceeds in the aqueous phase, permitting a clear contrast between the aqueous and 1,2-dichloroethane present at the electrode interface. With the contrast provided by ECL imaging, we quantify the microdroplet radius, apparent microdroplet contact area (aqueous + entrapped 1,2-dichloroethane), entrapped solvent contact area, and the number of entrapped solvent pockets per droplet. These data permit the extraction of the true microdroplet/electrode contact area for a given droplet, as well as a statistical assessment regarding the probability of solvent entrapment based on microdroplet size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Glasscott
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Silvia Voci
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Philip J Kauffmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Andrei I Chapoval
- Russian-American Anti-Cancer Center, Altai State University, Barnaul 656049, Russia
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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16
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Fang Y, Deng H, Huang X, Wang L. Ion Selective Detection Based on the Nuances of the Kinetic Fingerprint for Ion Transfer at Soft Interfaces. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3353-3361. [PMID: 33550802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach has been developed for the selective determination of cations or anions based on the application of Fourier transformed staircase sinusoidal voltammetry (FT-SC-SV) in combination with the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) in the four-electrode configuration. The electrochemistry at the ITIES provides a very simple yet sensitive platform for the detection of a broad spectrum of redox inactive ions and even the neutral (bio)molecules that can be charged (e.g., protonated in appropriate pH). FT-SC-SV employs a complex potential excitation, i.e., a large-amplitude sine wave superimposed onto a dc bias potential that is stepped/scanned throughout the potential window. The response current is subsequently analyzed in the frequency domain by FT. Although the ions have close standard/formal transfer potential, discrimination and selective detection can be achieved by the higher harmonics. Feasibility and reliability of the proposed approach were verified with two pairs of ions that have very close transfer potentials across the ITIES and were chosen as the model systems. Besides, the additivity of the ionic current magnitude on concentration measured either in the mixture of ionic analytes or in individually prepared solutions containing the separate ionic analyte was tested. The experimental results prove that the principle of additivity holds. Compared with the traditional voltammetry, FT-SC-SV is simpler and more efficient in discrimination and quantification of apparently indistinguishable ion transfer from the viewpoint of thermodynamics. This demonstration may provide a new way for analytical detection of a broad range of redox inactive ions in terms of both fundamentals and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Haiqiang Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xinjian Huang
- Institute of Applied Electronics, Midea Corporate Research Center, Foshan 528311, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Park H, Park JH. In Situ Monitoring of Collision and Recollision Events of Single Attoliter Droplets via Single-Entity Electrochemistry. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10250-10255. [PMID: 33210920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple method for real-time observation of collision and recollision behavior of a single aqueous attoliter droplet in an organic solvent through single-entity electrochemistry. The dynamics and morphology of the droplet after the collision event at the Au ultramicroelectrode (Au-UME) were monitored by consecutive cyclic voltammetry and amperometric current-time measurements. By sequentially applying oxidative potential and reductive potential at the Au-UME in the presence of attoliter droplets containing reversible redox species (e.g., ferrocyanide), we successfully detected the oxidative collision spike and its reductive recollision spike successively owing to the reversible redox reactions inside the droplet. Because the redox species was dissolved in a reduced form, the reductive collision spikes observed are the direct evidence that the water droplets colliding at the electrode surface are detached after the oxidation reaction. The collided droplet properties, such as size change and contact area, are also investigated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
| | - Jun Hui Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, South Korea
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18
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Kazemi R, Tarolla NE, Dick JE. Ultrasensitive Electrochemistry by Radical Annihilation Amplification in a Solid–Liquid Microgap. Anal Chem 2020; 92:16260-16266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Kazemi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nicole E. Tarolla
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffrey E. Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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19
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Liu C, Ma Y, Nan J, Wang L. Ion Transfer-Resolved Fusion Impacts of Single Droplets Probed at the Liquid/Liquid Interface. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15394-15402. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ya Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Junmin Nan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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20
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Terry Weatherly CK, Glasscott MW, Dick JE. Voltammetric Analysis of Redox Reactions and Ion Transfer in Water Microdroplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8231-8239. [PMID: 32559107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a set of voltammetric experiments for studying redox reactions and ion transfer in water microdroplets emulsified in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE). The electrochemistry of microdroplets (rdrop ∼ 700 nm) loaded with either ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)6]4-) or ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-), chosen due to their hydrophilic nature, was tracked using cyclic voltammetry. These heterogeneous reactions necessitated ion transfer at the droplet interface to maintain charge balance in the two liquid phases during oxidation or reduction, which was facilitated by the tetrabutylammonium perchlorate ([TBA][ClO4]) salt in the DCE phase. Experiments were performed with (1) a single macrodroplet (10-7 L) on a macroelectrode (r ∼ 1.5 mm), (2) millions of microdroplets (10-15 L) adsorbed on to a macroelectrode (r ∼ 1.5 mm), and (3) at the single microdroplet level via observing individual microdroplet collisions at an ultramicroelectrode (r ∼ 5 μm). We demonstrate that when millions of microdroplets are adsorbed onto a macroelectrode, there are two surprising observations: (1) the half-wave potential (E1/2) for the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox couple shifts by +100 mV, which is shown to depend on the number of droplets on the electrode surface. (2) The reduction of [Fe(CN)6]3-, which is assisted by the transfer of TBA+ into the water droplet, displays two waves in the voltammogram. This dual-wave behavior can be explained by the formation of TBAxK3-xFe(CN)6, which is soluble in DCE. Additionally, we demonstrate that the adsorption of microdroplets onto an electrode surface offers significant amplification (×103) of the water/oil/electrode three-phase boundary when compared to the adsorption of larger macrodroplets, permitting a rigorous evaluation of heterogeneous chemistry at this distinct interface. In combination, these experiments provide new energetic and mechanistic insights for droplet systems, as well as reactivity differences between microscale and bulk multiphase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W Glasscott
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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21
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Nguyen THT, Lee J, Kim HY, Nam KM, Kim BK. Current research on single-entity electrochemistry for soft nanoparticle detection: Introduction to detection methods and applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 151:111999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Suárez-Herrera MF, Scanlon MD. On the non-ideal behaviour of polarised liquid-liquid interfaces. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Lee S, Park S, Kim KM, Chang J. Semi-quantitative determination of ion transfers at an interface between water and quaternary ammonium polybromide droplets through stochastic electrochemical analysis. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Pu G, Zhang D, Mao X, Zhang Z, Wang H, Ning X, Lu X. Biomimetic Interfacial Electron-Induced Electrochemiluminesence. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5272-5279. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiang Pu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingming Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
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