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Xu J, Koh M, Minteer SD, Korzeniewski C. In Situ Confocal Raman Microscopy of Redox Polymer Films on Bulk Electrode Supports. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:127-133. [PMID: 37090254 PMCID: PMC10120033 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A spectroelectrochemical cell is described that enables confocal Raman microscopy studies of electrode-supported films. The confocal probe volume (∼1 μm3) was treated as a fixed-volume reservoir for the observation of potential-induced changes in chemical composition at microscopic locations within an ∼20 μm thickness layer of a redox polymer cast onto a 3 mm diameter carbon disk electrode. Using a Raman system with high collection efficiency and wavelength reproducibility, spectral subtraction achieved excellent rejection of background interferences, opening opportunities for measuring within micrometer-scale thickness redox films on widely available, low-cost, and conventional carbon disk electrodes. The cell performance and spectral difference technique are demonstrated in experiments that detect transformations of redox-active molecules exchanged into electrode-supported ionomer membranes. The in situ measurements were sensitive to changes in the film oxidation state and swelling/deswelling of the polymer framework in response to the uptake and discharge of charge-compensating electrolyte ions. The studies lay a foundation for confocal Raman microscopy as a quantitative in situ probe of processes within electrode-immobilized redox polymers under development for a range of applications, including electrosynthesis, energy conversion, and chemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Xu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas79409-1061, United States
| | - Miharu Koh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt City, Utah84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt City, Utah84112, United States
| | - Carol Korzeniewski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas79409-1061, United States
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2
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Li R, Xu D, Li A, Su Y, Zhao W, Qiu L, Cui H. High spatial resolution of topographic imaging and Raman mapping by differential correlation-confocal Raman microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:41447-41458. [PMID: 36366623 DOI: 10.1364/oe.464098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) has found applications in many fields as a consequence of being able to measure molecular fingerprints and characterize samples without the need to employ labelling methods. However, limited spatial resolution has limited its application when identification of sub-micron features in materials is important. Here, we propose a differential correlation-confocal Raman microscopy (DCCRM) method to address this. This new method is based on the correlation product method of Raman scattering intensities acquired when the confocal Raman pinhole is placed at different (defocused) positions either side of the focal plane of the Raman collection lens. By using this correlation product, a significant enhancement in the spatial resolution of Raman mapping can be obtained. Compared with conventional CRM, these are 23.1% and 33.1% in the lateral and axial directions, respectively. We illustrate these improvements using in situ topographic imaging and Raman mapping of graphene, carbon nanotube, and silicon carbide samples. This work can potentially contribute to a better understanding of complex nanostructures in non-real time spectroscopic imaging fields.
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3
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Gao J, Wang C, Wang C, Chu Y, Wang S, Sun MY, Ji H, Gao Y, Wang Y, Han Y, Song F, Liu H, Zhang Y, Han L. Poly-l-Lysine-Modified Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors for Ultrasensitive Breast Cancer miRNAs and SARS-CoV-2 RNA Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1626-1636. [PMID: 35025203 PMCID: PMC8767657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(Mi)RNAs are important biomarkers for cancers diagnosis and pandemic diseases, which require fast, ultrasensitive, and economical detection strategies to quantitatively detect exact (mi)RNAs expression levels. The novel coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) has been breaking out globally, and RNA detection is the most effective way to identify the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Here, we developed an ultrasensitive poly-l-lysine (PLL)-functionalized graphene field-effect transistor (PGFET) biosensor for breast cancer miRNAs and viral RNA detection. PLL is functionalized on the channel surface of GFET to immobilize DNA probes by the electrostatic force. The results show that PGFET biosensors can achieve a (mi)RNA detection range of five orders with a detection limit of 1 fM and an entire detection time within 20 min using 2 μL of human serum and throat swab samples, which exhibits more than 113% enhancement in terms of sensitivity compared to that of GFET biosensors. The performance enhancement mechanisms of PGFET biosensors were comprehensively studied based on an electrical biosensor theoretical model and experimental results. In addition, the PGFET biosensor was applied for the breast cancer miRNA detection in actual serum samples and SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in throat swab samples, providing a promising approach for rapid cancer diagnosis and virus screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Gao
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yujin Chu
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ming yuan Sun
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hao Ji
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yakun Gao
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanhao Wang
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingkuan Han
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fangteng Song
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong
University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Han
- Institute
of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong
University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Bryce DA, Kitt JP, Harris JM. Raman Microscopy Investigation of GLP-1 Peptide Association with Supported Phospholipid Bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14265-14274. [PMID: 34856805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of important biological processes occur at phospholipid membranes including cell signaling, where a peptide or small molecule targets a membrane-localized receptor protein. In this work, we report the adaptation of confocal Raman microscopy to quantify populations of unlabeled glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a membrane-active 30-residue incretin peptide, in supported phospholipid bilayers deposited on the interior surfaces of wide-pore porous silica particles. Quantification of lipid bilayer-associated peptide is achieved by measuring the Raman scattering intensity of the peptide relative to that of the supported lipid bilayer, which serves as an internal standard. The dependence of the bilayer-associated GLP-1 population on the solution concentration of GLP-1 produces an isotherm used to determine the equilibrium constant for peptide-bilayer association and the maximum peptide surface coverage. The maximum coverage of GLP-1 in the lipid bilayer was found to be only 1/5th of a full monolayer based on its hydrodynamic radius. The saturation coverage, therefore, is not limited by the size of GLP-1 but by the ability of the bilayer to accommodate the peptide at high concentrations within the bilayer. Raman spectra show that GLP-1 association with the supported bilayer is accompanied by structural changes consistent with the intercalation of the peptide into the bilayer, where the observed increase in acyl-chain order would increase the lipid density and provide free volume needed to accommodate the peptide. These results were compared with previous measurements of the association of fluorescently labeled GLP-1 with a planar-supported bilayer; the unlabeled peptide exhibits a 3-fold greater affinity for the lipid bilayer on the porous silica support, suggesting that the fluorescent label alters the GLP-1 lipid bilayer association.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jay P Kitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, 421 Wakara Way Ste. 140, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
| | - Joel M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Sacco A, Portesi C, Giovannozzi AM, Rossi AM. Graphene edge method for three‐dimensional probing of Raman microscopes focal volumes. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 52:1671-1684. [DOI: 10.1002/jrs.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this work, a layer of graphene was used as a standard material for the measurement of the dimensions of Raman microscopes focal volumes of different confocal Raman spectrometers equipped with different objectives and excitation laser wavelengths. This method consists in probing the volume near the focal point of the system by using a flat graphene monolayer sheet with a straight edge. Graphene was selected because of its high Raman cross section and mechanically and chemically stability, allowing fast measurements and easy manipulation. In this paper, a method to employ graphene to accurately and precisely measure the three dimensions of the focal volume of a Raman microscope is presented; scanning along the axial and lateral directions, it is possible to reconstruct the three dimensions of the focal volume. Furthermore, these operations can be combined in a single procedure which allows the measurement of projections of the volume on planes parallel to the optical axis. Knowledge of these parameters enable absolute quantification of Raman‐active molecules and support high‐resolution Raman imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Sacco
- Quantum Metrology and Nanotechnology Department National Institute for Metrological Research (INRiM) Strada delle Cacce 91 Turin 10135 Italy
| | - Chiara Portesi
- Quantum Metrology and Nanotechnology Department National Institute for Metrological Research (INRiM) Strada delle Cacce 91 Turin 10135 Italy
| | - Andrea Mario Giovannozzi
- Quantum Metrology and Nanotechnology Department National Institute for Metrological Research (INRiM) Strada delle Cacce 91 Turin 10135 Italy
| | - Andrea Mario Rossi
- Quantum Metrology and Nanotechnology Department National Institute for Metrological Research (INRiM) Strada delle Cacce 91 Turin 10135 Italy
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Adapting confocal Raman microscopy for in situ studies of redox transformations at electrode-electrolyte interfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cao T, Weaver AA, Baek S, Jia J, Shrout JD, Bohn PW. Depth distributions of signaling molecules in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms mapped by confocal Raman microscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204201. [PMID: 34241187 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen implicated in both acute and chronic diseases, which resists antibiotic treatment, in part by forming physical and chemical barriers such as biofilms. Here, we explore the use of confocal Raman imaging to characterize the three-dimensional (3D) spatial distribution of alkyl quinolones (AQs) in P. aeruginosa biofilms by reconstructing depth profiles from hyperspectral Raman data. AQs are important to quorum sensing (QS), virulence, and other actions of P. aeruginosa. Three-dimensional distributions of three different AQs (PQS, HQNO, and HHQ) were observed to have a significant depth, suggesting 3D anisotropic shapes-sheet-like rectangular solids for HQNO and extended cylinders for PQS. Similar to observations from 2D imaging studies, spectral features characteristic of AQs (HQNO or PQS) and the amide I vibration from peptide-containing species were found to correlate with the PQS cylinders typically located at the tips of the HQNO rectangular solids. In the QS-deficient mutant lasIrhlI, a small globular component was observed, whose highly localized nature and similarity in size to a P. aeruginosa cell suggest that the feature arises from HHQ localized in the vicinity of the cell from which it was secreted. The difference in the shapes and sizes of the aggregates of the three AQs in wild-type and mutant P. aeruginosa is likely related to the difference in the cellular response to growth conditions, environmental stress, metabolic levels, or other structural and biochemical variations inside biofilms. This study provides a new route to characterizing the 3D structure of biofilms and shows the potential of confocal Raman imaging to elucidate the nature of heterogeneous biofilms in all three spatial dimensions. These capabilities should be applicable as a tool in studies of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Abigail A Weaver
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Seol Baek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Jin Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Joshua D Shrout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Myres GJ, Peterson EM, Harris JM. Confocal Raman Microscopy Enables Label-Free, Quantitative, and Structurally Informative Detection of DNA Hybridization at Porous Silica Surfaces. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7978-7986. [PMID: 34037395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of DNA at solid/liquid interfaces remains a challenge because most surface-sensitive techniques are unable to provide quantitative insight into the base content, length, or structure. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering measurements of DNA hybridization on plasmonic-metal substrates have been used to overcome small Raman-scattering cross-sections; however, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements are not generally quantitative due to the fall-off in the scattering signal with the decay of the electric field enhancement from the surface, which also limits the length of oligonucleotides that can be investigated. In this work, we introduce an experimental methodology in which confocal Raman microscopy is used to characterize hybridization reactions of ssDNA immobilized at the solid/liquid interface of porous silica particles. By focusing the femtoliter confocal probe volume within a single porous particle, signal enhancement arises from the ∼1500-times greater surface area detected compared to a planar substrate. Because the porous support is a purely dielectric material, the scattering signal is independent of the proximity of the oligonucleotide to the silica surface. With this technique, we characterize a 19-mer capture strand and determine its hybridization efficiency with 9-mer and 16-mer target sequences from the scattering of a structurally insensitive phosphate-stretching mode. Changes in polarizability and frequency of scattering from DNA bases were observed, which are consistent with Watson-Crick base pairing. Quantification of base content from their duplex scattering intensities allows us to discriminate between hybridization of two target strands of equivalent length but with different recognition sequences. A duplex having a single-nucleotide polymorphism could be distinguished from hybridization of a fully complementary strand based on differences in base content and duplex conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Myres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Eric M Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Joel M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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Liang Y, Kitt JP, Minteer SD, Harris JM, Korzeniewski C. Vibrational Spectroscopic Monitoring of the Gelation Transition in Nafion Ionomer Dispersions. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:376-384. [PMID: 32700554 PMCID: PMC8027933 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820949129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques were applied to investigate the drying and aggregation behavior of Nafion ionomer particles dispersed in aqueous solution. Gravimetric measurements aided the identification of gel-phase development within a series of time-resolved spectra that tracked transformations of a dispersion sample during solvent evaporation. A spectral band characteristic of ionomer sidechain end group vibration provided a quantitative probe of the dispersion-to-gel change. For sets of attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectra, adherence to Beer's law was attributed to the relatively constant refractive index in the frequency region of hydrated -SO 3 - group vibrations as fluorocarbon-rich ionomer regions aggregate in forming the structural framework of membranes and thin films. Although vibrational bands associated with ionomer backbone CF2 stretching vibrations were affected by distortion characteristic of wavelength-dependent refractive index change within a sample, the onset of band distortion signaled gel formation and coincided with ionomer mass % values just below the critical gelation point for Nafion aqueous dispersions. Similar temporal behavior was observed in confocal Raman microscopy experiments that monitored the formation of a thin ionomer film from an individual dispersion droplet. For the ATR FT-IR spectroscopy and confocal Raman microscopy techniques, intensity in the water H-O-H bending vibrational band dropped sharply at the ionomer critical gelation point and displayed a time dependence consistent with changes in water content derived from gravimetric measurements. The reported studies lay groundwork for examining the impact of dispersing solvents and above-ambient temperatures on fluorinated ionomer transformations that influence structural properties of dispersion-cast membranes and thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jay P. Kitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Joel M. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carol Korzeniewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Georgiev GA, Gh MS, Romano J, Dias Teixeira KL, Struble C, Ryan DS, Sia RK, Kitt JP, Harris JM, Hsu KL, Libby A, Odrich MG, Suárez T, McKown RL, Laurie GW. Lacritin proteoforms prevent tear film collapse and maintain epithelial homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100070. [PMID: 33187980 PMCID: PMC7948570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids in complex, protein-enriched films at air/liquid interfaces reduce surface tension. In the absence of this benefit, the light refracting and immunoprotective tear film on eyes would collapse. Premature collapse, coupled with chronic inflammation compromising visual acuity, is a hallmark of dry eye disease affecting 7 to 10% of individuals worldwide. Although collapse seems independent of mutation (unlike newborn lung alveoli), selective proteome and possible lipidome changes have been noted. These include elevated tissue transglutaminase and consequent inactivation through C-terminal cross-linking of the tear mitogen lacritin, leading to significant loss of lacritin monomer. Lacritin monomer restores homeostasis via autophagy and mitochondrial fusion and promotes basal tearing. Here, we discover that lacritin monomer C-terminal processing, inclusive of cysteine, serine, and metalloproteinase activity, generates cationic amphipathic α-helical proteoforms. Such proteoforms (using synthetic peptide surrogates) act like alveolar surfactant proteins to rapidly bind and stabilize the tear lipid layer. Immunodepletion of C- but not N-terminal proteoforms nor intact lacritin, from normal human tears promotes loss of stability akin to human dry eye tears. Stability of these and dry eye tears is rescuable with C- but not N-terminal proteoforms. Repeated topical application in rabbits reveals a proteoform turnover time of 7 to 33 h with gradual loss from human tear lipid that retains bioactivity without further processing. Thus, the processed C-terminus of lacritin that is deficient or absent in dry eye tears appears to play a key role in preventing tear film collapse and as a natural slow release mechanism that restores epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi A Georgiev
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Jeff Romano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Craig Struble
- Drug Metabolism, Covance Laboratories Inc, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Denise S Ryan
- Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Rose K Sia
- Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Jay P Kitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joel M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Adam Libby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marc G Odrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Tatiana Suárez
- Department of Research, Development and Innovation, FAES FARMA, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Robert L McKown
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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