1
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A cyclodextrin-based reagent for cis/trans-geometrical isomers separation by mobility measurements and chemical calculations. Food Chem 2023; 406:135027. [PMID: 36493573 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Identification of cis/trans-carbon-carbon double-bond (CC) isomers remain challenging. Herein, a simple and rapid method for the separation and analysis of cis/trans-maleic acid (MA) and aconitic acid (AA) using Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry (TIMS) was developed. α-, β-, γ-cyclodextrin (CD) were served as the separation reagent, slight difference in mobility separation was obtained by [CD-MA/AA-H]-. Specially, with the addition of divalent metal ion (G2+) as coordination metal ion, the separation effect was much increased by [CD-MA/AA + G-H]+, and α-CD has better mobility separation effect than β-/γ-CD. Moreover, chemical calculations revealed the binary and ternary complexes are in the inclusion forms, and microscopic interactions between cis/trans-MA/AA, CDs, and G2+ are somewhat different that making their mobility separation. Finally, quantifications of cis/trans-isomers were analyzed in food samples, with good linearity (R2 > 0.99) and recoveries obtained from 87.25 % to 100.73 %.
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2
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Bell DC, Boehm RC, Feldhausen J, Heyne JS. A Data Set Comparison Method Using Noise Statistics Applied to VUV Spectrum Match Determinations. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14861-14868. [PMID: 36264707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that a pair of spectra exhibiting a coefficient of determination (R2) as low as 0.976 can originate from the same chemical species in one example, while a different pair of spectra exhibiting an R2 up to 0.9997 can originate from different chemical species. The R2 between spectra overlays depends on the signal-to-noise ratio, while the residual between any two spectra should look like noise only when the two spectra originate from the same chemical species. Numerical characteristics of the residual between two high-resolution spectra are invaluable toward the definitive elimination of many plausible matches of reference spectra to the sample spectra of analytes eluted from two-dimensional gas chromatography. Additionally, numerical characteristics beyond R2 facilitate a logical ranking of all plausible matches, making positive identification of a single-component analyte possible provided a reference spectrum exists for all plausible matches. Specifically, the experimental background noise is shown to follow a Gaussian distribution at all wavelengths, and a method is described to normalize the data such that the numerically adjusted noise distributions are independent of wavelength. The differences between matching spectra are further shown to exhibit numerical characteristics consistent with the background noise's Gaussian distribution, common to all wavelengths. Seven criteria are described for judging the similarity between spectra: R2 between the two spectra, R2 of a Q-Q plot with one axis being ideal Gaussian quantiles and the other axis being the distribution of the numerically adjusted residual quantiles, the maximum count of consecutive (by wavelength) signs in the residual, and the first four moments of the residuals. One exemplar application of the methodology is a definitive match of n-undecane, n-dodecane, and n-tridecane sample spectra to their corresponding reference spectrum, which is among the most challenging set of species within the volatility range of jet fuel to differentiate by spectral methods. While this example is a significant stress test of the approach, the utility of the methodology generally is in the subtle math and transparent criteria that unambiguously identify mismatches because the distributions of residuals between mismatching spectra are very clearly not Gaussian and have a high consecutive sign count, even in cases where the R2 between the compared spectra is ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio45469, United States
| | - Randall C Boehm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio45469, United States
| | - John Feldhausen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio45469, United States
| | - Joshua S Heyne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio45469, United States
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3
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Aslani S, Armstrong DW. High Information Spectroscopic Detection Techniques for Gas Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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4
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Sun L, Zhang R, Hu L, Chen X, Lu X, Li Z. Hydrophobic and Rapid-Response Sensor Inks: Array-Based Fingerprinting of Perfumes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27339-27346. [PMID: 35642335 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Counterfeited perfumes mixed with inexpensive additives for commercial purposes pose a great threat to cosmetic market competition and human health. Herein, a 24-element, solid-state colorimetric sensor array employing chemo-responsive dye inks for accurate discrimination of a variety of fragrance bases and "sniffing out" real perfumes from adulterated samples was first reported. The physiochemical robustness and gas response kinetics of the sensor array were optimized with the streamlined design of the channel geometry and hydrophobic modification of the sensor substrate. A unique and distinguishable color change profile was obtained within 2 min exposure of diluted vapor that enabled clear fingerprinting of chemically similar perfume samples. Four commercial perfume products were successfully distinguished and categorized according to their similarity to relevant perfume bases using chemometric methods including hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis. The sensor array also allows the discrimination of ethanol-diluted fragrance bases from the pristine sample, revealing its potential for quality assurance of perfumes and other cosmetics. Such easy-to-use, disposable, and miniaturized chemical sensing detectors therefore prove exceptionally valuable for fast analysis of luxuries such as perfumes and other industrial products with complex chemical compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Sun
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ruohan Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Luoyu Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P. R. China
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5
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang XS, Sheng YS, Li WZ, Yang AA, Luan J, Liu HZ, Wang ZG. A novel 3D Zn-coordination polymer based on a multiresponsive fluorescent sensor demonstrating outstanding sensitivities and selectivities for the efficient detection of multiple analytes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15176-15186. [PMID: 34622902 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel and unusual 3D luminescent coordination polymer (CP) [Zn2(3-bpah)(bpta)(H2O)]·3H2O (1), where 3-bpah denotes N,N'-bis(3-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,2-cyclohexane and H4bpta denotes 2,2',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, was successfully synthesized via hydrothermal methods from Zn(II) ions and 3-bpah and bpta ligands. The structure of this CP was investigated via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis along with single crystal X-ray diffraction. Notably, 1 exhibits remarkable fluorescence behavior and stability over a wide pH range and in various pure organic solvents. More importantly, 1 can become an outstanding candidate for the selective and sensitive sensing of Fe3+, Mg2+, Cr2O72-, MnO4-, nitrobenzene (NB) and nitromethane (NM), at an extremely low detection limit. The changes in the fluorescence intensity exhibited by these six analytes in the presence of 1 over a wide pH range indicate that this polymer can be an excellent luminescent sensor. To the best of our knowledge, 1 is a rare example of a CP-based multiresponsive fluorescent sensor for metal cations, anions, and toxic organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Sa Zhang
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Shu Sheng
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Ze Li
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Ai-Ai Yang
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Luan
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 100819, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Zhu Liu
- Post-Doctoral Research Station of Dalian Zhenbang Fluorocarbon Paint Stock Co., Ltd, Dalian, 116036, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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6
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A critical comparison of vacuum UV (VUV) spectrometer and electron ionization single quadrupole mass spectrometer detectors for the analysis of alkylbenzenes in gasoline by gas chromatography: Experimental and statistical aspects. Talanta 2021; 225:122081. [PMID: 33592794 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in benchtop vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectrometers have yielded effective universal detectors for gas chromatography (GC). The ability of these detectors to acquire absorbance spectra from 125 nm to 430 nm poses an alternative to the gold standard of mass spectrometry (MS) as a sensitive and selective GC detector. The applications of GC/VUV extend into many areas. Featured here is the potential application of GC/VUV to the analysis of ignitable liquids, which may be found on debris from suspected arson fires. A particular compound class of interest is the alkylbenzenes, as they are a significant component in fuels such as gasoline, petroleum distillates, and aromatic solvents such as degreasers and cleaning solvents. To measure the sensitivity, selectivity and specificity of GC-VUV and GC-MS for alkylbenzenes we employed both library search methods and chemometric analysis using discriminant analysis. The GC-VUV detector was found to have superior specificity to the GC-MS detector in full scan mode. The GC-VUV detector was able to identify all alkylbenzenes correctly, including the correct identification of all structural isomers. LODs for both GC-VUV and GC-MS were found to be picograms on column.
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7
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Qiu C, Asgari P, Mao XJ, Jeon J, Schug KA. Gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis of organosilanes. Talanta 2021; 223:121781. [PMID: 33298286 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Organosilanes are used in a broad range of industrial, cosmetic, and personal care products. They serve as bridges between inorganic or organic substrates and organic/polymeric matrices. They are also versatile intermediates and can be used for a variety of synthetic applications. They do not exist naturally and have to be synthesized. Evaluation of intermediates and products resulting from the synthesis processes of organosilanes can be challenging. In this study, gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopic detection (VUV) was used to analyze Si-containing compounds that are commercially available or were synthetically prepared. VUV measures full scan absorption in the range of 120-240 nm, a region that provides unique absorption signatures for chemical compounds. VUV absorption spectra of organosilanes showed rich and featured characteristics in this wavelength range. Theoretical computations of VUV absorption spectra based on time-dependent density functional theory were also explored as a complementary tool for identification. In addition, the synthesis process of isomeric benzodioxasiline compounds (ortho-, meta-, and para-) was monitored by GC-VUV. It was demonstrated that GC-VUV can be used for easy and rapid differentiation of organosilanes, including structural isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changling Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - Parham Asgari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - X James Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - Junha Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States.
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8
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Roberson ZR, Goodpaster JV. Optimization of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of cocaine and other drugs of abuse via gas chromatography - Vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry (GC - VUV). Talanta 2021; 222:121461. [PMID: 33167202 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas Chromatography-Vacuum UV Spectroscopy (GC-VUV) has seen increased attention in many areas, however, a statistical optimization of VUV method parameters has not been published. This article presents the first statistical optimization of parameters influencing analytes such as cocaine in the VUV flow-cell. Flow-cell temperature, make-up gas pressure, and carrier gas flow rate from the GC were examined and optimized for the detection of controlled substances. The accuracy, precision, linearity, and optimized detection limits for drugs such as cocaine (98.5%, 1.2%, 0.9998, 1.5 ng), heroin (99.3%, 0.94%, 0.9998, 2.0 ng), and fentanyl (98.5%, 1.7%, 0.9752, 9.7 ng) are reported. In general, the limits of detection for cocaine, heroin, fentanyl, and methamphetamine after optimization were comparable to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in "scan mode", which had detection limits of 1.1-38 ng on column. The VUV absorption spectra of cocaine, PCP, lorazepam, and HU-210 are also reported. And three samples of "real world" cocaine are analyzed to demonstrate applicability to forensic drug analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackery R Roberson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford St., LD326, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - John V Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford St., LD326, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States; Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford St., LD326, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States.
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9
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Comparison of headspace solid-phase microextraction high capacity fiber coatings based on dual mass spectrometric and broadband vacuum ultraviolet absorption detection for untargeted analysis of beer volatiles using gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1141:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Tanen JL, Lurie IS, Marginean I. Gas chromatography with dual cold electron ionization mass spectrometry and vacuum ultraviolet detection for the analysis of phenylethylamine analogues. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Noelle A, Vandaele AC, Martin-Torres J, Yuan C, Rajasekhar BN, Fahr A, Hartmann GK, Lary D, Lee YP, Limão-Vieira P, Locht R, McNeill K, Orlando JJ, Salama F, Wayne RP. UV/Vis + photochemistry database: Structure, content and applications. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER 2020; 253:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.107056. [PMID: 34121770 PMCID: PMC8193824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.107056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The "science-softCon UV/Vis+ Photochemistry Database" (www.photochemistry.org) is a large and comprehensive collection of EUV-VUV-UV-Vis-NIR spectral data and other photochemical information assembled from published peer-reviewed papers. The database contains photochemical data including absorption, fluorescence, photoelectron, and circular and linear dichroism spectra, as well as quantum yields and photolysis related data that are critically needed in many scientific disciplines. This manuscript gives an outline regarding the structure and content of the "science-softCon UV/Vis+ Photochemistry Database". The accurate and reliable molecular level information provided in this database is fundamental in nature and helps in proceeding further to understand photon, electron and ion induced chemistry of molecules of interest not only in spectroscopy, astrochemistry, astrophysics, Earth and planetary sciences, environmental chemistry, plasma physics, combustion chemistry but also in applied fields such as medical diagnostics, pharmaceutical sciences, biochemistry, agriculture, and catalysis. In order to illustrate this, we illustrate the use of the UV/Vis+ Photochemistry Database in four different fields of scientific endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Carine Vandaele
- Planetary Aeronomy Division, BIRA-IASB, 3 av. Circulaire, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Javier Martin-Torres
- Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), Av. de las Palmeras, 4, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
- School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, King’s College, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom
| | - Chenyi Yuan
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605, United States
| | | | - Askar Fahr
- American Chemical Society, Office of Research Grants, 1155 Sixteenth Street, NW, Washington D.C. 20036, United States
| | | | - David Lary
- William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences, Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road Richardson, TX 75080-3021, United States
| | - Yuan-Pern Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Paulo Limão-Vieira
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Robert Locht
- RU MolSys, Molecular Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Blg B6c, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège 1, Belgium
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John J. Orlando
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, UCAR, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, United States
| | - Farid Salama
- NASA-Ames Research Center, Space Science & Astrobiology Division, Mail Stop: 245-6, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, United States
| | - Richard P. Wayne
- Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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12
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Klapec DJ, Czarnopys G, Pannuto J. Interpol review of detection and characterization of explosives and explosives residues 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:670-700. [PMID: 33385149 PMCID: PMC7770463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature for the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues from 2016-2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/Resources/Documents#Publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Klapec
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Greg Czarnopys
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Julie Pannuto
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
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13
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Instrumental and chemometric analysis of opiates via gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry (GC-VUV). Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1123-1128. [PMID: 31900537 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since its introduction, gas chromatography (GC) coupled to vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry (VUV) has been shown to complement mass spectrometry (MS) for materials such as petrochemicals, explosives, pesticides, and drugs. In forensic chemistry, opioids are commonly encountered but rarely are the samples pure. This work focuses on GC-VUV analysis applied to naturally occurring (e.g., morphine), semi-synthetic (e.g., heroin), and synthetic (fentanyl) opioids as well as common adulterants and diluents (e.g., lidocaine and quinine). The specificity of the VUV spectra were examined visually as well as via descriptive statistical methods (e.g., correlation coefficients and sums of square residuals). Multivariate pattern recognition techniques (principal component analysis and discriminant analysis (DA)) were used to prove the opioid spectra can be reliably differentiated. The accuracy of the DA model was 100% for a test set of VUV spectra. Finally, three "street" heroin samples were analyzed to show "real-world" performance for forensic analyses. These samples contained adulterants such as caffeine, as well as by-products of heroin manufacture.
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14
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Mao JX, Walsh P, Kroll P, Schug KA. Simulation of Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra: Paraffin, Isoparaffin, Olefin, Naphthene, and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Class Compounds. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:72-80. [PMID: 31517520 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819875132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The advent of a new vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectroscopic absorption detector for gas chromatography has enabled applications in many areas. Theoretical simulations of VUV spectra using computational chemistry can aid the new technique in situations where experimental spectra are unavailable. In this study, VUV spectral simulations of paraffin, isoparaffin, olefin, naphthene, and aromatic (PIONA) compounds using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) methods were investigated. Important factors for the simulations, such as functionals/basis sets and formalism of oscillator strength calculations, were examined and parameters for future PIONA compound simulations were obtained by fitting computational results to experimental spectra. The simulations produced satisfactory correlations between experimental observations and theoretical calculations, and enabled potential analysis applications for complex higher distillate fuels, such as diesel fuel. Further improvement of the methods was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James X Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, USA
| | | | - Peter Kroll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, USA
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15
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Lelevic A, Souchon V, Moreaud M, Lorentz C, Geantet C. Gas chromatography vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy: A review. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:150-173. [PMID: 31750981 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated technological progress and increased complexity of interrogated matrices imposes a demand for fast, powerful, and resolutive analysis techniques. Gas chromatography has been for a long time a 'go-to' technique for the analysis of mixtures of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. Coupling of the several dimensions of gas chromatography separation has allowed to access a realm of improved separations in the terms of increased separation power and detection sensitivity. Especially comprehensive separations offer an insight into detailed sample composition for complex samples. Combining these advanced separation techniques with an informative detection system such as vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy is therefore of great interest. Almost all molecules absorb the vacuum ultraviolet radiation and have distinct spectral features with compound classes exhibiting spectral signature similarities. Spectral information can be 'filtered' to extract the response in the most informative spectral ranges. Developed algorithms allow spectral mixture estimation of coeluting species. Vacuum ultraviolet detector follows Beer-Lambert law, with the possibility of calibrationless quantitation. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the features and specificities of gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy coupling which has gained interest since the recent introduction of a commercial vacuum ultraviolet detector. Potentials and limitations, relevant theoretical considerations, recent advances and applications are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Lelevic
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France.,IRCELYON, UMR5256 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Souchon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Maxime Moreaud
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France.,MINESParisTech, PSL-ResearchUniversity, CMM, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- IRCELYON, UMR5256 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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17
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Reiss R, Gruber B, Klingbeil S, Gröger T, Ehlert S, Zimmermann R. Evaluation and application of gas chromatography - vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy for drug- and explosive precursors and examination of non-negative matrix factorization for deconvolution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 219:129-134. [PMID: 31030040 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of a benchtop vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectroscope with an increased wavelength range towards to the high energetic ultraviolet radiation, gas chromatography coupled to VUV has been proven a powerful tool in several fields of application such as petroleomics, permanent gas analytic, pesticide analytic and many more. In this study, the potential of GC-VUV for investigations was examined, focusing on drug- and explosive precursors as well as chemical warfare simulants. The ability of VUV absorption spectra to differentiate isomers is presented, among others for nitroaromatics. In addition, the limit of detection for target compounds was determined to 0.7 ng absolute on column. Furthermore, non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) was successfully implemented as alternative deconvolution approach and evaluated for the deconvolution of unknown substances. In comparison, the spectral library-based deconvolution was applied to a standard mixture and a simulated case study. The results reveal that the NMF is a useful additional tool for deconvolution because, unlike library-based deconvolution, it allows to investigate unknown substances as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Reiss
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Beate Gruber
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sophie Klingbeil
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Ehlert
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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18
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Roberson ZR, Goodpaster JV. Differentiation of structurally similar phenethylamines via gas chromatography–vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC–VUV). Forensic Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Kranenburg RF, García-Cicourel AR, Kukurin C, Janssen HG, Schoenmakers PJ, van Asten AC. Distinguishing drug isomers in the forensic laboratory: GC-VUV in addition to GC-MS for orthogonal selectivity and the use of library match scores as a new source of information. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 302:109900. [PMID: 31382222 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, forensic drug experts are facing chemical identification challenges with the increasing number of new isomeric forms of psychoactive substances occurring in case samples. Very similar mass spectra for these substances could easily result in misidentification using the regular GC-MS screening methods in combination with colorimetric testing in forensic laboratories. Building on recent work from other groups, this study demonstrates that GC-VUV is a powerful technique for drug isomer differentiation, showing reproducible and discriminating spectra for aromatic ring-isomers. MS and VUV show complementary selectivity as VUV spectra are ring-position specific whereas MS spectra are characteristic for the amine moieties of the molecule. VUV spectra are very reproducible showing less than 0.1‰ deviation in library match scores and therefore small spectral differences suffice to confidently distinguish isomers. In comparison, MS match scores gave over 10‰ deviation and showed significant overlap in match score ranges for several isomers. This poses a risk for false positive identifications when assigning compounds based on retention time and GC-MS mass spectrum. A strategy was developed, based on Kernel Density Estimations of match scores, to construct Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and estimate likelihood ratios (LR values) with respect to the chemical differentiation of drug related isomers. This approach, and the added value of GC-VUV is demonstrated with the chemical analysis of several samples from drug case work from the Amsterdam area involving both compounds listed in Dutch drug legislation (3,4-MDMA; 3,4-MDA; 4-MMC; 4-MEC and 4-FA) as well as their unlisted and thus uncontrolled isomers (2,3-MDMA; 2,3-MDA; 2- and 3-MMC; 2- and 3-MEC and 2- and 3-FA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben F Kranenburg
- Dutch National Police, Unit Amsterdam, Forensic Laboratory, Kabelweg 25, Amsterdam 1014 BA, Netherlands; Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, Netherlands.
| | - Alan R García-Cicourel
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, Netherlands
| | - Corina Kukurin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, Netherlands
| | - Hans-Gerd Janssen
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, Netherlands; Unilever Research and Development, P.O. Box 114, Vlaardingen 3130 AC, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, Netherlands
| | - Arian C van Asten
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, Netherlands; Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC), Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, Postbus 94157, Amsterdam 1090 GD, Netherlands
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20
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Cruse CA, Goodpaster JV. Generating highly specific spectra and identifying thermal decomposition products via Gas Chromatography / Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (GC/VUV): Application to nitrate ester explosives. Talanta 2019; 195:580-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Buchalter S, Marginean I, Yohannan J, Lurie IS. Gas chromatography with tandem cold electron ionization mass spectrometric detection and vacuum ultraviolet detection for the comprehensive analysis of fentanyl analogues. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1596:183-193. [PMID: 30876740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl and its derivatives are amongst the ever-growing list of emerging drugs which are impinging on current traditional analytical techniques employed in forensic laboratories. To avoid current regulations, fentanyl analogues are being illicitly synthesized by slight alterations of functional groups to the fentanyl skeleton leading to inaccurate identifications, thus posing the greatest challenge to laboratories. In this study, a novel analytical technique is presented in which gas chromatography (GC) is interfaced with both cold electron ionization mass spectrometric (cold EI MS) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) detection by the means of a flow splitter for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of twenty-four fentanyl analogues, including seven sets of positional isomers. For most of the twenty-four analogues, enhanced molecular ions were obtained with at least 1% intensity relative to base peak. In addition to enhanced molecular ions, the GC-cold EI MS maintained fragmentation pathways observed by GCMS with classical electron ionization. For the most part, VUV detection resulted in unique VUV spectra for fentanyl analogues including positional isomers. The combination of these two complementary detectors in tandem with the high resolving power of the gas chromatograph, allows for higher confidence in analyte identification by the combination of retention times, cold EI mass spectra and VUV spectra. The preferred method for quantitation was based on VUV detection and offered excellent determination coefficients (R2≥0.999) for most analytes over two orders of magnitude dynamic range, without the need for deuterated internal standards. For both run-to-run and day-to-day repeatability studies, at moderate solute concentrations, the correct fentanyl related compound was identified in almost every instance from a library containing all the fentanyl analogues plus hundreds of other analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Buchalter
- The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Ioan Marginean
- The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Joshua Yohannan
- Allegheny County Office of the Medical Examiner, 1520 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15222 USA
| | - Ira S Lurie
- The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
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22
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Zhang K, Kurita KL, Venkatramani C, Russell D. Seeking universal detectors for analytical characterizations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 162:192-204. [PMID: 30265979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is highly desirable to have a universal detector that can detect all types of compounds and give a uniform response regardless of the physiochemical properties of the compounds. With such a universal detector, all components in a sample can be accurately quantified without the need for individual standards. This is especially needed for the characterization of unknowns and for non-targeted analysis, or for samples that have no isolated standards available for each component. Over the years, much effort has been put into seeking a universal detection technology. In this review, we discuss the commonly used detectors for analytical characterization, including UV, RI, ELSD, CAD, CLND, FID, VUV, MS, NMR, and hyphenated detection, with the focuses on the "universal" features of these detectors regarding the types of molecules they can detect and the uniformity of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
| | - Kenji L Kurita
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | | | - David Russell
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
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23
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Anthony IGM, Brantley MR, Floyd AR, Gaw CA, Solouki T. Improving Accuracy and Confidence of Chemical Identification by Gas Chromatography/Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy-Mass Spectrometry: Parallel Gas Chromatography, Vacuum Ultraviolet, and Mass Spectrometry Library Searches. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12307-12313. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian G. M. Anthony
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Matthew R. Brantley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Adam R. Floyd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Christina A. Gaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Touradj Solouki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
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24
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Wang Y, Yang Q, Zhao M, Wu J, Su B. Silica-Nanochannel-Based Interferometric Sensor for Selective Detection of Polar and Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10780-10785. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Wang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meijiao Zhao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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