1
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Lin Z, Zhang Y, Ding L, Wang XD. Ultraphotostable Phosphorescent Nanosensors for Sensing the Lysosomal pH at the Single-Cell Level over Long Durations. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8622-8629. [PMID: 38717175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ultraphotostable phosphorescent nanosensors have been designed for continuously sensing the lysosome pH over a long duration. The nanosensors exhibited excellent photostability, high accuracy, and capability to measure pH values during cell proliferation for up to 7 days. By arranging a metal-ligand complex of long phosphorescence lifetime and pH indicator in silica nanoparticles, we discover efficient Förster resonance energy transfer, which converts the pH-responsive UV-vis absorption signal of the pH indicator into a phosphorescent signal. Both the phosphorescent intensity and lifetime change at different pH values, and intracellular pH values can be accurately measured by our custom-built rapid phosphorescent lifetime imaging microscopy. The excellent photostability, high accuracy, and good biocompatibility prove that these nanosensors are a useful tool for tracing the fluctuation of pH values during endocytosis. The methodology can be easily adapted to design new nanosensors with different pKa or for different kinds of intracellular ions, as there are hundreds of pH and ion indicators readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yinglu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Longjiang Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Dong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
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2
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Wang X, Hu C, Liu D, Yan J, Li F, Su P, Zheng K, Zhang N. A novel central seven-membered BOPYOs: Synthesis, optical properities and optimization of BF 2 removal. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123401. [PMID: 37738761 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Many efforts have been made to enrich the variety of BF2 complexes because of their excellent optical properties. However, the investigation on seven-membered ring N, O-chelated BF2 complexes is rare due to their instability with the removal of BF2 unit. Herein, a novel seven-membered ring N, O-chelated BF2 complexes (BOPYOs) with dual-state emission has been synthesized via a facile method. The results of optical properties showed that the fluorescence quantum yield of BOPYO-2 with donor group on 1 and 2-position of 1-indanone unit is much higher than that of BOPYO-1, 3-5 in toluene. The emission spectra of BOPYO-6 or 7 have redshift phenomenon compared with BOPYO-1-5 with weak fluorescence intensity due to their highly distorted structure or intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect. BOPYOs show relatively moderate solid emission from orange to deep red color with 596 nm to 686 nm. On the contrary, fluorescence quantum yield of BOPYO-2 in solid is the lowest. The optical properties in solution and solid states are further supported by the single-crystal structure and DFT calculation. Furthermore, the investigation on optimization of BF2 removal shows that the corresponding precursors of BOPYOs could be obtained in protic solvents without adding other catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Cong Hu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Debo Liu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Jiaying Yan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443002, PR China; Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, PR China.
| | - Fei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, PR China
| | - Peng Su
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Kaibo Zheng
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443002, PR China; Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, PR China.
| | - Nuonuo Zhang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443002, PR China; Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang, Hubei 443007, PR China.
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3
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Tang H, Zhong Y, Li J, Hou L, Liang X, Zhang J, Yang H, Dong H, Zhang L. Effect of ion migration on lead halide perovskite on visible light communication system. iScience 2023; 26:108173. [PMID: 37927555 PMCID: PMC10622690 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Benefiting from the high modulation bandwidth (BW), low energy consumption and excellent optical performance, lead halide perovskite has attracted wide attention in visible light communication (VLC). However, the ion migration which results in mobile point defects in perovskite structures is recognized as a crucial key factor inducing the performance degradation. Here, the influence of ion migration in perovskite devices on the performance of VLC was systematically studied. The ion migration process is realized by mixing CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3 quantum dots, during which, the performance of the VLC system is reduced, but it can return to its initial state after stabilization. The on-off keying (OOK) modulation scheme of the perovskite light-emitting diode (LED) device was carried out, achieving a data rate of 90 Mbps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yichi Zhong
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Department of Physics, College of Mathematics and Physics, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Jingzhou Li
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Luyang Hou
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xizhe Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou 310024, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Hangzhou 310024, China
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4
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Barroso M, Monaghan MG, Niesner R, Dmitriev RI. Probing organoid metabolism using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM): The next frontier of drug discovery and disease understanding. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115081. [PMID: 37647987 PMCID: PMC10543546 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Organoid models have been used to address important questions in developmental and cancer biology, tissue repair, advanced modelling of disease and therapies, among other bioengineering applications. Such 3D microenvironmental models can investigate the regulation of cell metabolism, and provide key insights into the mechanisms at the basis of cell growth, differentiation, communication, interactions with the environment and cell death. Their accessibility and complexity, based on 3D spatial and temporal heterogeneity, make organoids suitable for the application of novel, dynamic imaging microscopy methods, such as fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and related decay time-assessing readouts. Several biomarkers and assays have been proposed to study cell metabolism by FLIM in various organoid models. Herein, we present an expert-opinion discussion on the principles of FLIM and PLIM, instrumentation and data collection and analysis protocols, and general and emerging biosensor-based approaches, to highlight the pioneering work being performed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Barroso
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Michael G Monaghan
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 02, Ireland
| | - Raluca Niesner
- Dynamic and Functional In Vivo Imaging, Freie Universität Berlin and Biophysical Analytics, German Rheumatism Research Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Light Microscopy Core, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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5
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Dahl Jensen J, Jakobsen RK, Yao Z, Laursen BW. Investigating Design Rules for Photoinduced Electron Transfer Quenching in Triangulenium Probes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301077. [PMID: 37261711 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes based on photoinduced electron transfer (PET) quenching of long lifetime triangulenium fluorophores have found multiple applications. For such probes a successful design relies on the right balance between the rate of PET quenching and fluorescence. In a series of ADOTA (A) and DAOTA (D) triangulenium fluorophores appended with aniline-like quencher moieties, we have investigated the rate of quenching and its relation to thermodynamic driving force, distance, and conjugation within the quencher moiety. Three different quenchers, a short (1), a long (2), and a long twisted (3), 4-aminophenyl, 4'-aminobiphenyl, and 2,2'-dimethyl-4'-aminobiphenyl, respectively were investigated. Steady-state spectroscopy and electrochemistry confirms that the quencher moieties are electronically decoupled from the dyes and have similar oxidation potentials and thus driving force for PET quenching, irrespectively of their different length and conjugation. Time-resolved fluorescence measurement was used to measure the fast PET quenching, with rate constant kPET ranging from >4×1011 to 2×109 s-1 . Interestingly, PET quenching is equally efficient/fast from 1 and 2, even with increase in distance between the donor and the acceptor. However, when twisting the biphenyl in 3, a 20-fold decrease in quenching is found. Even with this decrease in kPET, the quenching in 3 A/D is still highly efficient, with nearly 99 % quenching. The study show that long lifetime fluorophores can be efficiently switched even by relatively slow PET processes and that PET quencher moieties can be removed far from the fluorophore if conjugated linkers are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Dahl Jensen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Rasmus K Jakobsen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Zehan Yao
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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6
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Bauer M, Duerkop A, Baeumner AJ. Critical review of polymer and hydrogel deposition methods for optical and electrochemical bioanalytical sensors correlated to the sensor's applicability in real samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:83-95. [PMID: 36280625 PMCID: PMC9816278 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sensors, ranging from in vivo through to single-use systems, employ protective membranes or hydrogels to enhance sample collection or serve as filters, to immobilize or entrap probes or receptors, or to stabilize and enhance a sensor's lifetime. Furthermore, many applications demand specific requirements such as biocompatibility and non-fouling properties for in vivo applications, or fast and inexpensive mass production capabilities for single-use sensors. We critically evaluated how membrane materials and their deposition methods impact optical and electrochemical systems with special focus on analytical figures of merit and potential toward large-scale production. With some chosen examples, we highlight the fact that often a sensor's performance relies heavily on the deposition method, even though other methods or materials could in fact improve the sensor. Over the course of the last 5 years, most sensing applications within healthcare diagnostics included glucose, lactate, uric acid, O2, H+ ions, and many specific metabolites and markers. In the case of food safety and environmental monitoring, the choice of analytes was much more comprehensive regarding a variety of natural and synthetic toxicants like bacteria, pesticides, or pollutants and other relevant substances. We conclude that more attention must be paid toward deposition techniques as these may in the end become a major hurdle in a sensor's likelihood of moving from an academic lab into a real-world product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Bauer
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Axel Duerkop
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- grid.7727.50000 0001 2190 5763Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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7
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Marks HL, Cook K, Roussakis E, Cascales JP, Korunes‐Miller JT, Grinstaff MW, Evans CL. Quantitative Luminescence Photography of a Swellable Hydrogel Dressing with a Traffic-Light Response to Oxygen. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101605. [PMID: 35120400 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sensor-integrated wound dressings are emerging tools applicable to a wide variety of medical applications from emergency triage to at-home monitoring. Uncomfortable, unnecessary wound dressing changes may be avoided by providing quantitative insight into tissue characteristics related to wound healing such as tissue oxygenation, pH, and exudate/transudate volume. Here, a simple cost-effective methodology for quantifying oxygen and pH in a swellable hydrogel dressing using a single photograph is presented. The red and green luminescence of a novel dendritic polyamine Pt-porphyrin and fluorescein conjugate quantitatively responds to oxygen and pH, respectively, and enables robust sensing. The porphyrin conjugate, when combined with a four-arm star polyethylene glycol (PEG) amine polymer, rapidly crosslinks at room temperature with an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-PEG crosslinker to form a color-changing hydrogel dressing with tunable swelling capabilities applicable to a variety of wound environments. An inexpensive digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera modified with bandpass filters captures the hydrogel luminescence using simple macroscopic photography, and conversion to HSB colorspace allows for intensity-independent image analysis of the hydrogels' dual modality response. The hydrogel formulation exhibits a robust and validated visible red-orange-green "traffic light" spectrum in response to oxygen changes, regardless of swelling state, pH, or autofluorescence from skin, thereby enabling the clinician friendly naked-eye feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L. Marks
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02129 USA
| | - Katherine Cook
- Department of Chemistry Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Emmanuel Roussakis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02129 USA
| | - Juan Pedro Cascales
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02129 USA
| | | | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Conor L. Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02129 USA
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8
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Jensen JD, Bisballe N, Kacenauskaite L, Thomsen MS, Chen J, Hammerich O, Laursen BW. Utilizing Selective Chlorination to Synthesize New Triangulenium Dyes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17002-17010. [PMID: 34791879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of new sites on the triangulenium structure has been achieved by early-stage chlorination with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS), giving rise to two new triangulenium dyes (1 and 3). By introducing the chlorine functionalities in the acridinium precursor, positions complementary to those previously obtained by electrophilic aromatic substitution on the final dyes are accessed. The chlorination is selective, giving only one regioisomer for both mono- and dichlorination products. For the monochlorinated acridinium compound, a highly selective ring-closing reaction was discovered, generating a single regioisomer of the cationic [4]helicene product. Further investigations into the mechanism of the [4]helicene formation lead to the first isolation of the previously proposed intermediate of the two-step SNAr reaction, key to all aza-bridged triangulenium and helicenium systems. Late-stage functionalization of DAOTA+ with NCS gave rise to a different dichlorinated compound (2). The fully ring closed chlorinated triangulenium dyes 1, 2, and 3 show a redshift in absorption and emission, while maintaining relatively high fluorescence quantum yields of 36%, 26%, and 41% and long fluorescence lifetimes of 15, 12.5, and 16 ns, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry shows that chlorination of the triangulenium dyes significantly lowers reduction potentials and thus allows for efficient tuning of redox and photoredox properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Dahl Jensen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Bisballe
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Kacenauskaite
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Storm Thomsen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Junsheng Chen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Du X, Zhai J, Li X, Zhang Y, Li N, Xie X. Hydrogel-Based Optical Ion Sensors: Principles and Challenges for Point-of-Care Testing and Environmental Monitoring. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1990-2001. [PMID: 34044533 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel is a unique family of biocompatible materials with growing applications in chemical and biological sensors. During the past few decades, various hydrogel-based optical ion sensors have been developed aiming at point-of-care testing and environmental monitoring. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the research field including topics such as photonic crystals, DNAzyme cross-linked hydrogels, ionophore-based ion sensing hydrogels, and fluoroionophore-based optodes. As the different sensing principles are summarized, each strategy offers its advantages and limitations. In a nutshell, developing optical ion sensing hydrogels is still in the early stage with many opportunities lying ahead, especially with challenges in selectivity, assay time, detection limit, and usability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yupu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Niping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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10
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Ding L, Lian Y, Lin Z, Zhang Z, Wang XD. Long-Term Quantitatively Imaging Intracellular Chloride Concentration Using a Core-/Shell-Structured Nanosensor and Time-Domain Dual-Lifetime Referencing Method. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3971-3978. [PMID: 33253540 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Luminescence lifetime-based nanosensors for chloride ions were designed by incorporating a luminescent ruthenium dye [Ru(1,10-phenanthroline)3] inside silica nanoparticles and chemically labelling their outer surface with chloride ion-sensitive fluorescent dyes (N,N'-bis(carboxypropyl)-9,9'-biacridine). The nanosensor surface was further functionalized with positively charged amino groups to facilitate intracellular uptake via endocytosis and target lysosomes. The nanosensors have an average diameter of 52 nm and are monodispersed in aqueous solutions. Because of the long lifetime of the reference ruthenium dye, the sensor response can be analyzed using the time-domain dual-lifetime referencing (td-DLR) approach. The use of pulsed excitation in td-DLR rather than intense continuous illumination in ratiometric measurements greatly prevents the dye from photobleaching which significantly improves its measurement stability and reproducibility for long-term monitoring. At optimum conditions, the sensor can measure chloride concentration in the range of 0-200 mM with a large ratiometric signal change from 140.9 to 40.2. Combined with our custom-built microscopic td-DLR system, variations of intracellular chloride concentration in lysosomes were imaged quantitatively with a high spatial resolution and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjiang Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ying Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xu-dong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, P. R. China
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11
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Luminescent probes for luminescence lifetime sensing and imaging in live cells: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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12
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Steinegger A, Wolfbeis OS, Borisov SM. Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Bisballe N, Laursen BW. What is Best Strategy for Water Soluble Fluorescence Dyes?-A Case Study Using Long Fluorescence Lifetime DAOTA Dyes*. Chemistry 2020; 26:15969-15976. [PMID: 32639046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lipophilic nature of organic dyes complicates their effectiveness in aqueous solutions. In this work we investigate three different strategies for achieving water-solubility of the diazaoxatriangulenium (DAOTA+ ) chromophore: hydrophilic counter ions, aromatic sulfonation of the chromophore, and attachment of charged side chains. The long fluorescence lifetime (FLT, τf =20 ns) of DAOTA+ makes it a sensitive probe to analyze solvation and aggregation effects. Direct sulfonation of the chromophore was found to increase solubility drastically, but at the cost of greatly reduced quantum yields (QYs) due to enhanced non-radiative deactivation processes. The introduction of either cationic (4) or zwitterionic side chains (5), however, brings the FLT (τf =18 ns) and QY (ϕf =0.56) of the dye to the same level as the parent chromophore in acetonitrile. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy also reveals a high resistance to aggregation and non-specific binding in a high loading of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The results clearly show that addition of charged flexible side chains is preferable to direct sulfonation of the chromophore core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Bisballe
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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14
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Totland C, Thomas PJ, Holst B, Akhtar N, Hovdenes J, Skodvin T. 9-Acridinemethanamine and Acridine-9-Carboxaldehyde as Potential Fluorescence Lifetime pH Indicators. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:901-906. [PMID: 32494938 PMCID: PMC7326797 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A significant challenge concerning the development of fluorescence lifetime (FL) based pH sensors is the paucity of fluorophores with sufficiently large FL variation with pH. Acridine is amongst the indicators with highest fluoresce lifetime responses to pH, with a change in lifetime of about 13 ns within a pH range of 5-8. Here we examine the two acridine derivatives, 9-acridinemethanamine (9-AMA) and acridine-9-carbaldehyde (9-ACA) in terms of their FL pH sensitivity and pH sensing range. Both indicators are characterized when dissolved in buffer solutions, as well as when immobilized in support materials. 9-AMA has a change in FL of 11 ns between pH 2-5, both when dissolved in solution and when immobilized in surfactant-filled mesoporous silica. The FL of 9-ACA is not sensitive to pH when dissolved in buffer solutions; however, when covalently bound to amine-modified silica, its FL changes 15 ns between pH 3-6. 9-AMA and 9-ACA represent promising FL in the pH range of pH 2-6, and could potentially form the basis of new FL pH sensors. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Totland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway.
- NGI - Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Sognsveien 72, 0806, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Peter J Thomas
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Fantoftvegen 38, 5072, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Holst
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Naureen Akhtar
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Allégaten 55, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jostein Hovdenes
- Aanderaa - a Xylem brand, Sanddalsringen 5b, N-5225, Nesttun, Norway
| | - Tore Skodvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
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15
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Okkelman IA, Puschhof J, Papkovsky DB, Dmitriev RI. Visualization of Stem Cell Niche by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2171:65-97. [PMID: 32705636 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0747-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), enabling live quantitative multiparametric analyses, is an emerging bioimaging approach in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. When combined with stem cell-derived intestinal organoid models, FLIM allows for tracing stem cells and monitoring of their proliferation, metabolic fluxes, and oxygenation. It is compatible with the use of live Matrigel-grown intestinal organoids produced from primary adult stem cells, crypts, and transgenic Lgr5-GFP mice. In this chapter we summarize available experimental protocols, imaging platforms (one- and two-photon excited FLIM, phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (PLIM)) and provide the anticipated data for FLIM imaging of the live intestinal organoids, focusing on labeling of cell proliferation, its colocalization with the stem cell niche, measured local oxygenation, autofluorescence, and some other parameters. The protocol is illustrated with examples of multiparameter imaging, employing spectral and "time domain"-based separation of dyes, probes, and assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Okkelman
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jens Puschhof
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri B Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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16
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Frankær CG, Rosenberg M, Santella M, Hussain KJ, Laursen BW, Sørensen TJ. Tuning the p K a of a pH Responsive Fluorophore and the Consequences for Calibration of Optical Sensors Based on a Single Fluorophore but Multiple Receptors. ACS Sens 2019; 4:764-773. [PMID: 30762336 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since Sørensen and Bjerrum defined the pH scale, we have relied on two methods for determining pH, the colorimetric or the electrochemical. For pH electrodes, calibration is easy as a linear response is observed in the interesting pH range from 1 to ∼12. For colorimetric sensors, the response follows the sigmoidal Bjerrum diagram of an acid-base equilibrium. Thus, calibration of colorimetric sensors is more complex. Here, seven pH responsive fluorescent dyes based on the same diazaoxatriangulenium (DAOTA) fluorophore linked to varying receptor groups were prepared. Photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) quenching from appended aniline or phenol receptors generated the pH response of the DAOTA dyes, and the position of the p Ka value of the dye was tuned using the Hammett relationship as a guideline. The fluorescence intensity of the dyes in a sol-gel matrix environment was measured as a function of pH in universal buffer, and it was found that the dyes behave as perfect pH responsive probes under these conditions. The response of optical pH sensors is nonlinear and was found to be limited to 2-3 pH units for a precision of 0.01 pH unit. As sensors with a broader sensitivity range can be achieved by mixing multiple dyes with different p Ka values, mixtures of dyes in solution were investigated, and a broad range pH sensor with a precision of 0.006 pH units over a range of 3.6 pH units was demonstrated. Further, approximating the sensor response as linear was considered, and a limiting precision for this approach was determined. As the responses of the pH responsive DAOTA dyes were found to be ideally sigmoidal and as the six dyes were shown to have p Ka values scattered over a range from ∼2 to ∼9, this allows for design of a broad range optical pH sensor in the pH range from 1 to 10. This hypothesis was tested using quaternary mixtures of the different DAOTA dyes, and these were found to behave as a direct sum of the individual components. Thus, while linear calibration is limited to a precision of 0.02 in a range of 2-3 pH units, calibration using ideal sigmoidal functions is possible in the range of 1-10 with a precision better than 0.01, and as good as 0.002 pH units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G. Frankær
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- FRS-systems ApS, Hovedgaden 20, 4621 Gadstrup, Denmark
| | - Martin Rosenberg
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Marco Santella
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Bo W. Laursen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas J. Sørensen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- FRS-systems ApS, Hovedgaden 20, 4621 Gadstrup, Denmark
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