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Labella E, Gupta R. An Optofluidic Young Interferometer for Electrokinetic Transport-Coupled Biosensing. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:861. [PMID: 39064372 PMCID: PMC11279148 DOI: 10.3390/mi15070861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Label-free optical biosensors, such as interferometers, can provide a comparable limit of detection to widely used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays while minimizing the number of steps and reducing false positives/negatives. In 2020, the authors reported on a novel optofluidic Young interferometer (YI) that could provide real-time spatial information on refractive index changes occurring along the length of the sensor and reference channels. Herein, we exploit these features of the YI to study interactions of biomolecules with recognition elements immobilized in selected regions of agarose gel in the sensor channel. We show that the YI is well suited for the biosensing of an exemplar biomolecule, streptavidin, in the absence and presence of the bovine serum albumin interferent. Equally, we couple the YI with electrokinetic transport to reduce the time needed for biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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2
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Tricase A, Alhenaki B, Marchianò V, Torsi L, Gupta R, Bollella P. Bioelectrochemically triggered apoferritin-based bionanoreactors: synthesis of CdSe nanoparticles and monitoring with leaky waveguides. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:516-523. [PMID: 38235094 PMCID: PMC10790968 DOI: 10.1039/d3na01046e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a novel method for producing cadmium-selenide nanoparticles (CdSe NPs) with controlled size using apoferritin as a bionanoreactor triggered by local pH change at the electrode/solution interface. Apoferritin is known for its reversible self-assembly at alkaline pH. The pH change is induced electrochemically by reducing O2 through the application of sufficiently negative voltages and bioelectrochemically through O2 reduction catalyzed by laccase, co-immobilized with apoferritin on the electrode surface. Specifically, a Ti electrode is modified with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, followed by glutaraldehyde cross-linking (1.5% v/v in H2O) of apoferritin (as the bionanoreactor) and laccase (as the local pH change triggering system). This proposed platform offers a universal approach for controlling the synthesis of semiconductor NPs within a bionanoreactor solely driven by (bio)electrochemical inputs. The CdSe NPs obtained through different synthetic approaches, namely electrochemical and bioelectrochemical, were characterized spectroscopically (UV-Vis, Raman, XRD) and morphologically (TEM). Finally, we conducted online monitoring of CdSe NPs formation within the apoferritin core by integrating the electrochemical system with LWs. The quantity of CdSe NPs produced through bioelectrochemical means was determined to be 2.08 ± 0.12 mg after 90 minutes of voltage application in the presence of O2. TEM measurements revealed that the bioelectrochemically synthesized CdSe NPs have a diameter of 4 ± 1 nm, accounting for 85% of the size distribution, a result corroborated by XRD data. Further research is needed to explore the synthesis of nanoparticles using different biological nanoreactors, as the process can be challenging due to the elevated buffer capacitance of biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Tricase
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona, 4 70125 Bari Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona, 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Bushra Alhenaki
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Verdiana Marchianò
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona, 4 70125 Bari Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona, 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona, 4 70125 Bari Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona, 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona, 4 70125 Bari Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro Via E. Orabona, 4 70125 Bari Italy
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3
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Winkler R, Ciria M, Ahmad M, Plank H, Marcuello C. A Review of the Current State of Magnetic Force Microscopy to Unravel the Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials Applied in Biological Systems and Future Directions for Quantum Technologies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2585. [PMID: 37764614 PMCID: PMC10536909 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism plays a pivotal role in many biological systems. However, the intensity of the magnetic forces exerted between magnetic bodies is usually low, which demands the development of ultra-sensitivity tools for proper sensing. In this framework, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) offers excellent lateral resolution and the possibility of conducting single-molecule studies like other single-probe microscopy (SPM) techniques. This comprehensive review attempts to describe the paramount importance of magnetic forces for biological applications by highlighting MFM's main advantages but also intrinsic limitations. While the working principles are described in depth, the article also focuses on novel micro- and nanofabrication procedures for MFM tips, which enhance the magnetic response signal of tested biomaterials compared to commercial nanoprobes. This work also depicts some relevant examples where MFM can quantitatively assess the magnetic performance of nanomaterials involved in biological systems, including magnetotactic bacteria, cryptochrome flavoproteins, and magnetic nanoparticles that can interact with animal tissues. Additionally, the most promising perspectives in this field are highlighted to make the reader aware of upcoming challenges when aiming toward quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
| | - Miguel Ciria
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Margaret Ahmad
- Photobiology Research Group, IBPS, UMR8256 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Harald Plank
- Christian Doppler Laboratory—DEFINE, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; (R.W.); (H.P.)
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carlos Marcuello
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Shaukat A, Anaya-Plaza E, Kodiah Beyeh N, Kostiainen MA. Reply to "Where is the Macrocycle?" Correspondence on "Simultaneous Organic and Inorganic Host-guest Chemistry within Pillararene-Protein Cage Frameworks". Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202022. [PMID: 37060224 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Our recent publication in Chem. Eur. J. 2022, 28, e202104341 has inspired Prof. Peter B. Crowley (P.C.) to write a Correspondence questioning the presented concept of electrostatic self-assembly. The offered criticism is twofold: 1) the role of the cationic pillar[5]arene macrocycle to act as molecular glue in the formation of electrostatically driven protein assemblies is questioned by arguing that the pillararene is not incorporated into the frameworks. 2) Later, P.C. speculates that when the frameworks form, the role of electrostatic interactions is not firmly established and cation-pi bonding is the more plausible interaction. In this response, the raised comments are addressed. We present direct experimental NMR evidence showing that the pillar[5]arene is incorporated into the frameworks. Furthermore, we discuss the electrostatic self-assembly and our ferritin-related research line more broadly and clarify the role of key experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Shaukat
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eduardo Anaya-Plaza
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ngong Kodiah Beyeh
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, MI 48309-4479, USA
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
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Jalalvand AR. Synthesis of a novel dual template molecularly imprinted polymer and its integration with fullerene C60 and multiwall carbon nanotubes for simultaneous electrochemical determination of ferritin and transferrin. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Signal Enhancement in Oriented Immunosorbent Assays: A Balance between Accessibility of Antigen Binding Sites and Avidity. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120493. [PMID: 34940250 PMCID: PMC8699147 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of immunoassays was reported to be increased by the orientation of antibodies. We investigated how the size and valence of antigens and orientation and valence of antibodies contribute to the analytical sensitivity of ELISA. Antigens differing in size and number of epitopes were compared using oriented and non-oriented ELISAs: the orientation of antibodies was obtained coating half-fragment antibodies on maleimide microplates, while, in non-oriented ELISA, whole antibodies were randomly physisorbed. The oriented assay performed better than the non-oriented one at each concentration (0.4–3.3 ng/mL) of a small monomeric antigen (cardiac Troponin I, 24 kDa, Rh 3 nm). No significant differences were observed with a large monovalent antigen (prostate-specific antigen-alpha(1) antichymotrypsin, 90 kDa, Rh > 3 nm), since its steric hindrance overcame the increased availability of antigen binding sites given by orientation. Large multivalent antigens (ferritin, 280 kDa, Rh 6 nm; α-fetoprotein, >70 kDa, Rh > 3.3 nm) performed better in non-oriented assays. In this case, the repeated epitopes on the surface of the antigens favored the engagement of both antigen binding sites of the whole IgG, thus suggesting that avidity represented the leading force in this experimental setting. In conclusion, the design of high-sensitivity ELISAs should consider the dimension and valency of antigens in addition to the affinity and avidity of antibodies.
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Gupta R, Goddard NJ. A study of diffraction-based chitosan leaky waveguide (LW) biosensors. Analyst 2021; 146:4964-4971. [PMID: 34278399 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00940k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The waveguide layer of diffraction-based leaky waveguides (LWs) must be made of materials that have low refractive index, are permeable to analytes, can be deposited by spin coating, and can be functionalised and crosslinked. These requirements are fulfilled by thin films of chitosan hydrogels. In this work, we studied the reproducibility of diffraction-based LWs with chitosan waveguides. The average refractive index sensitivity (RIS) and RI limit of detection (LOD) of the eight devices investigated herein were 125.5 ± 3.8 deg RIU-1 and 1.9 × 10-6 ± 1.3 × 10-6 RIU, respectively. While several challenges associated with the realisation of reproducible chitosan LWs have been addressed, reducing the variations in RI LOD requires improving the adhesion of chitosan films to glass substrates, minimising bubbles trapped in microfluidic channels, and using pumps with minimal pulsations. We showed that the buffer baseline of LWs with unmodified chitosan before and after introducing 750 μM bovine serum albumin (BSA), which is equal to the physiological levels of serum albumin, was different by 3.6%. Nevertheless, using biotin, anti-biotin antibody and BSA as exemplar recognition element, analyte and interferent, respectively, we demonstrated that diffraction-based chitosan LWs were suitable for monitoring analyte-RE binding in the presence of 750 μM BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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DePalma RG, Hayes VW, O'Leary TJ. Optimal serum ferritin level range: iron status measure and inflammatory biomarker. Metallomics 2021; 13:6287580. [PMID: 34048587 PMCID: PMC8195161 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This report provides perspectives concerning dual roles of serum ferritin as a measure of both iron status and inflammation. We suggest benefits of a lower range of serum ferritin as has occurred for total serum cholesterol and fasting blood glucose levels. Observations during a prospective randomized study using phlebotomy in patients with peripheral arterial disease offered unique insights into dual roles of serum ferritin both as an iron status marker and acute phase reactant. Robust positive associations between serum ferritin, interleukin 6 [IL-6], tissue necrosis factor-alpha, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein were discovered. Elevated serum ferritin and IL-6 levels associated with increased mortality and with reduced mortality at ferritin levels <100 ng mL-1. Epidemiologic studies demonstrate similar outcomes. Extremely elevated ferritin and IL-6 levels also occur in individuals with high mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Disordered iron metabolism reflected by a high range of serum ferritin level signals disease severity and outcomes. Based upon experimental and epidemiologic data, we suggest testing the hypotheses that optimal ferritin levels for cardiovascular mortality reduction range from 20 to 100 ng mL-1 with % transferrin levels from 20 to 50%, to ensure adequate iron status and that ferritin levels above 194 ng mL-1 associate with all-cause mortality in population cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph G DePalma
- Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC 20420, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Virginia W Hayes
- Virginia W Hayes, Ambulatory Care Service, Sierra Nevada Health Care System, Reno, NV 89502, USA
| | - Timothy J O'Leary
- Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC 20420, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Shellaiah M, Thirumalaivasan N, Aazaad B, Awasthi K, Sun KW, Wu SP, Lin MC, Ohta N. Novel rhodamine probe for colorimetric and fluorescent detection of Fe 3+ ions in aqueous media with cellular imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 242:118757. [PMID: 32791389 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel rhodamine-pyridine conjugated spectroscopic probe RhP was synthesized and its X-ray single crystalline properties were revealed with tabulation. The RhP displayed a distinct pale-pink colorimetric and "turn-on" fluorescent response to Fe3+ in aqueous media [H2O:DMSO (95:5, v/v)] than that of other interfering ions. During the Fe3+ recognition, the absorption (UV-Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectral studies revealed new peaks at 561 and 592 nm, respectively. The 1:1 stoichiometry and binding sites were verified by Job's plot, ESI-mass, and 1H NMR titrations. Subsequently, LOD and binding constant for RhP + Fe3+ complex were estimated as 102.3 nM and 6.265 × 104 M-1 from linear fitting and Benesi-Hildebrand plots, correspondingly. Sensor reversibility of RhP + Fe3+ by EDTA was demonstrated by UV/PL and TRPL investigations. Moreover, the photoinduced energy transfer mechanism and band gap changes were established from the DFT interrogations. Lastly, cellular imaging studies were carried out to authenticate the real applicability of RhP in Fe3+ detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthaiah Shellaiah
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | | | - Basheer Aazaad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Kamlesh Awasthi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Kien Wen Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Pao Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Lin
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohta
- Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science, Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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10
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Makhsin SR, Goddard NJ, Gupta R, Gardner P, Scully PJ. Optimization Synthesis and Biosensing Performance of an Acrylate-Based Hydrogel as an Optical Waveguiding Sensing Film. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14907-14914. [PMID: 32378876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metal-clad leaky waveguide (MCLW) is an optical biosensor consisting of a metal layer and a low index waveguide layer on a glass substrate. This label-free sensor measures refractive index (RI) changes within the waveguide layer. This work shows the development and optimization of acrylate based-hydrogel as the waveguide layer formed from PEG diacrylate (PEGDA, Mn 700), PEG methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA, Mn 480), and acrylate-PEG2000-NHS fabricated on a substrate coated with 9.5 nm of titanium. The acrylate-based hydrogel is a synthetic polymer, so properties such as optical transparency, porosity, and hydrogel functionalization by a well-controlled reactive group can be tailored for immobilization of the bioreceptor within the hydrogel matrix. The waveguide sensor demonstrated an equal response to solutions of identical RI containing small (glycerol) and large (bovine serum albumin; BSA) analyte molecules, indicating that the hydrogel waveguide film is highly porous to both sizes of molecule, thus potentially allowing penetration of a range of analytes within the porous matrix. The final optimized MCLW chip was formed from a total hydrogel concentration of 40% v/v of PEGMEA-PEGDA (Mn 700), functionalized with 2.5% v/v of acrylate-PEG2000-NHS. The sensor generated a single-moded waveguide signal with a RI sensitivity of 128.61 ± 0.15° RIU-1 and limit of detection obtained at 2.2 × 10-6 RIU with excellent signal-to-noise ratio for the glycerol detection. The sensor demonstrated RI detection by monitoring changes in the out-coupled angle resulting from successful binding of d-biotin to streptavidin immobilized on functionalized acrylate hydrogel, generating a binding signal of (12.379 ± 0.452) × 10-3°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti R Makhsin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nicholas J Goddard
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Gardner
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia J Scully
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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A Self-Referenced Diffraction-Based Optical Leaky Waveguide Biosensor Using Photofunctionalised Hydrogels. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10100134. [PMID: 32987938 PMCID: PMC7601400 DOI: 10.3390/bios10100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel self-referenced diffraction-based leaky waveguide (LW) comprising a thin (~2 µm) film of a photofunctionalisable hydrogel created by covalent attachment of a biotinylated photocleavable linker to chitosan. Streptavidin attached to the chitosan via the photocleavable linker was selectively removed by shining 365 nm light through a photomask to create an array of strips with high and low loading of the protein, which served as sensor and reference regions respectively. The differential measurements between sensor and reference regions were used for measuring analytes (i.e., biotin protein A and IgG) while reducing environmental and non-specific effects. These include changes in temperature and sample composition caused by non-adsorbing and adsorbing species, leading to reduction in effects by ~98%, ~99%, and ~97% respectively compared to the absolute measurements. The novelty of this work lies in combining photofunctionalisable hydrogels with diffraction-based LWs for referencing. This is needed to realise the full potential of label-free optical biosensors to measure analyte concentrations in real samples that are complex mixtures, and to allow for sample analysis outside of laboratories where drifts and fluctuations in temperature are observed.
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12
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Alamrani NA, Greenway GM, Pamme N, Goddard NJ, Gupta R. A feasibility study of a leaky waveguide aptasensor for thrombin. Analyst 2020; 144:6048-6054. [PMID: 31524217 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01421g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the feasibility of a leaky waveguide (LW) aptasensor, where aptamers were immobilised in a mesoporous chitosan waveguiding film for the detection of thrombin. This work has demonstrated that aptamers immobilised in hydrogels retain their affinity and selectivity towards their target and thus can be used as bioreceptors. The use of antibodies as bioreceptors for sensing thrombin is not viable because it is a serine protease, which will cleave the antibodies. Currently used assays based on clotting time and chromogenic/fluorogenic substrates have limited potential for thrombin measurement in whole blood. Using the initial binding rate over the first 5 min, the limit of detection of our LW aptasensor for thrombin was ∼22 nM. The sensor was tested with spiked serum samples, giving a reading of 46.1 ± 4.6 nM for a sample containing 50 nM thrombin. Our proposed sensor combines the robustness and low cost of aptamers as molecular recognition elements with the simple fabrication process of the chitosan-based leaky waveguide, making LW aptasensors highly attractive for applications in point-of-care diagnostics and healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A Alamrani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Gillian M Greenway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Nicole Pamme
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | | | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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13
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Pal AK, Labella E, Goddard NJ, Gupta R. Photofunctionalizable Hydrogel for Fabricating Volume Optical Diffractive Sensors. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Pal
- School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | | | | | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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