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Manshadi MD, Mansoorifar A, Chiao JC, Beskok A. Impedance-Based Neutralizing Antibody Detection Biosensor with Application in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Anal Chem 2023; 95:836-845. [PMID: 36592029 PMCID: PMC9843623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although safe and efficacious coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are available, real protective immunity is revealed by the serum COVID-19 neutralizing antibody (NAb) concentration. NAbs deactivate the virus by attaching to the viral receptor-binding domain (RBD), which interacts with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the human cell. This paper introduces inexpensive, rapid, sensitive, and quantifiable impedance-based immunosensors to evaluate the NAb. The sensor limit of detection is experimentally determined in different buffer dilutions using bovine IgG-anti-bovine IgG interaction. The dominance of AC electrokinetic transport and molecular diffusion in the sensor is investigated using scaling analysis and numerical simulations. The results demonstrated that the sensor detection mechanism is mainly based on the diffusion of the biomolecules onto the electrode surface. After evaluating the sensor working principles, viral RBD buffers, including different NAb concentrations, are applied to the sensor, immobilized with the human ACE2 (hACE2). Results demonstrate that the sensor is capable of NAb detection in the analytical measuring interval between 45 ng/mL and 185 ng/mL. Since the present sensor provides fast test results with lower costs, it can be used to assess the NAb in people's blood serum before receiving further COVID vaccine doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
K. D. Manshadi
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Southern Methodist
University, Dallas, Texas75275, United States
| | - Amin Mansoorifar
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Southern Methodist
University, Dallas, Texas75275, United States
| | - Jung-Chih Chiao
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering Department, Southern
Methodist University, Dallas, Texas75275, United States
| | - Ali Beskok
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Southern Methodist
University, Dallas, Texas75275, United States
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Koklu A, Wustoni S, Guo K, Silva R, Salvigni L, Hama A, Diaz-Galicia E, Moser M, Marks A, McCulloch I, Grünberg R, Arold ST, Inal S. Convection Driven Ultrarapid Protein Detection via Nanobody-Functionalized Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202972. [PMID: 35772173 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional biosensors rely on the diffusion-dominated transport of the target analyte to the sensor surface. Consequently, they require an incubation step that may take several hours to allow for the capture of analyte molecules by sensor biorecognition sites. This incubation step is a primary cause of long sample-to-result times. Here, alternating current electrothermal flow (ACET) is integrated in an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based sensor to accelerate the device operation. ACET is applied to the gate electrode functionalized with nanobody-SpyCatcher fusion proteins. Using the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in human saliva as an example target, it is shown that ACET enables protein recognition within only 2 min of sample exposure, supporting its use in clinical practice. The ACET integrated sensor exhibits better selectivity, higher sensitivity, and lower limit of detection than the equivalent sensor with diffusion-dominated operation. The performance of ACET integrated sensors is compared with two types of organic semiconductors in the channel and grounds for device-to-device variations are investigated. The results provide guidelines for the channel material choice in OECT-based biochemical sensors, and demonstrate that ACET integration substantially decreases the detection speed while increasing the sensitivity and selectivity of transistor-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keying Guo
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raphaela Silva
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luca Salvigni
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Hama
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Escarlet Diaz-Galicia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Raik Grünberg
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), KAUST, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Xuan X. Review of nonlinear electrokinetic flows in insulator-based dielectrophoresis: From induced charge to Joule heating effects. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:167-189. [PMID: 33991344 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) has been increasingly used for particle manipulation in various microfluidic applications. It exploits insulating structures to constrict and/or curve electric field lines to generate field gradients for particle dielectrophoresis. However, the presence of these insulators, especially those with sharp edges, causes two nonlinear electrokinetic flows, which, if sufficiently strong, may disturb the otherwise linear electrokinetic motion of particles and affect the iDEP performance. One is induced charge electroosmotic (ICEO) flow because of the polarization of the insulators, and the other is electrothermal flow because of the amplified Joule heating in the fluid around the insulators. Both flows vary nonlinearly with the applied electric field (either DC or AC) and exhibit in the form of fluid vortices, which have been utilized to promote some applications while being suppressed in others. The effectiveness of iDEP benefits from a comprehensive understanding of the nonlinear electrokinetic flows, which is complicated by the involvement of the entire iDEP device into electric polarization and thermal diffusion. This article is aimed to review the works on both the fundamentals and applications of ICEO and electrothermal flows in iDEP microdevices. A personal perspective of some future research directions in the field is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Koklu A, Giuliani J, Monton C, Beskok A. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Nanomolecules by an AC Electrothermal Flow Facilitated Impedance Immunosensor. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7762-7769. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jason Giuliani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Carlos Monton
- General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 92186 United States
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
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Bai W, Tang Z, Gupta S, Diebold GJ. Differential Infrared Pyrometry for Determination of Microkelvin Temperature Variations. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2058-2064. [PMID: 31846305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Precise measurement of temperature is important in studies of chemical and biological systems as reaction kinetics are almost universally sensitive to temperature. However, the use of conventional temperature probes can introduce an exogenous temperature disturbance resulting in measurement artifacts. Infrared pyrometry is a noninvasive technique for temperature measurement, however, the challenge for current infrared pyrometry is low sensitivity to small temperature variations, which in many cases precludes determination of key diagnostic information. Here, we report a sensitive differential infrared pyrometer based on spatial modulation using a resonant oscillating mirror, which enables a sensitivity to temperature variations on the microkelvin scale. The instrument is employed to monitor minuscule heat evolution in an acid-base reaction and the decomposition of H2O2 by bovine liver catalase. The instrument holds great promise for monitoring the dynamics of heat evolution in a range of chemical and biological systems in a completely noninvasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Bai
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , 324 Brook Street , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Ziyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , 324 Brook Street , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , 324 Brook Street , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Gerald J Diebold
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , 324 Brook Street , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
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