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Muhs A, Bobrowski T, Lielpētere A, Schuhmann W. Catalytic Biosensors Operating under Quasi-Equilibrium Conditions for Mitigating the Changes in Substrate Diffusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211559. [PMID: 36253337 PMCID: PMC10099152 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of continuous glucose measuring systems operating through the skin for about 14 days, long-term implantable biosensors are facing challenges caused by the foreign-body reaction. We present a conceptually new strategy using catalytic enzyme-based biosensors based on a measuring sequence leading to minimum disturbance of the substrate equilibrium concentration by controlling the sensor between "on" and "off" state combined with short potentiometric data acquisition. It is required that the enzyme activity can be completely switched off and no parasitic side reactions allow substrate turnover. This is achieved by using an O2 -independent FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase embedded within a crosslinked redox polymer. A short measuring interval allows the glucose concentration equilibrium to be restored quickly which enables the biosensor to operate under quasi-equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Muhs
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tim Bobrowski
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna Lielpētere
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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2
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Teanphonkrang S, Suginta W, Sucharitakul J, Fukamizo T, Chaiyen P, Schulte A. An electrochemical method for detecting the biomarker 4-HPA by allosteric activation of Acinetobacterbaumannii reductase C1 subunit. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100467. [PMID: 33639166 PMCID: PMC8027283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The C1 (reductase) subunit of 4-hydroxy-phenylacetate (4-HPA) 3-hydroxylase (HPAH) from the soil-based bacterium Acinetobacterbaumannii catalyzes NADH oxidation by molecular oxygen, with hydrogen peroxide as a by-product. 4-HPA is a potent allosteric modulator of C1, but also a known urinary biomarker for intestinal bacterial imbalance and for some cancers and brain defects. We thus envisioned that C1 could be used to facilitate 4-HPA detection. The proposed test protocol is simple and in situ and involves addition of NADH to C1 in solution, with or without 4-HPA, and direct acquisition of the H2O2 current with an immersed Prussian Blue–coated screen-printed electrode (PB-SPE) assembly. We confirmed that cathodic H2O2 amperometry at PB-SPEs is a reliable electrochemical assay for intrinsic and allosterically modulated redox enzyme activity. We further validated this approach for quantitative NADH electroanalysis and used it to evaluate the activation of NADH oxidation of C1 by 4-HPA and four other phenols. Using 4-HPA, the most potent effector, allosteric activation of C1 was related to effector concentration by a simple saturation function. The use of C1 for cathodic biosensor analysis of 4-HPA is the basis of the development of a simple and affordable clinical routine for assaying 4-HPA in the urine of patients with a related disease risk. Extension of this principle to work with other allosteric redox enzymes and their effectors is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somjai Teanphonkrang
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand; School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, The Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wipa Suginta
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Jeerus Sucharitakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Albert Schulte
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand; School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, The Suranaree University of Technology (SUT), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand.
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3
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Białek R, Thakur K, Ruff A, Jones MR, Schuhmann W, Ramanan C, Gibasiewicz K. Insight into Electron Transfer from a Redox Polymer to a Photoactive Protein. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11123-11132. [PMID: 33236901 PMCID: PMC7735723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biohybrid photoelectrochemical systems in photovoltaic or biosensor applications have gained considerable attention in recent years. While the photoactive proteins engaged in such systems usually maintain an internal charge separation quantum yield of nearly 100%, the subsequent steps of electron and hole transfer beyond the protein often limit the overall system efficiency and their kinetics remain largely uncharacterized. To reveal the dynamics of one of such charge-transfer reactions, we report on the reduction of Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers (RCs) by Os-complex-modified redox polymers (P-Os) characterized using transient absorption spectroscopy. RCs and P-Os were mixed in buffered solution in different molar ratios in the presence of a water-soluble quinone as an electron acceptor. Electron transfer from P-Os to the photoexcited RCs could be described by a three-exponential function, the fastest lifetime of which was on the order of a few microseconds, which is a few orders of magnitude faster than the internal charge recombination of RCs with fully separated charge. This was similar to the lifetime for the reduction of RCs by their natural electron donor, cytochrome c2. The rate of electron donation increased with increasing ratio of polymer to protein concentrations. It is proposed that P-Os and RCs engage in electrostatic interactions to form complexes, the sizes of which depend on the polymer-to-protein ratio. Our findings throw light on the processes within hydrogel-based biophotovoltaic devices and will inform the future design of materials optimally suited for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Białek
- Faculty
of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu
Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Kalyani Thakur
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical
Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry
and Chemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael R. Jones
- School
of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical
Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry
and Chemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Charusheela Ramanan
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Gibasiewicz
- Faculty
of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, ul. Uniwersytetu
Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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4
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Mengele AK, Müller C, Nauroozi D, Kupfer S, Dietzek B, Rau S. Molecular Scylla and Charybdis: Maneuvering between pH Sensitivity and Excited-State Localization in Ruthenium Bi(benz)imidazole Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12097-12110. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Materials and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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5
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RhIr@MoS2 nanohybrids based disposable microsensor for the point-of-care testing of NADH in real human serum. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ruff A, Jaikaew W, Khunkaewla P, Schuhmann W, Schulte A. Drug Release from Polymer Thin Films and Gel Pellets: Insights from Programmed Microplate Electroanalysis. Chempluschem 2020; 85:627-633. [PMID: 32237228 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Robotic electroanalysis in 24-well microplates was used to determine Paracetamol (PCT) release from thin films of chitosan and two pH-sensitive synthetic polymers as well as blends of the polymers with each other and with agarose. Square-wave voltammograms were recorded automatically in a potential window of 0.35 V-0.85 V vs. Ag/AgCl/0.1 M KCl and their evaluation revealed time-dependent PCT release into acidic and basic media. Comparison of the release profiles showed that pure chitosan layers released PCT quickly in a single-phase process while liberation from synthetic polymer thin films was slower with a sigmoidal shape at pH 1.2 and pH 8.0 with a maximum release of PCT after approximately 150 and 140 min, respectively. The release profile from thicker agarose films was between those of the thin films. Agarose blended with chitosan or synthetic polymers formed films with biphasic release behavior. Chitosan linearized the initial section of the release profile in chitosan/polymer blends. The automated procedure for release testing offers the advantage of low-cost, labor-effective and error-free data acquisition. The procedure has been validated as a useful microplate assay option for release profile testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wajee Jaikaew
- School of Chemistry, Biochemistry - Electrochemistry Research Unit Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Panida Khunkaewla
- School of Chemistry, Biochemistry - Electrochemistry Research Unit Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Albert Schulte
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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7
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Teanphonkrang S, Ernst A, Janke S, Chaiyen P, Sucharitakul J, Suginta W, Khunkaewla P, Schuhmann W, Schulte A, Ruff A. Amperometric Detection of the Urinary Disease Biomarker p-HPA by Allosteric Modulation of a Redox Polymer-Embedded Bacterial Reductase. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1270-1278. [PMID: 30968691 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report an amperometric biosensor for the urinary disease biomarker para-hydroxyphenylacetate ( p-HPA) in which the allosteric reductase component of a bacterial hydroxylase, C1-hpah, is electrically wired to glassy carbon electrodes through incorporation into a low-potential Os-complex modified redox polymer. The proposed biosensing strategy depends on allosteric modulation of C1-hpah by the binding of the enzyme activator and analyte p-HPA, stimulating oxidation of the cofactor NADH. The pronounced concentration-dependence of allosteric C1-hpah modulation in the presence of a constant concentration of NADH allowed sensitive quantification of the target, p-HPA. The specific design of the immobilizing redox polymer with suitably low working potential allowed biosensor operation without the risk of co-oxidation of potentially interfering substances, such as uric acid or ascorbic acid. Optimized sensors were successfully applied for p-HPA determination in artificial urine, with good recovery rates and reproducibility and sub-micromolar detection limits. The proposed application of the allosteric enzyme C1-hpah for p-HPA trace electroanalysis is the first successful example of simple amperometric redox enzyme/redox polymer biosensing in which the analyte acts as an effector, modulating the activity of an immobilized biocatalyst. A general advantage of the concept of allosterically modulated biosensing is its ability to broaden the range of approachable analytes, through the move from substrate to effector detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somjai Teanphonkrang
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Biochemistry - Electrochemistry Research Unit (BECRU), Suranaree University of Technology, 30000 Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Andrzej Ernst
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Salome Janke
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), 21210 Rayong, Thailand
| | - Jeerus Sucharitakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, 10330 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wipa Suginta
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Biochemistry - Electrochemistry Research Unit (BECRU), Suranaree University of Technology, 30000 Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), 21210 Rayong, Thailand
| | - Panida Khunkaewla
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Biochemistry - Electrochemistry Research Unit (BECRU), Suranaree University of Technology, 30000 Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Albert Schulte
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), 21210 Rayong, Thailand
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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8
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Süngü Ç, Kip Ç, Tuncel A. Molecularly imprinted polymeric shell coated monodisperse-porous silica microspheres as a stationary phase for microfluidic boronate affinity chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1962-1971. [PMID: 30900808 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting of cis-diol functionalized agents via boronate affinity interaction has been usually performed using nanoparticles as a support which cannot be utilized as a stationary phase in continuous microcolumn applications. In this study, monodisperse-porous, spherical silica particles in the micron-size range, with bimodal pore diameter distribution were selected as a new support for the synthesis of a molecularly imprinted boronate affinity sorbent, using a cis-diol functionalized agent as the template. A specific surface area of 158 m2 /g was achieved with the imprinted sorbent by using monodisperse-porous silica microspheres containing both mesoporous and macroporous compartments as the support. High porosity originating from the macroporous compartment and sufficiently high particle size provided good column permeability to the imprinted sorbent in microcolumn applications. The mesoporous compartment provided a large surface area for the parking of imprinted molecules while the macroporous compartment facilitated the intraparticular diffusion of imprinted target within the microsphere interior. A microfluidic boronate affinity system was first constructed by using molecularly imprinted polymeric shell coated monodisperse-porous silica microspheres as a stationary phase. The synthetic route for the imprinting process, the reversible adsorption/ desorption behavior of selected target and the selectivity of imprinted sorbent in both batch and microfluidic boronate affinity chromatography systems are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Çiğdem Kip
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Tuncel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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9
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Szczesny J, Marković N, Conzuelo F, Zacarias S, Pereira IAC, Lubitz W, Plumeré N, Schuhmann W, Ruff A. A gas breathing hydrogen/air biofuel cell comprising a redox polymer/hydrogenase-based bioanode. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4715. [PMID: 30413708 PMCID: PMC6226449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen is one of the most promising alternatives for fossil fuels. However, the power output of hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells is often restricted by mass transport limitations of the substrate. Here, we present a dual-gas breathing H2/air biofuel cell that overcomes these limitations. The cell is equipped with a hydrogen-oxidizing redox polymer/hydrogenase gas-breathing bioanode and an oxygen-reducing bilirubin oxidase gas-breathing biocathode (operated in a direct electron transfer regime). The bioanode consists of a two layer system with a redox polymer-based adhesion layer and an active, redox polymer/hydrogenase top layer. The redox polymers protect the biocatalyst from high potentials and oxygen damage. The bioanodes show remarkable current densities of up to 8 mA cm-2. A maximum power density of 3.6 mW cm-2 at 0.7 V and an open circuit voltage of up to 1.13 V were achieved in biofuel cell tests, representing outstanding values for a device that is based on a redox polymer-based hydrogenase bioanode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Szczesny
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nikola Marković
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sónia Zacarias
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês A C Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nicolas Plumeré
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) - Molecular Nanostructures, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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10
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Ruff A, Szczesny J, Marković N, Conzuelo F, Zacarias S, Pereira IAC, Lubitz W, Schuhmann W. A fully protected hydrogenase/polymer-based bioanode for high-performance hydrogen/glucose biofuel cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3675. [PMID: 30202006 PMCID: PMC6131248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogenases with Ni- and/or Fe-based active sites are highly active hydrogen oxidation catalysts with activities similar to those of noble metal catalysts. However, the activity is connected to a sensitivity towards high-potential deactivation and oxygen damage. Here we report a fully protected polymer multilayer/hydrogenase-based bioanode in which the sensitive hydrogen oxidation catalyst is protected from high-potential deactivation and from oxygen damage by using a polymer multilayer architecture. The active catalyst is embedded in a low-potential polymer (protection from high-potential deactivation) and covered with a polymer-supported bienzymatic oxygen removal system. In contrast to previously reported polymer-based protection systems, the proposed strategy fully decouples the hydrogenase reaction form the protection process. Incorporation of the bioanode into a hydrogen/glucose biofuel cell provides a benchmark open circuit voltage of 1.15 V and power densities of up to 530 µW cm-2 at 0.85 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum, D-44780, Germany.
| | - Julian Szczesny
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
| | - Nikola Marković
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
| | - Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
| | - Sónia Zacarias
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Inês A C Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum, D-44780, Germany.
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