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Buzitis NW, Clowers BH. Development of a Modular, Open-Source, Reduced-Pressure, Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:804-813. [PMID: 38512132 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Toward the goal of minimizing construction costs while maintaining high performance, a new, reduced-pressure, drift tube ion mobility system is coupled with an ion trap mass analyzer through a custom ion shuttle. The availability of reduced-pressure ion mobility systems remains limited due to comparatively expensive commercial options and limited shared design features in the open literature. This report details the complete design and benchmarking characteristics of a reduced-pressure ion mobility system. The system is constructed from FR4 PCB electrodes and encased in a PTFE vacuum enclosure with custom torque-tightened couplers to utilize standard KF40 bulkheads. The PTFE enclosure directly minimizes the overall system expenses, and the implementation of threaded brass inserts allows for facile attachments to the vacuum enclosure without damaging the thermoplastic housing. Front and rear ion funnels maximize ion transmission and help mitigate the effects of radial ion diffusion. A custom planar ion shuttle transports ions from the exit of the rear ion funnel into the ion optics of an ion trap mass analyzer. The planar ion shuttle can couple the IM system to any contemporary Thermo Scientific ion trap mass analyzer. Signal stability and ion intensity remain unchanging following the implementation of the planar ion shuttle when compared to the original stacked ring ion guide. The constructed IM system showed resolving powers up to 85 for various small molecules and proteins using the Fourier transform from a ∼1 m drift tube. Recorded mobilities derived from first principles agree with published literature results with an average error of 1.1% and an average error toward literature values using single field calibration of <1.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W Buzitis
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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2
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Smith CD, Giordano BC. Opioid cutting agents for use as internal standards in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Talanta 2023; 265:124822. [PMID: 37364383 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Opioids have become a serious public health concern over the last decade. These compounds are commonly found mixed, or cut, with safer compounds to make the opioids appear unadulterated while also enhancing the psychoactive effect on the user. Commercial benchtop and handheld IMS devices are capable of detection but published reduced ion mobility (K0) values, used to identify the target analytes with IMS instrumentation, have shown variability. This lack of agreement, even for compounds used for calibration, is often due to the effects of drift tube temperature, drift gas water vapor levels and the use in-house built instrumentation rather than commercial equipment. Multiple reports exist on assessment of IMS reference standards but a single, consensus universal standard does not exist. Assessment of opioid cutting agents as internal standards is a worthwhile pursuit if precise and accurate K0 values are obtained. The effects of drift gas water vapor content and drift tube temperature were used to evaluate the cutting agents. The K0 values of papaverine, a representative opioid with a similar K0 value to heroin and fentanyl, were calculated with respect to quinine and were in agreement with literature data. The use of quinine as an internal standard also improved precision relative to the instrument standard and shows promise in the application presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Smith
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, D.C, 20375, United States
| | - Braden C Giordano
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, D.C, 20375, United States.
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3
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Paglia G, Smith AJ, Astarita G. Ion mobility mass spectrometry in the omics era: Challenges and opportunities for metabolomics and lipidomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:722-765. [PMID: 33522625 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Researchers worldwide are taking advantage of novel, commercially available, technologies, such as ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), for metabolomics and lipidomics applications in a variety of fields including life, biomedical, and food sciences. IM-MS provides three main technical advantages over traditional LC-MS workflows. Firstly, in addition to mass, IM-MS allows collision cross-section values to be measured for metabolites and lipids, a physicochemical identifier related to the chemical shape of an analyte that increases the confidence of identification. Second, IM-MS increases peak capacity and the signal-to-noise, improving fingerprinting as well as quantification, and better defining the spatial localization of metabolites and lipids in biological and food samples. Third, IM-MS can be coupled with various fragmentation modes, adding new tools to improve structural characterization and molecular annotation. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in IM-MS technologies and approaches utilized to support metabolomics and lipidomics applications and we assess the challenges and opportunities in this growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Paglia
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Andrew J Smith
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Vedano al Lambro (MB), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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4
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te Brinke E, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Blokland MH. Insights of ion mobility spectrometry and its application on food safety and authenticity: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1222:340039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Cämmerer M, Mayer T, Borsdorf H. Drift Time Corrections Based on a Practical Measurement of the Depletion Zone to Allow Accurate and Reproducible Determination of the Reduced Mobility of Ions in DT-IMS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:74-82. [PMID: 34851630 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reduced mobility of an ion is a key parameter for identifying ions and comparing spectra in drift time ion mobility spectrometry. As the resolution of spectrometers improves, accurate determination of the reduced mobility is increasingly important. The drift time, used to calculate the reduced mobility, is affected by the ion gate, and this effect has previously been compensated with a linear correction. These corrections, however, do not allow for changes in the distances that the ions must drift to reach the detector caused by the electric field around the ion gate. As these corrections are a linear correction, nonlinearity in the influence of the ion gate may also lead to greater errors. By measuring the length of the depletion zone in front of the ion gate the extra distance traveled by the ions may be corrected for. This measurement also provides the boundary conditions for when a correction to the drift time may be accurately applied. This work shows that the length of the depletion zone can be experimentally measured and that it is consistent for a particular geometry of ion gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Cämmerer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helko Borsdorf
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Edwards AN, Tran HM, Gallagher ES. Propagating Error through Traveling-Wave Ion Mobility Calibration. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2621-2630. [PMID: 34662111 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) is used to elucidate the stoichiometry of protein complexes and quantify binding interactions by maintaining native-like, noncovalent interactions in the gas phase. However, ionization forces proteins into specific conformations, losing the solution-phase dynamics associated with solvated protein structures. Comparison of gas-phase structures to those in solution, or to other gas-phase ion populations, has many biological implications. For one, analyzing the variety of conformations that are maintained in the gas-phase can provide insight into a protein's solution-phase energy landscape. The gas-phase conformations of proteins and complexes can be investigated using ion mobility (IM) spectrometry. Specifically, drift tube (DT)-IM utilizes uniform electric fields to propel a population of gas-phase ions through a region containing a neutral gas. By measuring the mobility (K) of gas-phase ions, users are able to calculate an average momentum transfer cross section (DTCCS), which provides structural information on the ion. Conversely, in traveling-wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS), TWCCS values cannot be derived directly from an ion's mobility but must be determined following calibration. Though the required calibration adds uncertainty, it is common to report only an average and standard deviation of the calculated TWCCS, accounting for uncertainty associated with replicate measurements, which is a fraction of the overall uncertainty. Herein, we calibrate a TWIMS instrument and derive TWCCSN2 and TWCCSN2→He values for four proteins: cytochrome c, ubiquitin, apo-myoglobin, and holo-myoglobin. We show that compared to reporting only the standard deviation of TWCCS, propagating error through the calibration results in a significant increase in the number of calculated TWCCS values that agree within experimental error with literature values (DTCCS). Incorporating this additional uncertainty provides a more thorough assessment of a protein ion's gas-phase conformations, enabling the structures sampled by native IM-MS to be compared against other reported structures, both experimental and computational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis N Edwards
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Hien M Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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7
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Jiang D, Chen C, Wang W, Wang W, Li M, Wang X, Liu Y, Li E, Li H. Breath-by-breath measurement of intraoperative propofol by unidirectional anisole-assisted photoionization ion mobility spectrometry via real-time correction of humidity. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1150:338223. [PMID: 33583551 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Humidity as a major issue affects the quantitative performance of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) in field applications. According to the kinetic equations of ion-molecular reaction, the intensity ratio of the product ion peak (PIP) over the reactant ion peak (RIP) is proposed as a quantitative factor to correct real-time humidity variation. By coupling this method with a unidirectional anisole-assisted photoionization IMS, direct breath-by-breath measurement of intraoperative propofol was achieved for the first time, which provided more clinical information for studying the anesthetics pharmacokinetics. Although the signal intensities of the RIP and the propofol PIP both declined along with the increase of humidity, the intensity ratio of Propofol/(RIP + Propofol) kept almost constant in a wide relative humidity range of 0%-98%, enabling direct quantitation of exhaled propofol with varying humidity. Furthermore, interfering ion peaks resulted from the high concentration humidity and anesthetics in single exhalation were eliminated during the balanced anesthesia as the exhaled sample was diluted by the unidirectional gas flow scheme. As a demonstration, breath-by-breath variation profiles of propofol were obtained via monitoring end-tidal propofol concentration of intraoperative anesthetized patients (n = 7). The analyses were quantitative, corrected for humidity in real-time, without measuring the humidity content of each breath sample during operation, which show potential for the quantitative analysis of other high humidity samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Enyou Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Naylor CN, Ridgeway ME, Park MA, Clowers BH. Evaluation of Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry Source Conditions Using Benzylammonium Thermometer Ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1593-1602. [PMID: 32510214 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of reduced pressure ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) experiments is to identify experimental conditions that minimize the role of collisional energy transfer that allows for assessing effective ion-neutral collision cross sections of metabolites, peptides, and proteins in "native-like" or compact states. Across two separate experimental campaigns using a prototype trapped ion mobility spectrometer (TIMS) coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, we present independent findings that support the results recently published by Morsa et al. using a different set of thermometer ions (Morsa et al. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92 (6), 4573-4582). First, using five para-substituted benzylammonium ions, we conducted survival yield experiments to assess ion internal energy across different experimental settings. Results from the present set of experiments illustrate that greater ion heating occurs at lower pressures and higher voltage settings applied to the TIMS. At the "softest" settings where the benzylammonium thermometer ions have an effective average energy of 1.73 eV, we observe the majority of bradykinin in the compact state. Under more extreme operating conditions where the energy of the benzylammonium ions varies from 1.83 to 1.86 eV, the bradykinin transitions from the compact to the elongated state. In addition to independently confirming the findings of Morsa et al., we also report the mobilities for the benzylammonium parent and fragment ions using the tandem drift-tube-TIMS calibration procedure described by Naylor et al. ( J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2019, 30 (10), 2152-2162).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron N Naylor
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Mark E Ridgeway
- Bruker Daltonics Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Melvin A Park
- Bruker Daltonics Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
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9
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Klapec DJ, Czarnopys G, Pannuto J. Interpol review of detection and characterization of explosives and explosives residues 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:670-700. [PMID: 33385149 PMCID: PMC7770463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature for the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues from 2016-2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/Resources/Documents#Publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Klapec
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Greg Czarnopys
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Julie Pannuto
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
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10
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Hauck BC, Harden CS, McHugh VM. Accurate Evaluation of Potential Calibration Standards for Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6158-6165. [PMID: 32233428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)-based instruments have historically been accurate to, at best, ±2% of the reduced ion mobility (K0) value of the chemical of interest. Fielded IMS-based detectors that are in use for hazardous and illicit substance detection are subject to false-positive alarms because of this inaccuracy and the resulting wide alarm windows, which are required to maintain a high rate of true-positive alarms. To reduce false-positive alarm rates and improve the accuracy of any IMS-based instrument, accurate K0 values of an ion mobility reference standard need to be used for ion mobility scale calibration. However, a suitable calibrant has yet to be accurately analyzed and agreed upon by the IMS community. In this study, we have chosen five potential IMS calibrants on the basis of their rating against seven criteria for suitable standards and analyzed them as a function of drift gas temperature and humidity using an accurate ion mobility instrument. Recommendations are made herein for each potential calibrant's suitability as a standard for the wider IMS community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Hauck
- Science and Technology Corporation (STC) - Support to CCDC CBC, 111 C Bata Blvd., Belcamp, Maryland 21017, United States
| | - Charles S Harden
- Science and Technology Corporation (STC) - Support to CCDC CBC, 111 C Bata Blvd., Belcamp, Maryland 21017, United States
| | - Vincent M McHugh
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center (CCDC CBC), Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
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11
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Kirk AT, Kueddelsmann MJ, Bohnhorst A, Lippmann M, Zimmermann S. Improving Ion Mobility Spectrometer Sensitivity through the Extended Field Switching Ion Shutter. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4838-4847. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar T. Kirk
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maximilian J. Kueddelsmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Bohnhorst
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Lippmann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstrasse 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Izadi Z, Tabrizchi M, Borsdorf H, Farrokhpour H. Humidity Effect on the Drift Times of the Reactant Ions in Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15932-15940. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Izadi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Tabrizchi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Helko Borsdorf
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hossein Farrokhpour
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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Naylor CN, Reinecke T, Ridgeway ME, Park MA, Clowers BH. Validation of Calibration Parameters for Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2152-2162. [PMID: 31392697 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using contemporary theory for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), gas-phase ion mobilities within a trapped ion mobility-mass spectrometer (TIMS) are not easily deduced using first principle equations due to non-linear pressure changes and consequently variations in E/N. It is for this reason that prior literature values have traditionally been used for TIMS calibration. Additionally, given that verified mobility standards currently do not exist and the that the exact conditions used to measure reported literature values may not always represent the environment within the TIMS, a direct approach to validating the behavior of the TIMS system is warranted. A calibration procedure is presented where an ambient pressure, ambient temperature, two-gate, printed circuit board drift-tube IMS (PCBIMS) is coupled to the front of a TIMS allowing reduced mobilities to be directly measured on the same instrument as the TIMS. These measured mobilities were used to evaluate the TIMS calibration procedure which correlates reduced mobility and TIMS elution voltages with literature values. When using the measured PCBIMS-reduced mobilities of tetraalkyl ammonium salts and tune mix for TIMS calibration of the alkyltrimethyl ammonium salts, the percent error is less than 1% as compared with using the reported literature K0 values where the percent error approaches 5%. This method provides a way to obtain accurate reference mobilities for ion mobility techniques that require a calibration step (i.e., TIMS and TWAVE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron N Naylor
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Tobias Reinecke
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | | | | | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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14
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Gabelica V, Shvartsburg AA, Afonso C, Barran P, Benesch JL, Bleiholder C, Bowers MT, Bilbao A, Bush MF, Campbell JL, Campuzano ID, Causon T, Clowers BH, Creaser CS, De Pauw E, Far J, Fernandez‐Lima F, Fjeldsted JC, Giles K, Groessl M, Hogan CJ, Hann S, Kim HI, Kurulugama RT, May JC, McLean JA, Pagel K, Richardson K, Ridgeway ME, Rosu F, Sobott F, Thalassinos K, Valentine SJ, Wyttenbach T. Recommendations for reporting ion mobility Mass Spectrometry measurements. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:291-320. [PMID: 30707468 PMCID: PMC6618043 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a guide to ion mobility mass spectrometry experiments, which covers both linear and nonlinear methods: what is measured, how the measurements are done, and how to report the results, including the uncertainties of mobility and collision cross section values. The guide aims to clarify some possibly confusing concepts, and the reporting recommendations should help researchers, authors and reviewers to contribute comprehensive reports, so that the ion mobility data can be reused more confidently. Starting from the concept of the definition of the measurand, we emphasize that (i) mobility values (K0 ) depend intrinsically on ion structure, the nature of the bath gas, temperature, and E/N; (ii) ion mobility does not measure molecular surfaces directly, but collision cross section (CCS) values are derived from mobility values using a physical model; (iii) methods relying on calibration are empirical (and thus may provide method-dependent results) only if the gas nature, temperature or E/N cannot match those of the primary method. Our analysis highlights the urgency of a community effort toward establishing primary standards and reference materials for ion mobility, and provides recommendations to do so. © 2019 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gabelica
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM and CNRS, ARNA Laboratory, IECB site2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600PessacFrance
| | | | | | - Perdita Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass SpectrometryManchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Justin L.P. Benesch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TAOxfordUK
| | - Christian Bleiholder
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida32311
| | | | - Aivett Bilbao
- Biological Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWashington
| | - Matthew F. Bush
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | | | - Tim Causon
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical ChemistryViennaAustria
| | - Brian H. Clowers
- Department of ChemistryWashington State UniversityPullmanWashington
| | - Colin S. Creaser
- Centre for Analytical ScienceDepartment of Chemistry, Loughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse (L.S.M.) − Molecular SystemsUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Johann Far
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse (L.S.M.) − Molecular SystemsUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | | | | | | | - Michael Groessl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of BioMedical ResearchInselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland and TofwerkThunSwitzerland
| | | | - Stephan Hann
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical ChemistryViennaAustria
| | - Hugh I. Kim
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | | | - Jody C. May
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of ChemistryCenter for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Freie Universitaet BerlinInstitute for Chemistry and BiochemistryBerlinGermany
| | | | | | - Frédéric Rosu
- CNRS, INSERM and University of BordeauxInstitut Européen de Chimie et BiologiePessacFrance
| | - Frank Sobott
- Antwerp UniversityBiomolecular & Analytical Mass SpectrometryAntwerpBelgium
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of BiosciencesUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK
- United Kingdom and Institute of Structural and Molecular BiologyDepartment of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of LondonLondonWC1E 7HXUK
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of ChemistryWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest Virginia
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15
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Kirk AT, Bohnhorst A, Raddatz CR, Allers M, Zimmermann S. Ultra-high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry-current instrumentation, limitations, and future developments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6229-6246. [PMID: 30957205 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
With recent advances in ionization sources and instrumentation, ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) have transformed from a detector for chemical warfare agents and explosives to a widely used tool in analytical and bioanalytical applications. This increasing measurement task complexity requires higher and higher analytical performance and especially ultra-high resolution. In this review, we will discuss the currently used ion mobility spectrometers able to reach such ultra-high resolution, defined here as a resolving power greater than 200. These instruments are drift tube IMS, traveling wave IMS, trapped IMS, and field asymmetric or differential IMS. The basic operating principles and the resulting effects of experimental parameters on resolving power are explained and compared between the different instruments. This allows understanding the current limitations of resolving power and how ion mobility spectrometers may progress in the future. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar T Kirk
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Alexander Bohnhorst
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Allers
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Seto Y, Hashimoto R, Taniguchi T, Ohrui Y, Nagoya T, Iwamatsu T, Komaru S, Usui D, Morimoto S, Sakamoto Y, Ishizaki A, Nishide T, Inoue Y, Sugiyama H, Nakano N. Development of Ion Mobility Spectrometry with Novel Atmospheric Electron Emission Ionization for Field Detection of Gaseous and Blister Chemical Warfare Agents. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5403-5414. [PMID: 30920801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Drift tube ion mobility spectrometry with a novel atmospheric electron emission (AEE) source was developed for determination of gaseous and blister chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in negative mode. The AEE source was fabricated from an aluminum substrate electrode covered with 1 μm silver nanoparticle-dispersed silicone resin and a thin gold layer. This structure enabled stable tunneling electron emission upon the application of more than 11 V potential under atmospheric pressure. The reactant ion peak (RIP) was observed for the reduced mobility constant ( K0) of 2.18 and optimized at the charging voltage of 20 V. This RIP was assigned to O2- by using a mass spectrometer. Hydrogen cyanide was detected as a peak ( K0 = 2.47) that was discriminatively separated from the RIP (resolution = 1.4), with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.057 mg/m3, and assigned to CN- and OCN-. Phosgene was detected as a peak ( K0 = 2.36; resolution = 1.2; and LOD = 0.6 mg/m3), which was assigned to Cl-. Lewisite 1 was detected as two peaks ( K0 = 1.68 and 1.34; LOD = 12 and 15 mg/m3). The K0 = 1.68 peak was ascribed to a mixture of adducts of molecules or the product of hydrolysis with oxygen or chloride. Cyanogen chloride, chlorine, and sulfur mustard were also well detected. The detection performance with the AEE source was compared with those under corona discharge and 63Ni ionizations. The advantage of the AEE source is the simple RIP pattern (only O2-), and the characteristic marker ions contribute to the discriminative CWAs detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Seto
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ohrui
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagoya
- National Research Institute of Police Science , 6-3-1 Kashiwanoha , Kashiwa , Chiba 277-0882 , Japan
| | - Tadashi Iwamatsu
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Shohei Komaru
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Daisuke Usui
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sakamoto
- Business Solutions BU, Advanced Technology Development Unit , Sharp Corporation , 492 Minosho-cho , Yamatokoriyama , Nara 639-1186 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishizaki
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Nishide
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Yoko Inoue
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sugiyama
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
| | - Nobuo Nakano
- RIKEN KEIKI Co., Ltd. , 2-7-6 Azusawa , Itabashi, Tokyo 174-8744 , Japan
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17
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Hauck BC, Harden CS, McHugh VM. Current status and need for standards in ion mobility spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12127-018-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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