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Anttalainen O, Karjalainen M, Lattouf E, Hecht O, Vanninen P, Hakulinen H, Kotiaho T, Thomas C, Eiceman G. Time-Resolved Ion Mobility Spectrometry with a Stop Flow Confined Volume Reaction Region. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10182-10192. [PMID: 38857882 PMCID: PMC11209659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
An ion source concept is described where the sample flow is stopped in a confined volume of an ion mobility spectrometer creating time-dependent patterns of ion patterns of signal intensities for ions from mixtures of volatile organic compounds and improved signal-to-noise rate compared to conventional unidirectional drift gas flow. Hydrated protons from a corona discharge were introduced continuously into the confined volume with the sample in air at ambient pressure, and product ions were extracted continuously using an electric field for subsequent mobility analysis. Ion signal intensities for protonated monomers and proton bound dimers were measured and computationally extracted using mobilities from mobility spectra and exhibited distinct times of appearance over 30 s or more after sample injection. Models, and experimental findings with a ternary mixture, suggest that the separation of vapors as ions over time was consistent with differences in the reaction rate for reactions between primary ions from hydrated protons and constituents and from cross-reactions that follow the initial step of ionization. The findings suggest that the concept of stopped flow, introduced here for the first time, may provide a method for the temporal separation of atmospheric pressure ions. This separation relies on ion kinetics and does not require chromatographic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmo Anttalainen
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Markus Karjalainen
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Elie Lattouf
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Oliver Hecht
- Airsense
Analytics GmbH, Hagenower
Straße 73, Schwerin 19061, Germany
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Hanna Hakulinen
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Drug
Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Helsinki, P.O.Box 55, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Charles Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K.
| | - Gary Eiceman
- VERIFIN,
Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention,
Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- New
Mexico
State University, 1175 N Horseshoe Dr., Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
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2
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Bohnhorst A, Zygmanowski A, Yin Y, Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Highly Efficient Ion Manipulator for Tandem Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Exploring a Versatile Technique by a Study of Primary Alcohols. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7158-7169. [PMID: 37094083 PMCID: PMC10173250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a tandem ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) utilizing a highly efficient ion manipulator allowing to store, manipulate, and analyze ions under high electric field strengths and controlled ion-neutral reactions at ambient conditions. The arrangement of tandem drift regions and an ion manipulator in a single drift tube allows a sequence of mobility selection of precursor ions, followed by storage and analysis, mobility separation, and detection of the resulting product ions. In this article, we present a journey exploring the capabilities of the present instrument by a study of eight different primary alcohols characterized at reduced electric field strengths E/N of up to 120 Td with a water vapor concentration ranging from 40 to 540 ppb. Under these conditions, protonated alcohol monomers up to a carbon number of nine could be dissociated, resulting in 18 different fragmented product ions in total. The fragmentation patterns revealed regularities, which can be used for assignment to the chemical class and improved classification of unknown substances. Furthermore, both the time spent in high electrical field strengths and the reaction time with water vapor can be tuned precisely, allowing the fragment distribution to be influenced. Thus, further information regarding the relations of the product ions can be gathered in a standalone drift tube IMS for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bohnhorst
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
- ACKISION GmbH, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Anne Zygmanowski
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Yu Yin
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
- ACKISION GmbH, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany
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3
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Allers M, Schaefer C, Ahrens A, Schlottmann F, Hitzemann M, Kobelt T, Zimmermann S, Hetzer R. Detection of Volatile Toxic Industrial Chemicals with Classical Ion Mobility Spectrometry and High-Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1211-1220. [PMID: 34963287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to their high sensitivity and compact design, ion mobility spectrometers are widely used to detect toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) in air. However, when analyzing complex gas mixtures, classical ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) suffers from false-positive rates due to limited resolving power or false-negative rates caused by competitive ion-molecule reactions and the resulting suppression of certain analyte ions. To overcome these limitations, high-kinetic energy IMS (HiKE-IMS) was introduced some years ago. In contrast to classical IMS, HiKE-IMS is operated at decreased pressures of 20···60 mbar and high reduced electric field strengths E/N of up to 120 Td. Under these conditions, the influence of competitive ion-molecule reactions on the prevailing ion population should be less pronounced, thus reducing false negatives. Additionally, effects such as fragmentation and field-dependent ion mobility may help to reduce false positives. In this work, the capabilities and limitations of HiKE-IMS in the field of on-site detection of the volatile TICs NH3, HCN, H2S, HCl, NO2, Cl2, and SO2 are evaluated for the first time. Based on the limits of detection and the extent of spectral and chemical cross-sensitivities in gas mixtures, the results obtained for HiKE-IMS are compared with those obtained for classical IMS. It is shown that HiKE-IMS is less sensitive in comparison to classical IMS. However, when used for TIC detection, the reduced sensitivity of HiKE-IMS is not a major drawback. With values around 1 ppmv, the achievable limits of detection for almost all TICs are below the AEGL-2 (4h) levels. Furthermore, in comparison to classical IMS, it is still striking that HiKE-IMS shows significantly less spectral and chemical cross-sensitivities and thus exhibits considerably lower false-positive and false-negative rates. Overall, it thus turns out that HiKE-IMS is a promising alternative to classical IMS in the field of on-site detection of TICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Allers
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstraße 100, 29633 Munster, Germany
| | - Christoph Schaefer
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - André Ahrens
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Schlottmann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Hitzemann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Kobelt
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Hetzer
- Bundeswehr Research Institute for Protective Technologies and CBRN Protection, Humboldtstraße 100, 29633 Munster, Germany
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4
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Bocos-Bintintan V, Ratiu IA. Fast Sensing of Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Vapors Using a Hand-Held Ion Mobility Spectrometer with Nonradioactive Ionization Source. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21155045. [PMID: 34372282 PMCID: PMC8347864 DOI: 10.3390/s21155045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive real-time detection of vapors produced by toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) always represents a stringent priority. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is definitely a TIC, being widely used in various industries and as an insecticide; it is a reactive, very flammable, and highly toxic compound that affects the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, eyes, nose, throat, and also has systemic effects. Moreover, HCN is considered a blood chemical warfare agent. This study was focused toward quick detection and quantification of HCN in air using time-of-flight ion mobility spectrometry (ToF IMS). Results obtained clearly indicate that IMS can rapidly detect HCN at sub-ppmv levels in air. Ion mobility spectrometric response was obtained in the negative ion mode and presented one single distinct product ion, at reduced ion mobility K0 of 2.38 cm2 V−1 s−1. Our study demonstrated that by using a miniaturized commercial IMS system with nonradioactive ionization source model LCD-3.2E (Smiths Detection Ltd., London, UK), one can easily measure HCN at concentrations of 0.1 ppmv (0.11 mg m−3) in negative ion mode, which is far below the OSHA PEL-TWA value of 10 ppmv. Measurement range was from 0.1 to 10 ppmv and the estimated limit of detection LoD was ca. 20 ppbv (0.02 mg m−3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bocos-Bintintan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Transcend SRL, RO-400568 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.B.-B.); (I.A.R.)
| | - Ileana Andreea Ratiu
- “Raluca Ripan” Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, RO-400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.B.-B.); (I.A.R.)
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5
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Grabarics M, Lettow M, Kirk AT, von Helden G, Causon TJ, Pagel K. Plate-height model of ion mobility-mass spectrometry: Part 2-Peak-to-peak resolution and peak capacity. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2798-2813. [PMID: 33945207 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In a previous work, we explored zone broadening and the achievable plate numbers in linear drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometry through developing a plate-height model [1]. On the basis of these findings, the present theoretical study extends the model by exploring peak-to-peak resolution and peak capacity in ion mobility separations. The first part provides a critical overview of chromatography-influenced resolution equations, including refinement of existing formulae. Furthermore, we present exact resolution equations for drift tube ion mobility spectrometry based on first principles. Upon implementing simple modifications, these exact formulae could be readily extended to traveling wave ion mobility separations and to cases when ion mobility spectrometry is coupled to mass spectrometry. The second part focuses on peak capacity. The well-known assumptions of constant plate number and constant peak width form the basis of existing approximate solutions. To overcome their limitations, an exact peak capacity equation is derived for drift tube ion mobility spectrometry. This exact solution is rooted in a suitable physical model of peak broadening, accounting for the finite injection pulse and subsequent diffusional spreading. By borrowing concepts from the theoretical toolbox of chromatography, we believe that the present study will help in integrating ion mobility spectrometry into the unified language of separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Grabarics
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Lettow
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gert von Helden
- Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim J Causon
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Molecular Physics, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Jurado-Campos N, Chiluwal U, Eiceman GA. Improved selectivity for the determination of trinitrotoluene through reactive stage tandem ion mobility spectrometry and a quantitative measure of source-based suppression of ionization. Talanta 2021; 226:121944. [PMID: 33676637 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A tandem ion mobility spectrometer was used to mobility isolate ions at the drift time for trinitrotoluene (TNT) in a first mobility stage, remove an interfering compound by ion decomposition in a middle reactive stage, and mobility characterize the remaining TNT ions in a second mobility stage. This sequential processing of ions provided decisive detection of TNT in the presence of an interfering peak differing from TNT in reduced mobility coefficient (Ko) by only 0.02 cm2/V. Even though ions of TNT (as M - 1)- and the interfering compound were more than 90% convolved, TNT could be selectively detected with more than 95% decomposition of the interferent at 123 Td to an ion now separated by ΔKo of 0.2 cm2/V from TNT. Ions for TNT were not decomposed in these electric fields though transmission efficiency was decreased by 20% through a wire grid assembly (the reactive stage). Although tandem ion mobility spectrometry with a reactive stage improves selectivity of measurement in the drift time dimension, the chemistry of ion formation in the ion source is affected still by ion suppression. Response to 1 ng TNT was decreased as much as 30% from 200 ng of interferent deposited on sample trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jurado-Campos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - U Chiluwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, United States
| | - G A Eiceman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, United States
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7
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Chiluwal U, Eiceman GA. Quantitative response to nitrite from field-induced decomposition of the chloride adduct of RDX by reactive stage tandem ion mobility spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:565-573. [PMID: 33170181 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01778g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An additional dimension of selectivity for the determination of RDX by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was introduced through field-induced decomposition of RDX·Cl- to NO2- on a spectral baseline free of interfering peaks. In this variant of reactive stage tandem IMS, the explosive ion is decomposed selectively in the presence of an interferent and from significantly convolved peaks which were mobility isolated within a narrow range of drift times using dual ion shutters. Field-induced decomposition at 170 °C and field strength of 112 Td (∼16 kV cm-1) provided 15% decomposition yield and RDX, amid interferent, was detected decisively even when peaks differed in reduced mobility coefficients (Ko) by only 0.02 cm2 V-1 s-1. A nitrite peak with S/N of 8.5 was observed with vapour concentrations of 54 ppb for RDX and 329 ppb for Interferent A in the ionization volume corresponding to 2 ng of RDX and 100 ng of Interferent A deposited on sample traps in the thermal desorption inlet. Findings on quantitative response suggest the presence of excessive amounts of interferent caused ionization suppression of RDX. Still, RDX was determined quantitatively using sequential processing of ions by mobility isolation, selective field induced decomposition, and mobility analysis in a second drift region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Chiluwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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8
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Chen C, Tabrizchi M, Li H. Ion gating in ion mobility spectrometry: Principles and advances. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Bohnhorst A, Hitzemann M, Lippmann M, Kirk AT, Zimmermann S. Enhanced Resolving Power by Moving Field Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12967-12974. [PMID: 32880438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry is a powerful detection method widely used in various applications. Particularly in field applications, ion mobility spectrometers (IMSs) are useful because of their extremely low detection limits at short measuring periods and their compact and robust design. However, especially small IMSs suffer from the consequences of low resolving power when compared to laboratory systems. Therefore, in this paper, we present a new approach to increase the resolving power of a drift time IMS without employing higher drift voltages and bulky power supplies. The so-called moving field IMS (MOF-IMS) presented here allows a more effective use of the available voltage because of a segmented drift region where only a small part is supplied with voltage. Even with the basic version of an MOF-IMS presented here, it was possible to increase the resolving power by 60% from 60 to 95 without increasing the required drift voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bohnhorst
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Hitzemann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Lippmann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Fowler PE, Pilgrim JZ, Lee G, Eiceman GA. Field induced fragmentation spectra from reactive stage-tandem differential mobility spectrometry. Analyst 2020; 145:5314-5324. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A planar tandem differential mobility spectrometer was integrated with a middle reactive stage to fragment ions which were mobility selected in a first analyzer stage using characteristic compensation and separation fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. E. Fowler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- New Mexico State University
- Las Cruces
- USA
| | - J. Z. Pilgrim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- New Mexico State University
- Las Cruces
- USA
| | - G. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- New Mexico State University
- Las Cruces
- USA
| | - G. A. Eiceman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- New Mexico State University
- Las Cruces
- USA
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11
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Bohnhorst A, Kirk AT, Yin Y, Zimmermann S. Ion Fragmentation and Filtering by Alpha Function in Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Improved Compound Differentiation. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8941-8947. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bohnhorst
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T. Kirk
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yu Yin
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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