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Zhao Z, Jiang M, He C, Yin W, Feng Y, Wang P, Ying L, Fu T, Su D, Peng R, Tan W. Enhancing Specific Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Quantum Dots for Single-Molecule RNA Imaging in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tumor Tissues. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9958-9968. [PMID: 38547522 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) represents a promising approach for the quantitative analysis of nucleic acid biomarkers in clinical tissue samples. However, low signal intensity and high background noise are complications that arise from diagnostic pathology when performed with smFISH-based RNA imaging in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens. Moreover, the associated complex procedures can produce uncertain results and poor image quality. Herein, by combining the high specificity of split DNA probes with the high signal readout of ZnCdSe/ZnS quantum dot (QD) labeling, we introduce QD split-FISH, a high-brightness smFISH technology, to quantify the expression of mRNA in both cell lines and clinical FFPE tissue samples of breast cancer and lung squamous carcinoma. Owing to its high signal-to-noise ratio, QD split-FISH is a fast, inexpensive, and sensitive method for quantifying mRNA expression in FFPE tumor tissues, making it suitable for biomarker imaging and diagnostic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyin Zhao
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Mengyuan Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chen He
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Wenjuan Yin
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Yawei Feng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lisha Ying
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Ting Fu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Ruizi Peng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
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Zhang X, Su Z, Zhao Y, Wu D, Wu Y, Li G. Recent advances of nanopore technique in single cell analysis. Analyst 2024; 149:1350-1363. [PMID: 38312056 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01973j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Single cells and their dynamic behavior are closely related to biological research. Monitoring their dynamic behavior is of great significance for disease prevention. How to achieve rapid and non-destructive monitoring of single cells is a major issue that needs to be solved urgently. As an emerging technology, nanopores have been proven to enable non-destructive and label-free detection of single cells. The structural properties of nanopores enable a high degree of sensitivity and accuracy during analysis. In this article, we summarize and classify the different types of solid-state nanopores that can be used for single-cell detection and illustrate their specific applications depending on the size of the analyte. In addition, their research progress in material transport and microenvironment monitoring is also highlighted. Finally, a brief summary of existing research challenges and future trends in nanopore single-cell analysis is tentatively provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Zhuoqun Su
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Di Wu
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Yongning Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.
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Liu G, Gao F, Yang X, Zhang J, Yang S, Li Y, Liu L. Aggregation-induced emission for the detection of peptide ligases with improving ligation efficiency. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1284:341994. [PMID: 37996157 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring peptide ligase activity is of great significance for biological research, medical diagnosis, and drug discovery. The current methods for the detection of peptide ligases suffer from the limitations of high background signal, elaborate design of substrate, and high reversibility of ligation reaction. In this work, we proposed a simple and sensitive method for ligase detection with reducing ligation reversibility on the basis of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) mechanism. RESULTS The peptide probes labeled with AIE luminogens (AIEgens) were water-soluble and emitted weak fluorescence. After ligation reaction, the enzymatic products with AIEgens showed high hydrophobicity and could readily assembly into aggregates, thus lighting up the fluorescence. More interestingly, the formation of aggregates pushed the equilibrium to the generation of the desired ligation products, thus improving the catalytic efficiency by driving the reaction towards completion. The ligation reaction conversion rate (>80 %) is significantly higher than that without blocking the reversibility with additional treatment. With sortase A (SrtA) as the analyte example, the detection limit of this method was found to be 0.01 nM with a linear range of 0-50 nM. The system was applied to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of berberine chloride and quercetin and determine the activity of SrtA in serum, lysate and Staphylococcus aureus with satisfactory results. SIGNIFICANCE This study indicated that the ligation efficiency and detection sensitivity can be improved by reducing ligation reversibility through AIE phenomenon. The proposed strategy could be used for the detection of other peptide ligases by adopting sequence-specific peptide substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Fengli Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China
| | - Xiupei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China
| | - Suling Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China.
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Pang C, Zhang G, Liu S, Zhou J, Li J, Du G. Engineering sigma factors and chaperones for enhanced heterologous lipoxygenase production in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:105. [PMID: 36217152 PMCID: PMC9552429 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoxygenase (EC. 1.13.11.12, LOX) can catalyze the addition of oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids to produce hydroperoxides, which are widely used in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. In recent years, the heterologous production of LOX by Escherichia coli has attracted extensive attention. However, overexpressed recombinant LOX in E. coli aggregates and forms insoluble inclusion bodies owing to protein misfolding. RESULTS In this study, a split green fluorescent protein-based screening method was developed to screen sigma (σ) factors and molecular chaperones for soluble LOX expression. Three mutant libraries of Skp, GroES, and RpoH was analyzed using the high-throughput screening method developed herein, and a series of mutants with significantly higher yield of soluble heterologous LOX were obtained. The soluble expression level of LOX in the isolated mutants increased by 4.2- to 5.3-fold. Further, the highest LOX activity (up to 6240 ± 269 U·g-DCW-1) was observed in E. coli REopt, with the regulatory factor mutants, RpoH and GroES. Based on RNA-Seq analysis of the selected strains, E. coli Eopt, E. coli Sopt, E. coli Ropt, and wild type, amino acid substitutions in σ factors and molecular chaperones regulated the expression level of genes related to gene replication, recombination, and repair. Furthermore, the regulatory factor mutants were identified to be beneficial to the soluble expression of two other heterologous proteins, amylase and bone morphological protein 12. CONCLUSION In this study, a high-throughput screening method was developed for improved soluble LOX expression. The obtained positive mutants of the regulatory factor were analyzed and employed for the expression of other heterologous proteins, thus providing a potential solution for the inclusion-body protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Pang
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education On Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Song Liu
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education On Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education On Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Jianghua Li
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education On Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Guocheng Du
- grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China ,grid.258151.a0000 0001 0708 1323Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education On Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
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Colorimetric and electrochemical detection of ligase through ligation reaction-induced streptavidin assembly. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Alharthi S, Ziora ZM, Moyle PM. Optimized protocols for assessing libraries of poorly soluble sortase A inhibitors for antibacterial activity against medically-relevant bacteria, toxicity and enzyme inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 52:116527. [PMID: 34839159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing antimicrobial resistance is a major global health concern. Conventional antibiotics apply selection pressures, which promote the accumulation of resistant microbes. Anti-virulence strategies, in contrast, are less potent antimicrobials, but are less likely to select for resistance, can be combined with existing antibiotics to improve their activity, and in some cases can overcome antimicrobial resistance towards other antimicrobials. Sortase A inhibitors (SrtAIs) represent an exciting example of this class; however, many reported examples demonstrate poor water solubility, which complicates their biological assessment and activity. This includes reports that use antimicrobial concentrations of organic solvents or conditions that fail to solubilise these compounds for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assessments. Herein, we report the first study to optimise screening processes for a library of prospective SrtAIs (trans-chalcone (TC), berberine (BR), curcumin (CUR), and quercetin (QC)), including comparative assessment of the effects of various co-solvent concentrations, along with comparative assessment of their antimicrobial activities against multiple disease relevant bacterial strains (methicillin-sensitive and resistant S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa), inhibition of the sortase A enzyme, and toxicity towards mammalian cells (HEK-293), using these optimised conditions. Optimal solubility with minimal effect on bacterial viability was observed in the presence of 5% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-Mueller-Hinton Broth. Three antimicrobial susceptibility tests (broth microdilution, agar dilution, and disk diffusion) were assessed for their ability to accurately determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) data for each SrtAI. Broth microdilution and agar dilution were both effective; however, the broth microdilution assay required the addition of a colorimetric metabolic indicator (resazurin) to enable simple and reliable MIC determination due to the development of precipitants over time. In contrast, disk diffusion did not provide reliable zone of inhibition data. Identical MIC data was observed with methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus (MRSA; ATCC43300), with lower potency activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Under these conditions, TC and CUR demonstrated significant toxicity towards human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells, with QC showing less toxicity and BR limited-to-no toxicity at its MIC. Overall, the findings of this work provide optimised processes, which will prove useful for the study of other poorly soluble antimicrobial agents and SrtAIs. The obtained data suggests that BR should be considered in preference to the other SrtAIs for the development of new antimicrobial formulations, based on its superior antimicrobial and SrtA inhibition potency, and greatly reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitah Alharthi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zyta Maria Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, the University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia.
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N Vijayan A, Refaei MA, Silva RN, Tsang P, Zhang P. Detection of Sortase A and Identification of Its Inhibitors by Paramagnetic Nanoparticle-Assisted Nuclear Relaxation. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15430-15437. [PMID: 34757710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sortase A is a virulence factor responsible for the attachment of surface proteins to Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive bacteria. Inhibitors of this enzyme are potential anti-infective agents. Herein, a new highly selective magnetic relaxation-based method for screening potential sortase A inhibitors is described. A 13-amino acid-long peptide substrate of sortase A is conjugated to SiO2-EDTA-Gd NPs. In the presence of sortase A, the LPXTG motif on the peptide strand is cleaved resulting in a shortened peptide as well as a reduced water T2 value whose magnitude is dependent on the concentration of sortase A. The detection limit is determined to be 76 pM. In contrast, the presence of sortase A inhibitors causes the T2 to remain at a higher value. The proposed method is used to characterize inhibition of sortase A by curcumin and 4-(hydroxymercuri)benzoic acid with an IC50 value of 12.9 ± 1.6 μM and 130 ± 1.76 μM, respectively. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied to detect sortase A activity in bacterial suspensions. The feasibility to screen different inhibitors in Escherichia coli and S. aureus suspensions was demonstrated. This method is fast and potentially useful to rapidly screen possible inhibitors of sortase A in bacterial suspensions, thereby aiding in the development of antibacterial agents targeting Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjaly N Vijayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Mary Anne Refaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Rebecca N Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Pearl Tsang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, United States
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Tian T, Zhao J, Wang Y, Li B, Qiao L, Zhang K, Liu B. Transpeptidation-mediated single-particle imaging assay for sensitive and specific detection of sortase with dark-field optical microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113003. [PMID: 33486157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transpeptidation of surface proteins catalyzed by the transpeptidase sortase plays a critical role in the infection process of Gram-positive pathogen. Monitoring sortase activity and screening its inhibitors are of great significance to fundamental understanding of the infection mechanism and pharmaceutical development. Herein, we developed a digital single-particle imaging method to quantify sortase A (SrtA) activity based on transpeptidation-mediated assembly and enumeration of gold nanoparticles (GNPs). The assay utilizes two peptide stands, in which one has the SrtA recognition sequence LPXTG motif while the other carries an oligoglycine nucleophile at the one end and a biotin group at the other. The presence of SrtA enables the ligation of two peptides and allows for the immobilization of streptavidin-functionalized GNPs. Thus, SrtA activity can be quantified by imaging and enumeration of the surface-assembled GNPs at the single-particle level via dark-field microscopy. The single-particle method was highly sensitive to SrtA activity with a low detection limit of 7.9 pM and a wide linear dynamic range from 0.05 to 50 nM. Besides detection of SrtA in complex biological samples such as Gram-positive pathogen lysates, the proposed method was also successfully applied to estimate the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of SrtA inhibitors (curcumin, berberine hydrochloride and quercetin). The present method, combining single-GNP counting and dark-field imaging, provides a facile and novel analytical tool for SrtA activity and its inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Jinzhi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Binxiao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China.
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
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Liu TY. Using Tripartite Split-sfGFP for the Study of Membrane Protein-Protein Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2200:323-336. [PMID: 33175385 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0880-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The study of protein-protein interaction (PPI) is critical for understanding cellular processes within biological systems. The conventional biomolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) or bipartite split-fluorescent protein (FP) is a noninvasive fluorescent-based technique that enables direct visualization of PPI in living cells once the two nonfluorescent fragments are brought into close vicinity. However, BiFC can potentially lead to a high background noise arising from an inherent feature of the irreversible self-assembly of the nonfluorescent fragments. Recently, the newly developed tripartite split-sfGFP method was demonstrated to detect membrane PPIs in plant cells without spurious background signals even when fusion proteins are highly expressed and accessible to the compartments of interaction. Here we describe a protocol for using the ß-Estradiol-inducible tripartite split-sfGFP assay for side-by-side analyses of in vivo PPI along with in situ subcellular localization of fusion proteins in agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Liu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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10
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Ruan YF, Wang HY, Shi XM, Xu YT, Yu XD, Zhao WW, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Target-Triggered Assembly in a Nanopipette for Electrochemical Single-Cell Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 93:1200-1208. [PMID: 33301293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanopipette tools have recently emerged as a powerful approach for electrochemical nanosensing, which has major implications in both fundamental biological research and biomedical applications. Herein, we describe a generic method of target-triggered assembly of aptamers in a nanopipette for nanosensing, which is exemplified by sensitive and rapid electrochemical single-cell analysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a ubiquitous energy source in life and important signaling molecules in many physiological processes. Specifically, a layer of thiolated aptamers is immobilized onto a Au-coated interior wall of a nanopipette tip. With backfilled pairing aptamers, the engineered nanopipette is then used for probing intracellular ATP via the ATP-dependent linkage of the split aptamers. Due to the higher surface charge density from the aptamer assembly, the nanosensor would exhibit an enhanced rectification signal. Besides, this ATP-responsive nanopipette tool possesses excellent selectivity and stability as well as high recyclability. This work provides a practical single-cell nanosensor capable of intracellular ATP analysis. More generally, integrated with other split recognition elements, the proposed mechanism could serve as a viable basis for addressing many other important biological species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Deng H, Yan S, Huang Y, Lei C, Nie Z. Design strategies for fluorescent proteins/mimics and their applications in biosensing and bioimaging. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Chen C, Geng F, Wang Y, Yu H, Li L, Yang S, Liu J, Huang W. Design of a nanoswitch for sequentially multi-species assay based on competitive interaction between DNA-templated fluorescent copper nanoparticles, Cr3+ and pyrophosphate and ALP. Talanta 2019; 205:120132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Pedelacq JD, Cabantous S. Development and Applications of Superfolder and Split Fluorescent Protein Detection Systems in Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143479. [PMID: 31311175 PMCID: PMC6678664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular engineering of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) into a robust and stable variant named Superfolder GFP (sfGFP) has revolutionized the field of biosensor development and the use of fluorescent markers in diverse area of biology. sfGFP-based self-associating bipartite split-FP systems have been widely exploited to monitor soluble expression in vitro, localization, and trafficking of proteins in cellulo. A more recent class of split-FP variants, named « tripartite » split-FP, that rely on the self-assembly of three GFP fragments, is particularly well suited for the detection of protein–protein interactions. In this review, we describe the different steps and evolutions that have led to the diversification of superfolder and split-FP reporter systems, and we report an update of their applications in various areas of biology, from structural biology to cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Denis Pedelacq
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Stéphanie Cabantous
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France.
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14
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Ma Y, Geng F, Wang Y, Xu M, Shao C, Qu P, Zhang Y, Ye B. Novel strategy to improve the sensing performances of split ATP aptamer based fluorescent indicator displacement assay through enhanced molecular recognition. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 134:36-41. [PMID: 30954924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Split aptamer strategy was often used to improve the sensitivity of aptasensor. However, traditional split aptamer strategy can not be directly used to improve the label-free aptamer based Thioflavin T (ThT) displacement assay for ATP because the split ATP aptamer display much lower enhancement effects on the fluorescence of ThT than intact aptamer. In order to address this issue, this is the first report using G-rich DNA sequence to enhance the affinity of the two split ATP aptamer halves to ThT and offer lower limit of detection (LOD), wider linear range and higher selectivity through the enhanced molecular recognition. Compared to the intact aptamer/ThT complex, the ensemble of two G-rich split ATP aptamer fragments/ThT are higher fluorescent. Consequently, G-rich sequences would improve the fluorescent signal and thus the sensing performance of the proposed assay. In the optimized conditions, the LOD of the proposed fluorescent ATP aptasensor is 2 nM, which is lower than the reported ThT/ATP aptamer based methods. Additionally, our aptasensor has a wider dynamic linear range (0.1 μM - 120 μM) and higher selectivity. The proposed aptasensor has been successfully applied to detect ATP in 15% human serum. More importantly, the current study not only provides a novel method for ATP assay but also presents a way to construct a label-free split aptamer based fluorescent sensor for other species where aptamer can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ma
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engeering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Fenghua Geng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engeering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo, Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engeering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo, Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; College of Chemistry and Material Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China.
| | - Maotian Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engeering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engeering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo, Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Congying Shao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China
| | - Peng Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engeering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engeering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo, Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Yintang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engeering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engeering, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo, Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Baoxian Ye
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engeering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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15
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Abstract
Many proteins can be split into fragments that spontaneously reassemble, without covalent linkage, into a functional protein. For split green fluorescent proteins (GFPs), fragment reassembly leads to a fluorescent readout, which has been widely used to investigate protein-protein interactions. We review the scope and limitations of this approach as well as other diverse applications of split GFPs as versatile sensors, molecular glues, optogenetic tools, and platforms for photophysical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Romei
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; ,
| | - Steven G Boxer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; ,
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16
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Xue S, Li Q, Wang L, You W, Zhang J, Che R. Copper- and Cobalt-Codoped CeO2 Nanospheres with Abundant Oxygen Vacancies as Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts for Dual-Mode Electrochemical Sensing of MicroRNA. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2659-2666. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Xue
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Wenbin You
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Renchao Che
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
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17
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Fang X, Zheng Y, Duan Y, Liu Y, Zhong W. Recent Advances in Design of Fluorescence-Based Assays for High-Throughput Screening. Anal Chem 2019; 91:482-504. [PMID: 30481456 PMCID: PMC7262998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yongzan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yaokai Duan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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18
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Sun S, Liu Y, Xia J, Wang M, Tang R, Lei C, Huang Y, Nie Z, Yao S. A semisynthetic fluorescent protein assembly-based FRET probe for real-time profiling of cell membrane protease functions in situ. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2218-2221. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09634a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A semisynthetic fluorescent protein assembly-based FRET probe (sFPAP) was proposed for cell membrane protease function assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
| | - Yanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
| | - Julan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
| | - Rui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
| | - Chunyang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
| | - Zhou Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
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19
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Mo HM, Xu Y, Yu XW. Improved Soluble Expression and Catalytic Activity of a Thermostable Esterase Using a High-Throughput Screening System Based on a Split-GFP Assembly. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12756-12764. [PMID: 30411620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The thermostable esterase Aaeo1 displays a low expression level and forms a great amount of inclusion bodies in E. coli. Herein, a split-GFP system was established in which the fluorescence intensity exhibited a good linear correlation with the soluble protein expression level and the esterase activity. In the primary high-throughput screening, the mutant library was screened by flow cytometry via detection of a split-GFP reporter. Then, through a secondary screening against esterase activity, two mutants with improved soluble expression and catalytic activity were obtained. The soluble expression of the mutant enzymes in E. coli was improved by 2-fold. The kcat/ Km values of the mutant enzymes were 2-fold higher than that of the parent. We explored the relationship between the amino acid mutations in the two mutants and the enzyme activity. The enzyme activity of mutant I51V-E170D was 4.5 times higher than that of the parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Mo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , PR China
- Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University , Suqian 223814 , PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , PR China
- Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University , Suqian 223814 , PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , PR China
- Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University , Suqian 223814 , PR China
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20
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Li Y, Yang Y, Zhang CY. Visualization and Quantification of Sortase Activity at the Single-Molecule Level via Transpeptidation-Directed Intramolecular Förster Resonance Energy Transfer. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13007-13012. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chun-yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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21
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Xu AJ, Yang Y, Zhang CY. Transpeptidation-directed intramolecular bipartite tetracysteine display for sortase activity assay. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8116-8119. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04495c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a simple, label-free and homogenous assay to quantitively evaluate SrtA-catalyzed transpeptidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-jun Xu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Yong Yang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Chun-Yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
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