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Zhang W, Xu L, Zhang H. Recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques for atmospheric chemistry research on molecular-level. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:1091-1134. [PMID: 37439762 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's atmosphere is composed of an enormous variety of chemical species associated with trace gases and aerosol particles whose composition and chemistry have critical impacts on the Earth's climate, air quality, and human health. Mass spectrometry analysis as a powerful and popular analytical technique has been widely developed and applied in atmospheric chemistry for decades. Mass spectrometry allows for effective detection, identification, and quantification of a broad range of organic and inorganic chemical species with high sensitivity and resolution. In this review, we summarize recently developed mass spectrometry techniques, methods, and applications in atmospheric chemistry research in the past several years on molecular-level. Specifically, new developments of ion-molecule reactors, various soft ionization methods, and unique coupling with separation techniques are highlighted. The new mass spectrometry applications in laboratory studies and field measurements focused on improving the detection limits for traditional and emerging volatile organic compounds, characterizing multiphase highly oxygenated molecules, and monitoring particle bulk and surface compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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Bell DM, Zhang J, Top J, Bogler S, Surdu M, Slowik JG, Prevot ASH, El Haddad I. Sensitivity Constraints of Extractive Electrospray for a Model System and Secondary Organic Aerosol. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13788-13795. [PMID: 37656668 PMCID: PMC10515109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of an aerosol chemical composition is complicated by the uncertainty in the sensitivity of each species detected. Soft-ionization response factors can vary widely from molecule to molecule. Here, we have employed a method to separate molecules by their volatility through systematic evaporation with a thermal denuder (TD). The fraction remaining after evaporation is compared between an extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), which provides a comparison between a quantified mass loss by the SMPS and the signal loss in the EESI-TOF. The sensitivity of the EESI-TOF is determined for both a simplified complex mixture (PEG-300) and also for a complex mixture of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol (SOA). For PEG-300, separation is possible on a molecule-by-molecule level with the TD and provides insights into the molecule-dependent sensitivity of the EESI-TOF, showing a higher sensitivity toward the most volatile molecule. For α-pinene SOA, sensitivity determination for specific classes is possible because of the number of molecular formula observed by the EESI-TOF. These classes are separated by their volatility and are broken down into monomers (O3-5,6-7,8+), dimers (O4-7,8+), and higher order oligomers (e.g., trimers and tetramers). Here, we show that the EESI-TOF initially measures 60.1% monomers, 32.7% dimers, and 7.2% trimers and tetramers in α-pinene SOA, but after sensitivity correction, the distribution of SOA is 37.4% monomers, 56.1% dimers, and 6.4% trimers and tetramers. These results provide a path forward for the quantification of aerosol components with the EESI-TOF in other applications and potentially for atmospheric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Bell
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jens Top
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Bogler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Mihnea Surdu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jay G. Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andre S. H. Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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Surdu M, Pospisilova V, Xiao M, Wang M, Mentler B, Simon M, Stolzenburg D, Hoyle CR, Bell DM, Lee CP, Lamkaddam H, Lopez-Hilfiker F, Ahonen LR, Amorim A, Baccarini A, Chen D, Dada L, Duplissy J, Finkenzeller H, He XC, Hofbauer V, Kim C, Kürten A, Kvashnin A, Lehtipalo K, Makhmutov V, Molteni U, Nie W, Onnela A, Petäjä T, Quéléver LLJ, Tauber C, Tomé A, Wagner R, Yan C, Prevot ASH, Dommen J, Donahue NM, Hansel A, Curtius J, Winkler PM, Kulmala M, Volkamer R, Flagan RC, Kirkby J, Worsnop DR, Slowik JG, Wang DS, Baltensperger U, El Haddad I. Molecular characterization of ultrafine particles using extractive electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 1:434-448. [PMID: 34604755 PMCID: PMC8459645 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol particles negatively affect human health while also having climatic relevance due to, for example, their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei. Ultrafine particles (diameter Dp < 100 nm) typically comprise the largest fraction of the total number concentration, however, their chemical characterization is difficult because of their low mass. Using an extractive electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF), we characterize the molecular composition of freshly nucleated particles from naphthalene and β-caryophyllene oxidation products at the CLOUD chamber at CERN. We perform a detailed intercomparison of the organic aerosol chemical composition measured by the EESI-TOF and an iodide adduct chemical ionization mass spectrometer equipped with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols (FIGAERO-I-CIMS). We also use an aerosol growth model based on the condensation of organic vapors to show that the chemical composition measured by the EESI-TOF is consistent with the expected condensed oxidation products. This agreement could be further improved by constraining the EESI-TOF compound-specific sensitivity or considering condensed-phase processes. Our results show that the EESI-TOF can obtain the chemical composition of particles as small as 20 nm in diameter with mass loadings as low as hundreds of ng m−3 in real time. This was until now difficult to achieve, as other online instruments are often limited by size cutoffs, ionization/thermal fragmentation and/or semi-continuous sampling. Using real-time simultaneous gas- and particle-phase data, we discuss the condensation of naphthalene oxidation products on a molecular level. Using real-time simultaneous gas- and particle-phase data, the condensation of naphthalene and β-caryophyllene oxidation products on a molecular level is discussed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea Surdu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Mao Xiao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University 15213 Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria.,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Christopher R Hoyle
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland .,Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich 8006 Zurich Switzerland
| | - David M Bell
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Felipe Lopez-Hilfiker
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Lauri R Ahonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Antonio Amorim
- CENTRA, FCUL, University of Lisbon 1749-016 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland .,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Dexian Chen
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University 15213 Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland .,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department of Chemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder 80309 Boulder CO USA
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University 15213 Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Changhyuk Kim
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41 Pasadena CA 91125 USA.,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Aleksandr Kvashnin
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Solar and Cosmic Ray Physics 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland.,Finnish Meteorological Institute 00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Vladimir Makhmutov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Solar and Cosmic Ray Physics 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Ugo Molteni
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing China
| | | | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Lauriane L J Quéléver
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | | | - António Tomé
- IDL-Universidade da Beira Interior 6201-001 Covilhã Portugal
| | - Robert Wagner
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Josef Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University 15213 Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Paul M Winkler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder 80309 Boulder CO USA
| | - Richard C Flagan
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41 Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany.,CERN 1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki 00014 Helsinki Finland.,Aerodyne Research 01821 Billerica MA USA
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Dongyu S Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
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