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Keener JE, Goh B, Yoo JS, Oh SF, Brodbelt JS. Top-Down Characterization of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and Lipooligosaccharides Using Activated-Electron Photodetachment Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9151-9158. [PMID: 38758019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lipooligosaccharides (LOS) are located in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are comprised of three distinctive parts: lipid A, core oligosaccharide (OS), and O-antigen. The structure of each region influences bacterial stability, toxicity, and pathogenesis. Here, we highlight the use of targeted activated-electron photodetachment (a-EPD) tandem mass spectrometry to characterize LPS and LOS from two crucial players in the human gut microbiota, Escherichia coli Nissle and Bacteroides fragilis. a-EPD is a hybrid activation method that uses ultraviolet photoirradiation to generate charge-reduced radical ions followed by collisional activation to produce informative fragmentation patterns. We benchmark the a-EPD method for top-down characterization of triacyl LOS from E. coli R2, then focus on characterization of LPS from E. coli Nissle and B. fragilis. Notably, a-EPD affords extensive fragmentation throughout the backbone of the core OS and O-antigen regions of LPS from E. coli Nissle. This hybrid approach facilitated the elucidation of structural details for LPS from B. fragilis, revealing a putative hexuronic acid (HexA) conjugated to lipid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Keener
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Byoungsook Goh
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ji-Sun Yoo
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sungwhan F Oh
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Program in Immunology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Liu M, O'Reilly D, Schwob L, Wang X, Zamudio-Bayer V, Lau JT, Bari S, Schlathölter T, Poully JC. Direct Observation of Charge, Energy, and Hydrogen Transfer between the Backbone and Nucleobases in Isolated DNA Oligonucleotides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203481. [PMID: 36478608 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how charge and energy, as well as protons and hydrogen atoms, are transferred in molecular systems as a result of an electronic excitation is fundamental for understanding the interaction between ionizing radiation and biological matter on the molecular level. To localize the excitation at the atomic scale, it was chosen to target phosphorus atoms in the backbone of gas-phase oligonucleotide anions and cations, by means of resonant photoabsorption at the L- and K-edges. The ionic photoproducts of the excitation process were studied by a combination of mass spectrometry and X-ray spectroscopy. The combination of absorption site selectivity and photoproduct sensitivity allowed the identification of X-ray spectral signatures of specific processes. Moreover, charge and/or energy as well as H transfer from the backbone to nucleobases has been directly observed. Although the probability of one versus two H transfer following valence ionization depends on the nucleobase, ionization of sugar or phosphate groups at the carbon K-edge or the phosphorus L-edge mainly leads to single H transfer to protonated adenine. Moreover, our results indicate a surprising proton-transfer process to specifically form protonated guanine after excitation or ionization of P 2p electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- CIMAP UMR 6252, CEA/, CNRS/, ENSICAEN/, Université de Caen Normandie, Bd Becquerel, 14070, Caen, France
| | - David O'Reilly
- CIMAP UMR 6252, CEA/, CNRS/, ENSICAEN/, Université de Caen Normandie, Bd Becquerel, 14070, Caen, France
| | | | - Xin Wang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - J Tobias Lau
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Abteilung für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sadia Bari
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Germany
| | - Thomas Schlathölter
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,University College Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Poully
- CIMAP UMR 6252, CEA/, CNRS/, ENSICAEN/, Université de Caen Normandie, Bd Becquerel, 14070, Caen, France
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3
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2019-2020. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21806. [PMID: 36468275 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2020. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review is basically divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of arrays. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other areas such as medicine, industrial processes and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. The reported work shows increasing use of incorporation of new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented nearly 40 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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4
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Peng W, Kobeissy F, Mondello S, Barsa C, Mechref Y. MS-based glycomics: An analytical tool to assess nervous system diseases. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1000179. [PMID: 36408389 PMCID: PMC9671362 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases affect millions of peopleochemistryorldwide and are continuously increasing due to the globe's aging population. Such diseases affect the nervous system and are characterized by a progressive decline in brain function and progressive cognitive impairment, decreasing the quality of life for those with the disease as well as for their families and loved ones. The increased burden of nervous system diseases demands a deeper insight into the biomolecular mechanisms at work during disease development in order to improve clinical diagnosis and drug design. Recently, evidence has related glycosylation to nervous system diseases. Glycosylation is a vital post-translational modification that mediates many biological functions, and aberrant glycosylation has been associated with a variety of diseases. Thus, the investigation of glycosylation in neurological diseases could provide novel biomarkers and information for disease pathology. During the last decades, many techniques have been developed for facilitation of reliable and efficient glycomic analysis. Among these, mass spectrometry (MS) is considered the most powerful tool for glycan analysis due to its high resolution, high sensitivity, and the ability to acquire adequate structural information for glycan identification. Along with MS, a variety of approaches and strategies are employed to enhance the MS-based identification and quantitation of glycans in neurological samples. Here, we review the advanced glycomic tools used in nervous system disease studies, including separation techniques prior to MS, fragmentation techniques in MS, and corresponding strategies. The glycan markers in common clinical nervous system diseases discovered by utilizing such MS-based glycomic tools are also summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chloe Barsa
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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5
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Escobar EE, Wang S, Goswami R, Lanzillotti MB, Li L, McLellan JS, Brodbelt JS. Analysis of Viral Spike Protein N-Glycosylation Using Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5776-5784. [PMID: 35388686 PMCID: PMC9272412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of protein glycosylation by tandem mass spectrometry remains challenging owing to the vast diversity of oligosaccharides bound to proteins, the variation in monosaccharide linkage patterns, and the lability of the linkage between the glycan and protein. Here, we have adapted an HCD-triggered-ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) approach for the simultaneous localization of glycosites and full characterization of both glycan compositions and intersaccharide linkages, the latter provided by extensive cross-ring cleavages enabled by UVPD. The method is applied to study glycan compositions based on analysis of glycopeptides from proteolytic digestion of recombinant human coronaviruse spike proteins from SARS-CoV-2 and HKU1. UVPD reveals unique intersaccharide linkage information and is leveraged to localize N-linked glycoforms with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin E Escobar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | - Michael B Lanzillotti
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Glycomic and Glycoproteomic Techniques in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurotrauma: Towards Personalized Markers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030581. [PMID: 35159390 PMCID: PMC8834236 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteome represents all the proteins expressed by a genome, a cell, a tissue, or an organism at any given time under defined physiological or pathological circumstances. Proteomic analysis has provided unparalleled opportunities for the discovery of expression patterns of proteins in a biological system, yielding precise and inclusive data about the system. Advances in the proteomics field opened the door to wider knowledge of the mechanisms underlying various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, including glycosylation. As of yet, the role of most of these PTMs remains unidentified. In this state-of-the-art review, we present a synopsis of glycosylation processes and the pathophysiological conditions that might ensue secondary to glycosylation shortcomings. The dynamics of protein glycosylation, a crucial mechanism that allows gene and pathway regulation, is described. We also explain how-at a biomolecular level-mutations in glycosylation-related genes may lead to neuropsychiatric manifestations and neurodegenerative disorders. We then analyze the shortcomings of glycoproteomic studies, putting into perspective their downfalls and the different advanced enrichment techniques that emanated to overcome some of these challenges. Furthermore, we summarize studies tackling the association between glycosylation and neuropsychiatric disorders and explore glycoproteomic changes in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We finally conclude with the role of glycomics in the area of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and provide perspectives on the clinical application of glycoproteomics as potential diagnostic tools and their application in personalized medicine.
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Donohoo KB, Wang J, Goli M, Yu A, Peng W, Hakim MA, Mechref Y. Advances in mass spectrometry-based glycomics-An update covering the period 2017-2021. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:119-142. [PMID: 34505713 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The wide variety of chemical properties and biological functions found in proteins is attained via post-translational modifications like glycosylation. Covalently bonded to proteins, glycans play a critical role in cell activity. Complex structures with microheterogeneity, the glycan structures that are associated with proteins are difficult to analyze comprehensively. Recent advances in sample preparation methods, separation techniques, and MS have facilitated the quantitation and structural elucidation of glycans. This review focuses on highlighting advances in MS-based techniques for glycomic analysis that occurred over the last 5 years (2017-2021) as an update to the previous review on the subject. The topics of discussion will include progress in glycomic workflow such as glycan release, purification, derivatization, and separation as well as the topics of ionization, tandem MS, and separation techniques that can be coupled with MS. Additionally, bioinformatics tools used for the analysis of glycans will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn B Donohoo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Junyao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Mona Goli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Aiying Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Md Abdul Hakim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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8
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Snyder DT, Lin YF, Somogyi A, Wysocki V. Tandem surface-induced dissociation of protein complexes on an ultrahigh resolution platform. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 461:116503. [PMID: 33889055 PMCID: PMC8057730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2020.116503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe instrumentation for conducting tandem surface-induced dissociation (tSID) of native protein complexes on an ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. The two stages of SID are accomplished with split lenses replacing the entrance lenses of the quadrupole mass filter (stage 1, referred to herein as SID-Q) and the collision cell (stage 2, Q-SID). After SID-Q, the scattered projectile ions and subcomplexes formed in transit traverse the 20 mm pre-filter prior to the mass-selecting quadrupole, providing preliminary insights into the SID fragmentation kinetics of noncovalent protein complexes. The isolated SID fragments (subcomplexes) are then fragmented by SID in the collision cell entrance lens (Q-SID), generating subcomplexes of subcomplexes. We show that the ultrahigh resolution of the FT-ICR can be used for deconvolving species overlapping in m/z, which are particularly prominent in tandem SID spectra due to the combination of symmetric charge partitioning and narrow product ion charge state distributions. Various protein complex topologies are explored, including homotetramers, homopentamers, a homohexamer, and a heterohexamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T. Snyder
- Resource for Native MS Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA 43210
| | - Yu-Fu Lin
- Resource for Native MS Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA 43210
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA 43210
| | - Arpad Somogyi
- Resource for Native MS Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA 43210
| | - Vicki Wysocki
- Resource for Native MS Guided Structural Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA 43210
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA 43210
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9
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Buck-Wiese H, Fanuel M, Liebeke M, Le Mai Hoang K, Pardo-Vargas A, Seeberger PH, Hehemann JH, Rogniaux H, Jackson GP, Ropartz D. Discrimination of β-1,4- and β-1,3-Linkages in Native Oligosaccharides via Charge Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1249-1259. [PMID: 32309938 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The connection between monosaccharides influences the structure, solubility, and biological function of carbohydrates. Although tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) often enables the compositional identification of carbohydrates, traditional MS/MS fragmentation methods fail to generate abundant cross-ring fragments of intrachain monosaccharides that could reveal carbohydrate connectivity. We examined the potential of helium-charge transfer dissociation (He-CTD) as a method of MS/MS to decipher the connectivity of β-1,4- and β-1,3-linked oligosaccharides. In contrast to collision-induced dissociation (CID), He-CTD of isolated oligosaccharide precursors produced both glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages of each monosaccharide. The radical-driven dissociation in He-CTD induced single cleavage events, without consecutive fragmentations, which facilitated structural interpretation. He-CTD of various standards up to a degree of polymerization of 7 showed that β-1,4- and β-1,3-linked carbohydrates can be distinguished based on diagnostic 3,5A fragment ions that are characteristic for β-1,4-linkages. Overall, fragment ion spectra from He-CTD contained sufficient information to infer the connectivity specifically for each glycosidic bond. When testing He-CTD to resolve the order of β-1,4- and β-1,3-linkages in mixed-linked oligosaccharide standards, He-CTD spectra sometimes provided less confident assignment of connectivity. Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) of the standards indicated that ambiguity in the He-CTD spectra was caused by isobaric impurities in the mixed-linked oligosaccharides. Radical-driven dissociation induced by He-CTD can thus expand MS/MS to carbohydrate linkage analysis, as demonstrated by the comprehensive fragment ion spectra on native oligosaccharides. The determination of connectivity in true unknowns would benefit from the separation of isobaric precursors, through UPLC or IMS, before linkage determination via He-CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Buck-Wiese
- Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Marine Glycobiology, Marum Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Leobener Strasse 8, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Manuel Liebeke
- Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Kim Le Mai Hoang
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alonso Pardo-Vargas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max-Planck-Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Marine Glycobiology, Marum Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, Leobener Strasse 8, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Glen P Jackson
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - David Ropartz
- INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France
- INRAE, BIBS facility, F-44316 Nantes, France
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10
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Brodbelt JS, Morrison LJ, Santos I. Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Biological Molecules. Chem Rev 2020; 120:3328-3380. [PMID: 31851501 PMCID: PMC7145764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of new ion-activation/dissociation methods continues to be one of the most active areas of mass spectrometry owing to the broad applications of tandem mass spectrometry in the identification and structural characterization of molecules. This Review will showcase the impact of ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) as a frontier strategy for generating informative fragmentation patterns of ions, especially for biological molecules whose complicated structures, subtle modifications, and large sizes often impede molecular characterization. UVPD energizes ions via absorption of high-energy photons, which allows access to new dissociation pathways relative to more conventional ion-activation methods. Applications of UVPD for the analysis of peptides, proteins, lipids, and other classes of biologically relevant molecules are emphasized in this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lindsay J. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Inês Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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