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Lee H, Kim J, Hwang M, Kim J. Galvanic Bipolar Electrode Arrays with Self-Driven Optical Readouts. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4374-4383. [PMID: 37857596 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report a bipolar electrode (BPE) array system with self-driven optical readouts of the faradic current flowing through the BPEs. The BPE array system is based on the spontaneous redox reactions that are respectively occurring at opposite poles of the BPEs with appropriate electrocatalysts on the poles; this system is analogous to one consisting of galvanic electrochemical cells. The galvanic BPE array system operates in a self-powered mode that requires there to be neither a direct electrical connection nor external electrical polarization to each BPE. Importantly, the appropriate electrocatalysts on the poles play a critical role in the galvanic BPE array system to induce the spontaneous redox reactions occurring at the poles of BPEs. Moreover, the galvanic BPE array system provides self-driven optical readouts, including fluorometric and colorimetric ones, to report the faradaic current resulting from the spontaneous redox reactions on the BPE poles. Based on the unique benefits that the galvanic BPE array system has over conventional BPEs, we demonstrated the promising potential of galvanic BPE arrays for the simple yet rapid and quantitative screening of electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction as well as sensitive sensing of H2O2 in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Misol Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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2
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Han T, Song T, Bao Y, Wang W, He Y, Liu Z, Gan S, Han D, Bobacka J, Niu L. Fast and sensitive coulometric signal transduction for ion-selective electrodes by utilizing a two-compartment cell. Talanta 2023; 262:124623. [PMID: 37244238 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Here, we propose a fast and sensitive coulometric signal transduction method for ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) by utilizing a two-compartment cell. A potassium ion-selective electrode (K+-ISE) was connected as reference electrode (RE) and placed in the sample compartment. A glassy carbon (GC) electrode coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (GC/PEDOT), or reduced graphene oxide (GC/RGO), was connected as working electrode (WE) and placed in the detection compartment together with a counter electrode (CE). The two compartments were connected with an Ag/AgCl wire. The measured cumulated charge was amplified by increasing the capacitance of the WE. The observed slope of the cumulated charge with respect to the change of the logarithm of the K+ ion activity was linearly proportional to the capacitance of the GC/PEDOT and GC/RGO, estimated from impedance spectra. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the coulometric signal transduction using a commercial K+-ISE with internal filling solution as RE and GC/RGO as WE allowed to decrease the response time while still being able to detect a 0.2% change in K+ concentration. The coulometric method utilizing a two-compartment cell was found to be feasible for the determination of K+ concentrations in serum. The advantage of this two-compartment approach, compared to the coulometric transduction described earlier, was that no current passed through the K+-ISE that was connected as RE. Therefore, current-induced polarization of the K+-ISE was avoided. Furthermore, since the GCE/PEDOT and GCE/RGO (used as WE) had a low impedance, the response time of the coulometric response decreased from minutes to seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, C/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, C/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, C/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Ying He
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, C/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zhenbang Liu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, C/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shiyu Gan
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, C/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, C/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and Safety, Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510230, PR China
| | - Johan Bobacka
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Henriksgatan 2, FI-20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, C/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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Wang Y, Cao J, Liu Y. Bipolar Electrochemistry - A Powerful Tool for Micro/Nano-Electrochemistry. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200163. [PMID: 36229230 PMCID: PMC9716041 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of areas for "classical" electrochemistry (including catalysis, electrolysis and sensing) and bio-electrochemistry at the micro/nanoscale are focus on the continued performance facilitations or the exploration of new features. In the recent 20 years, a different mode for driving electrochemistry has been proposed, which is called as bipolar electrochemistry (BPE). BPE has garnered attention owing to the interesting properties: (i) its wireless nature facilitates electrochemical sensing and high throughput analysis; (ii) the gradient potential distribution on the electrodes surface is a useful tool for preparing gradient surfaces and materials. These permit BPE to be used for modification and analytical applications on a micro/nanoscale surface. This review aims to introduce the principle and classification of BPE and BPE at micro/nanoscale; sort out its applications in electrocatalysis, electrosynthesis, electrophoresis, power supply and so on; explain the confined BPE and summarize its analytical application for single entities (single cells, single particles and single molecules), and discuss finally the important direction of micro/nanoscale BPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Ling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinyang key laboratory of functional nanomaterials for bioanalysisXinyang Normal University464000XinyangP. R. China
| | - Jun‐Tao Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinyang key laboratory of functional nanomaterials for bioanalysisXinyang Normal University464000XinyangP. R. China
| | - Yan‐Ming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXinyang key laboratory of functional nanomaterials for bioanalysisXinyang Normal University464000XinyangP. R. China
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Han T, Song T, Bao Y, Sun Z, Ma Y, He Y, Gan S, Jiang D, Han D, Bobacka J, Niu L. Amperometric response of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes utilizing a two-compartment cell and a redox couple in solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Sailapu SK, Menon C. Engineering Self-Powered Electrochemical Sensors Using Analyzed Liquid Sample as the Sole Energy Source. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203690. [PMID: 35981885 PMCID: PMC9561779 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many healthcare and environmental monitoring devices use electrochemical techniques to detect and quantify analytes. With sensors progressively becoming smaller-particularly in point-of-care (POC) devices and wearable platforms-it creates the opportunity to operate them using less energy than their predecessors. In fact, they may require so little power that can be extracted from the analyzed fluids themselves, for example, blood or sweat in case of physiological sensors and sources like river water in the case of environmental monitoring. Self-powered electrochemical sensors (SPES) can generate a response by utilizing the available chemical species in the analyzed liquid sample. Though SPESs generate relatively low power, capable devices can be engineered by combining suitable reactions, miniaturized cell designs, and effective sensing approaches for deciphering analyte information. This review details various such sensing and engineering approaches adopted in different categories of SPES systems that solely use the power available in liquid sample for their operation. Specifically, the categories discussed in this review cover enzyme-based systems, battery-based systems, and ion-selective electrode-based systems. The review details the benefits and drawbacks with these approaches, as well as prospects of and challenges to accomplishing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Sailapu
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology (BMHT) labDepartment of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Carlo Menon
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology (BMHT) labDepartment of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
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Kaluza D, Węgrzyn K, Kaczmarczyk B, Gniadek M, Maksymiuk K, Michalska A. An Electrochemical Approach to Quantification of Volatile Organic Solvents Dispersed in Solution – Towards Bipolar Electrode Sensors. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Kaluza
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Węgrzyn
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Brian Kaczmarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Marianna Gniadek
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Agata Michalska
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
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Abstract
Potentiometric sensors induce a spontaneous voltage that indicates ion activity in real time. We present here an advanced self-powered potentiometric sensor with memory. Specifically, the approach allows for one to record a deviation from the analyte's original concentration or determine whether the analyte concentration has surpassed a threshold in a predefined time interval. The sensor achieves this by harvesting energy in a capacitor and preserving it with the help of a diode. While the analyte concentration is allowed to return to an original value following a perturbation over time, this may not influence the sensor readout. To achieve the diode function, the sensor utilizes an additional pair of driving electrodes to move the potentiometric signal to a sufficiently high base voltage that is required for operating the diode placed in series with the capacitor and between the sensing probes. A single voltage measurement across the capacitor at the end of a chosen time interval is sufficient to reveal any altered ion activity occurring during that period. We demonstrate the applicability of the sensor to identify incurred pH changes in a river water sample during an interval of 2 h. This approach is promising for achieving deployable sensors to monitor ion activity relative to a defined threshold during a time interval with minimal electronic components in a self-powered design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Sailapu
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/del Til·lers, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Sabaté
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/del Til·lers, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), P.L. Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Masturah binti Fakhruddin S, Ino K, Inoue KY, Nashimoto Y, Shiku H. Bipolar Electrode‐based Electrochromic Devices for Analytical Applications – A Review. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
| | - Kumi Y. Inoue
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Center for Basic Education Faculty of Engineering Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research University of Yamanashi Kofu 400-8511 Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences Tohoku University Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
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Abstract
An absorbance-based colorimetric sensor array that is self-powered by an ion-selective electrode (ISE) in a short-circuited cell is presented. As the cell voltage is maintained at zero, the potential at the ISE serves as the power generator to directly transfer its power to a potential-dependent Prussian blue (PB) film in contact with an electrolyte solution in a separate detection compartment. This allows one to activate the color change of the PB film without the need for an external power supply. The potential of the PB detection element is optimized to change color between 50 and 250 mV (vs Ag/AgCl). Because the potential originates at the ISE, it is proportional to the ion activity in the sample in agreement with the Nernst equation. In this way, a higher cation activity in the sample generates a more positive potential, which enhances the PB absorbance that serves as the analytical signal. A self-powered optical sensor array coupled to poly(vinyl-chloride)-based pH electrodes based on two different ionophores is utilized here as a model. The measuring range is tuned chemically by varying the pH of the inner filling solution of each ISE, giving a measuring range from pH 2 to 10.5. As the optical sensor is driven by a potentiometric probe, the sensor output is independent of solution ionic strength. It is successfully applied for quantitative analysis in unmodified turbid/colored samples that included red wine, coke, coffee, baking soda, and antacid. The colorimetric output correlates well with the reference method, a calibrated pH electrode. Compared to earlier systems where the cell potential is dictated by an external power source, the PB film exhibits excellent reproducibility and a rapid response time of about 44 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutida Jansod
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Kisiel A, Baniak B, Maksymiuk K, Michalska A. Ion-selective reversing aggregation-caused quenching - Maximizing optodes signal stability. Talanta 2020; 220:121358. [PMID: 32928393 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An alternative optical signal transduction mechanism for ion-selective optodes is proposed. The nanostructural sensors benefit from ion-selective reversing aggregation caused quenching yielding turn-on, bright and highly stable optical signals. Selective incorporation of analyte results in transformation of the polymer dye from aggregate to a micelle structure, affecting spatial arrangement of chromophore groups in the nanostructure. Formation of micelles, induced by ion-selective interactions, is coupled with pronounced increase of emission due to decrease of aggregation caused quenching, characteristic for dispersed phase formation. The formed micelles are highly stable in solution, offering constant in time (days scale) emission signal. The important difference from other known systems is that the analyte binding induced change does not affect the chromophore group, but occurs in distant, terminal position of the side chain of the polymer. As a model system calcium selective optodes have been prepared. Thus obtained probes were characterized with broad analyte concentration range (from 10-7 to 10-3 M) emission signal increase. The turn-on response was observed within broad range of pH (6.3-8.9), with no sign of optical signal deterioration during 5 days contact with the analyte or more than two weeks storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kisiel
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Baniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Maksymiuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L. Rahn
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Jaworska E, Michalska A, Maksymiuk K. Implementation of a Chloride‐selective Electrode Into a Closed Bipolar Electrode System with Fluorimetric Readout. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jaworska
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
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