1
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Jalal NR, Madrakian T, Ahmadi M, Afkhami A, Khalili S, Bahrami M, Roshanaei M. Wireless wearable potentiometric sensor for simultaneous determination of pH, sodium and potassium in human sweat. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11526. [PMID: 38773136 PMCID: PMC11109153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the development of a flexible-wearable potentiometric sensor for real-time monitoring of sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), and pH in human sweat. Na0.44MnO2, polyaniline, and K2Co[Fe(CN)6] were used as sensing materials for Na+, H+ and K+ monitoring, respectively. The simultaneous potentiometric Na+, K+, and pH sensing were carried out by the developed sensor, which enables signal collection and transmission in real-time to the smartphone via a Wi-Fi access point. Then, the potentiometric responses were evaluated by a designed android application. Na+, K+, and pH sensors illustrated high sensitivity (59.7 ± 0.8 mV/decade for Na+, 57.8 ± 0.9 mV/decade for K+, and 54.7 ± 0.6 mV/pH for pH), excellent stability, and good batch-to-batch reproducibility. The results of on-body experiments demonstrated that the proposed platform is capable of real-time monitoring of the investigated ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Rezvani Jalal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran.
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran.
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran
| | - Sina Khalili
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran
| | - Morteza Bahrami
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran
| | - Majid Roshanaei
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran
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2
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Wang H, Li Y, Tian L, Li X, Gao Q, Liu Y, Ma C, Wang Q, Shi C. A LAMP-based hydrogen ion selective electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024. [PMID: 38690766 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
A concise and rapid detection method for Mycoplasma pneumoniae is urgently required due to its severe impact on human health. To meet such a need, this study proposed and constructed an innovative point-of-care testing (POCT) platform that consists of a hydrogen ion-selective loop-mediated isothermal amplification (H+-LAMP) sensor and an electrochemical detection device. The H+-LAMP sensor successfully integrated the working and reference electrodes and converted the H+ generated during the LAMP process into an electrochemical signal. High sensitivity and stability for pathogen detection were also achieved by treating the working electrode with an electrodeposited polyaniline solid contact layer and by using an ion-selective membrane. As a result, the sensor shows a sensitivity of 68.26 mV per pH, a response time of less than 2 s, and a potential drift of less than 5 mV within one hour, which well meets the urgent need. The results also demonstrated that the detection limit for Mycoplasma pneumoniae was lowered to 1 copy per μL, the nucleic acid extraction and detection process could be completed in 30 minutes, and the impact of interfering ions on the sensor was negligible. Validation with 20 clinical samples yielded satisfactory results. More importantly, the storage lifespan of such an electrochemical sensor is over seven days, which is a great advantage for on-site pathogen detection. Therefore, the hydrogen ion-selective sensor constructed in this investigation is particularly suitable as a core component for instant pathogen detection platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Wang
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Yang Li
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Lin Tian
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Xinyi Li
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Qian Gao
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Yaru Liu
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Cuiping Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection, Sino-UAE International Cooperative Joint Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism Rapid Detection, College of Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 266042, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Chao Shi
- Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Testing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, College of Life Sciences, Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
- Qingdao JianMa Gene Technology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266114, PR China
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3
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M de Farias D, Pradela-Filho LA, Arantes IVS, Gongoni JLM, Veloso WB, Meloni GN, Paixão TRLC. Sulfanilamide Electrochemical Sensor Using Phenolic Substrates and CO 2 Laser Pyrolysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56424-56432. [PMID: 37982226 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of environmental pollutants needs to be monitored constantly by reliable analytical methods since they pose a public health risk. Developing simple and affordable sensors for such pollutants can allow for large-scale monitoring economically. Here, we develop a simple electrochemical sensor for sulfanilamide (SFD) quantification using a phenolic resin substrate and a CO2 laser to pyrolyze the sensor geometry over the substrate. The sensors are modified with carbon nanotubes via a simple drop-casting procedure. The carbon nanotube loading effect the electrochemical performance toward a redox probe and analytical performance for SFD detection is investigated, showing no net benefit beyond 1 mg L-1 of carbon nanotubes. The effects of the modification on the SFD oxidation are shown to be more than just an electrode area effect and possibly attributed to the fast electron transfer kinetics of the carbon nanotubes. SFD detection is performed at small solution volumes under static (800 μL) and hydrodynamic conditions (3 mL) in a fully integrated, miniaturized batch-injection analyses cell. Both methods have a similar linear range from 10.0 to 115.0 μmol L-1 and high selectivity for SFD determination. Both systems are used to quantify SFD in real samples as a proof of concept, showcasing the proposed device's applicability as a sensor for environmental and public health monitoring of SFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi M de Farias
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lauro A Pradela-Filho
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Iana V S Arantes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana L M Gongoni
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - William B Veloso
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
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4
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Tu H, Li X, Lin X, Lang C, Gao Y. Washable and Flexible Screen-Printed Ag/AgCl Electrode on Textiles for ECG Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3665. [PMID: 37765519 PMCID: PMC10538005 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes are important sensors for detecting heart disease whose performance determines the validity and accuracy of the collected original ECG signals. Due to the large drawbacks (e.g., allergy, shelf life) of traditional commercial gel electrodes, textile electrodes receive widespread attention for their excellent comfortability and breathability. This work demonstrated a dry electrode for ECG monitoring fabricated by screen printing silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) conductive ink on ordinary polyester fabric. The results show that the screen-printed textile electrodes have good and stable electrical and electrochemical properties and excellent ECG signal acquisition performance. Furthermore, the resistance of the screen-printed textile electrode is maintained within 0.5 Ω/cm after 5000 bending cycles or 20 washing and drying cycles, exhibiting excellent flexibility and durability. This research provides favorable support for the design and preparation of flexible and wearable electrophysiological sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huating Tu
- College of Medical Instruments, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China; (H.T.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Textile and Flexible Interconnection of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoou Li
- College of Medical Instruments, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China; (H.T.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiangde Lin
- College of Medical Instruments, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China; (H.T.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Chenhong Lang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Textile and Flexible Interconnection of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
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5
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Scala-Benuzzi M, Fernández SN, Giménez G, Ybarra G, Soler-Illia GJAA. Ordered Mesoporous Electrodes for Sensing Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24128-24152. [PMID: 37457464 PMCID: PMC10339336 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors have become increasingly relevant in fields such as medicine, environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. Selectivity, specificity, sensitivity, signal reproducibility, and robustness are among the most important challenges for their development, especially when the target compound is present in low concentrations or in complex analytical matrices. In this context, electrode modification with Mesoporous Thin Films (MTFs) has aroused great interest in the past years. MTFs present high surface area, uniform pore distribution, and tunable pore size. Furthermore, they offer a wide variety of electrochemical signal modulation possibilities through molecular sieving, electrostatic or steric exclusion, and preconcentration effects which are due to mesopore confinement and surface functionalization. In order to fully exploit these advantages, it is central to develop reproducible routes for sensitive, selective, and robust MTF-modified electrodes. In addition, it is necessary to understand the complex mass and charge transport processes that take place through the film (particularly in the mesopores, pore surfaces, and interfaces) and on the electrode in order to design future intelligent and adaptive sensors. We present here an overview of MTFs applied to electrochemical sensing, in which we address their fabrication methods and the transport processes that are critical to the electrode response. We also summarize the current applications in biosensing and electroanalysis, as well as the challenges and opportunities brought by integrating MTF synthesis with electrode microfabrication, which is critical when moving from laboratory work to in situ sensing in the field of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
L. Scala-Benuzzi
- INTI-Micro
y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Nacional
de Tecnología Industrial, Av. Gral. Paz 5445, 1560 San Martín, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
- Instituto
de Nanosistemas, Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, UNSAM-CONICET, Av. 25 de Mayo 1169, 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sol N. Fernández
- INTI-Micro
y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Nacional
de Tecnología Industrial, Av. Gral. Paz 5445, 1560 San Martín, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
- Instituto
de Nanosistemas, Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, UNSAM-CONICET, Av. 25 de Mayo 1169, 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto
de Calidad Industrial (INCALIN-UNSAM), Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 San Martín, Provincia
de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gustavo Giménez
- INTI-Micro
y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Nacional
de Tecnología Industrial, Av. Gral. Paz 5445, 1560 San Martín, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Ybarra
- INTI-Micro
y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Nacional
de Tecnología Industrial, Av. Gral. Paz 5445, 1560 San Martín, Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Galo J. A. A. Soler-Illia
- Instituto
de Nanosistemas, Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, UNSAM-CONICET, Av. 25 de Mayo 1169, 1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Walker NL, Dick JE. On the mechanism of the bipolar reference electrode. Analyst 2023; 148:2149-2158. [PMID: 37042122 PMCID: PMC10308696 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Commercial silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrodes are some of the most commonly used reference electrodes, but they suffer from a number of issues due to their porous frits. Such issues include difficulty miniaturizing, silver and chloride ion leakage, charge screening effects at low ionic strength, frit drying if left unattended in air, and incompatibility with organic solvents. To solve these issues, we recently designed a reference electrode that is leakless in principle by replacing the porous frit with a sealed, conductive wire, where the ends of the wire are exposed to the reference electrode solution and the working electrode solution. We hypothesized that the reference electrode operated like a closed, bipolar electrochemical cell, and we termed the name bipolar reference electrode (BPRE). Here, we provide evidence that the BPRE can either act as a reference electrode by operating through an ion transfer mechanism via leakage through the imperfect seal, or it can act as a highly stable quasi-reference electrode through a bipolar electron transfer mechanism (BPQRE). Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the BPRE in other types of common electrochemical studies, including chronoamperometry, linear sweep voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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7
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Paré F, Castro R, Gabriel D, Guimerà X, Gabriel G, Baeza M. Feasible H 2S Sensing in Water with a Printed Amperometric Microsensor. ACS ES&T WATER 2023; 3:1116-1125. [PMID: 38156327 PMCID: PMC10753653 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Concern over pollution has led to an increase in wastewater treatment systems, which require constant monitorization. In particular, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas, soluble in water, commonly found in industrial and urban effluents. For proper removal control, fast, durable, and easy-to-handle analytical systems, capable of on-line measurements, such as electrochemical sensors, are required. Moreover, for a proper monitoring of said treatment processes, analysis must be carried out through all steps, thus needing for an economic and highly reproducible method of sensor fabrication. Digital printing have risen in the last few years as technologies capable of mass producing miniaturized electronical devices, allowing for the fabrication of amperometric sensors. Here, a 2 mm2 graphite (Gr) electrode, modified with different dispersions of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride), and polylactic acid (PLA), is presented as a H2S sensor. SWCNTs allow for lower oxidation potentials, higher sensitivity, and a reduced rate of sulfur poisoning, while polymer dispersion of PLA increases mechanical stability and as a result, electrochemical performance. This microsensor presents an optimal pH working range between 7.5 and 11.0, a limit of detection of 4.3 μM, and the capacity to operate on complex matrices for H2S contamination detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Paré
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Edifici C-Nord, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Carrer dels Til·lers, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- GENOCOV
Research Group, Universitat Autónoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rebeca Castro
- Department
of Mining Engineering and Natural Resources, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Avinguda de les Bases de Manresa
61-73, 08240 Manresa, Spain
| | - David Gabriel
- Departament
of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Carrer de les Sitges, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- GENOCOV
Research Group, Universitat Autónoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Guimerà
- Department
of Mining Engineering and Natural Resources, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Avinguda de les Bases de Manresa
61-73, 08240 Manresa, Spain
| | - Gemma Gabriel
- Instituto
de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus Universitat
Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de
Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireia Baeza
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Edifici C-Nord, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Carrer dels Til·lers, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- GENOCOV
Research Group, Universitat Autónoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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8
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Tian W, Cao H, Zhang Y, Na Z, Hui Y, Jin Z, Lang MF, Li Y, Sun J. Novel Flexible Ag/AgCl Quasi-Reference Electrode with Fishbone Nanowire Structure for Remarkable Potential Stability, Long-Term Reliability, and Noninvasive Electrocardiography. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2413-2419. [PMID: 36633558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The roadblocks for the planar silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) quasi-reference electrode (qRE) development are the potential stability and long-term reliability as potentiometric sensors. Although there is a significant amount of work on potentiometric screen-printed and inkjet-printed sensors, none of the REs has comparable performance to that of the conventional glass RE and knowledge on reliable planar Ag/AgCl qREs is still limited. Here, a novel fishbone-structured flexible Ag/AgCl qRE (Fishbone-Ag/AgCl qRE) was developed and its stability and long-term reliability were significantly improved. The stability of the Fishbone-Ag/AgCl qRE was comparable to that of a commercial glass Ag/AgCl RE. In a long-term stability test, the Fishbone-Ag/AgCl qRE could continuously and stably operate for more than 4 h. Shelf-life testing revealed a 6 month life span. The conductivity and diameter of the nanowires in the fishbone structure of the Ag/AgCl qRE had important influences on electrochemical properties. The conductivity of the qRE influenced the charge-transfer rate in the electrode so that it affected the potential stability. Thicker diameter and slight chlorination on the surface of the AgNWs resulted in enhanced long-term reliability of the qRE. The capabilities of this new nanostructured material were applied in vivo for noninvasive monitoring of electrocardiogram. The discovery is elementary and substantially informs improved nanostructure RE design for testing and commercial medical device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Tian
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Houyong Cao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Zhaolin Na
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Yu Hui
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Zhengmu Jin
- Dalian Ofei Electronics CO.,LTD., Dalian 116021, China
| | - Ming-Fei Lang
- Medical College, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Oligosaccharide Recombination and Recombinant Protein Modification, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Yanzhao Li
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Microanalysis, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Oligosaccharide Recombination and Recombinant Protein Modification, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
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9
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Camargo JR, Fernandes-Junior WS, Azzi DC, Rocha RG, Faria LV, Richter EM, Muñoz RAA, Janegitz BC. Development of New Simple Compositions of Silver Inks for the Preparation of Pseudo-Reference Electrodes. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:761. [PMID: 36140146 PMCID: PMC9497032 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Silver materials are known to present excellent properties, such as high electrical and thermal conductivity as well as chemical stability. Silver-based inks have drawn a lot of attention for being compatible with various substrates, which can be used in the production uniform and stable pseudo-reference electrodes with low curing temperatures. Furthermore, the interest in the use of disposable electrodes has been increasing due to the low cost and the possibility of their use in point-of-care and point-of-need situations. Thus, in this work, two new inks were developed using Ag as conductive material and colorless polymers (nail polish (NP) and shellac (SL)), and applied to different substrates (screen-printed electrodes, acetate sheets, and 3D-printed electrodes) to verify the performance of the proposed inks. Measurements attained with open circuit potential (OCP) attested to the stability of the potential of the pseudo-reference proposed for 1 h. Analytical curves for β-estradiol were also obtained using the devices prepared with the proposed inks as pseudo-references electrodes, which presented satisfactory results concerning the potential stability (RSD < 2.6%). These inks are simple to prepare and present great alternatives for the development of pseudo-reference electrodes useful in the construction of disposable electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica R. Camargo
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson S. Fernandes-Junior
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Déborah C. Azzi
- ADB Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Araras 13600-140, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel G. Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas V. Faria
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A. A. Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno C. Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, SP, Brazil
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10
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Lu X, Zhang M, Wang L, Liu G. Liquid Metal Fiber Mat as a Highly Stable Solid-State Junction for Inkjet-Printed Flexible Reference Electrodes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6728-6735. [PMID: 35483011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An all-solid liquid-metal-fiber-mat-based membrane flexible reference electrode (LMFM-FRE) was developed by combining liquid metal eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) and poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) (SBS) as a liquid junction layer. Ag ink was printed and chlorinated by electroplating to form the AgCl layer. Then, agarose containing KCl was coated as the electrolyte layer, and LMFM was added as the liquid junction layer. The liquid junction layer can increase the hydrophobicity of the electrode surface, limit the loss of internal Cl-, and significantly improve the stability of the electrode. The potential fluctuation of LMFM-FRE does not exceed 1 mV within 1 h, and it is still the same after 1 month. In addition, its potential changes in ion species and concentration, pH value, and ambient light are small, and its cyclic voltammetry characteristics are consistent with the standard reference electrode. Even in the case of temperature change and mechanical deformation, the potential change of LMFM-FRE is minimal. In general, the materials used and fabrication by inkjet printing make it possible to manufacture the reference electrode on a large scale, which is particularly important in many electrochemical sensing fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- Key Lab of Smart Agriculture Systems, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Key Lab of Smart Agriculture Systems, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Liru Wang
- Key Lab of Smart Agriculture Systems, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Lab of Smart Agriculture Systems, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
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Effect of sintering technology on the stability of solution-filled external pressure balanced reference electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Walker NL, Dick JE. Leakless, Bipolar Reference Electrodes: Fabrication, Performance, and Miniaturization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10065-10074. [PMID: 34263595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reference electrodes must maintain a well-defined potential for long periods of time to be useful. The silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode is arguably the most widely used reference electrode, but it leaks silver and chloride ions into the sample solution through the porous frit over time. Further, the porous frit makes miniaturization to the micro- and nanoscale challenging. Here, we present an alternative, where the traditional Ag/AgCl reference electrode porous frit is replaced by a conductive wire, preventing ion leakage and allowing miniaturization to the microscale. Charge balance is maintained through a closed bipolar electrochemical mechanism, where faradaic processes occur on each end of the sealed wire. Using the above design, we demonstrate the efficacy of the leakless, bipolar reference electrode (BPRE) and miniaturize it to the microscale (μ-leakless BPRE). Importantly, we demonstrate that leakless and μ-leakless BPREs behave the same as commercial reference electrodes during potentiometric measurements and leakless BPREs perform similarly during voltammetric measurements on ultramicroelectrodes. We demonstrate that the drift during voltammetry using a leakless BPRE on a macroelectrode is slightly more appreciable compared to the drift seen with a commercial reference electrode. We detail design principles for the use of leakless BPREs in nonaqueous solvents and in sealing other conductive materials (e.g., gold and carbon). Using mass spectrometry, we show that the maximum leakage of methylene blue is 0.36 fmol/s, at least 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of commercial reference electrodes. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of using leakless BPREs in potentiometric glucose sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Walker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599 Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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13
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Merazzo KJ, Totoricaguena-Gorriño J, Fernández-Martín E, del Campo FJ, Baldrich E. Smartphone-Enabled Personalized Diagnostics: Current Status and Future Prospects. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061067. [PMID: 34207908 PMCID: PMC8230325 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphones are becoming increasingly versatile thanks to the wide variety of sensor and actuator systems packed in them. Mobile devices today go well beyond their original purpose as communication devices, and this enables important new applications, ranging from augmented reality to the Internet of Things. Personalized diagnostics is one of the areas where mobile devices can have the greatest impact. Hitherto, the camera and communication abilities of these devices have been barely exploited for point of care (POC) purposes. This short review covers the recent evolution of mobile devices in the area of POC diagnostics and puts forward some ideas that may facilitate the development of more advanced applications and devices in the area of personalized diagnostics. With this purpose, the potential exploitation of wireless power and actuation of sensors and biosensors using near field communication (NFC), the use of the screen as a light source for actuation and spectroscopic analysis, using the haptic module to enhance mass transport in micro volumes, and the use of magnetic sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Jaimes Merazzo
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (K.J.M.); (J.T.-G.); (E.F.-M.)
| | - Joseba Totoricaguena-Gorriño
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (K.J.M.); (J.T.-G.); (E.F.-M.)
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Martín
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (K.J.M.); (J.T.-G.); (E.F.-M.)
| | - F. Javier del Campo
- Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (K.J.M.); (J.T.-G.); (E.F.-M.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.d.C.); (E.B)
| | - Eva Baldrich
- Diagnostic Nanotools Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.J.d.C.); (E.B)
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14
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An unusually stable solid state Ag|AgCl reference electrode for long term continuous measurements based on a crosslinked poly(vinyl acetate)/KCl composite. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Tian Y, Zhao J, Han D, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Cui G. Study of a novel fabrication method of 3D Ag-based nanoporous structures for electrochemical detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.114990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Pandhi T, Cornwell C, Fujimoto K, Barnes P, Cox J, Xiong H, Davis PH, Subbaraman H, Koehne JE, Estrada D. Fully inkjet-printed multilayered graphene-based flexible electrodes for repeatable electrochemical response. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38205-38219. [PMID: 35517530 PMCID: PMC9057201 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04786d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene has proven to be useful in biosensing applications. However, one of the main hurdles with printed graphene-based electrodes is achieving repeatable electrochemical performance from one printed electrode to another. We have developed a consistent fabrication process to control the sheet resistance of inkjet-printed graphene electrodes, thereby accomplishing repeatable electrochemical performance. Herein, we investigated the electrochemical properties of multilayered graphene (MLG) electrodes fully inkjet-printed (IJP) on flexible Kapton substrates. The electrodes were fabricated by inkjet printing three materials – (1) a conductive silver ink for electrical contact, (2) an insulating dielectric ink, and (3) MLG ink as the sensing material. The selected materials and fabrication methods provided great control over the ink rheology and material deposition, which enabled stable and repeatable electrochemical response: bending tests revealed the electrochemical behavior of these sensors remained consistent over 1000 bend cycles. Due to the abundance of structural defects (e.g., edge defects) present in the exfoliated graphene platelets, cyclic voltammetry (CV) of the graphene electrodes showed good electron transfer (k = 1.125 × 10−2 cm s−1) with a detection limit (0.01 mM) for the ferric/ferrocyanide redox couple, [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4, which is comparable or superior to modified graphene or graphene oxide-based sensors. Additionally, the potentiometric response of the electrodes displayed good sensitivity over the pH range of 4–10. Moreover, a fully IJP three-electrode device (MLG, platinum, and Ag/AgCl) also showed quasi-reversibility compared to a single IJP MLG electrode device. These findings demonstrate significant promise for scalable fabrication of a flexible, low cost, and fully-IJP wearable sensor system needed for space, military, and commercial biosensing applications. A fully inkjet printed and flexible multilayer graphene based three electrode device showed electrochemical reversibility.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Pandhi
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725-2090 USA
| | - Casey Cornwell
- Department of Chemistry, Northwest Nazarene University Nampa ID 83686 USA
| | - Kiyo Fujimoto
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725-2090 USA
| | - Pete Barnes
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725-2090 USA
| | - Jasmine Cox
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725-2075 USA
| | - Hui Xiong
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725-2090 USA
| | - Paul H Davis
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725-2090 USA
| | - Harish Subbaraman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725-2075 USA
| | | | - David Estrada
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University Boise ID 83725-2090 USA .,Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Boise State University Boise ID 83725-1012 USA
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Petani L, Koker L, Herrmann J, Hagenmeyer V, Gengenbach U, Pylatiuk C. Recent Developments in Ozone Sensor Technology for Medical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060624. [PMID: 32604832 PMCID: PMC7344528 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the utilisation of medical gases, such as ozone, for the treatment of herniated disks, peripheral artery diseases, and chronic wounds, and for dentistry. Currently, the in situ measurement of the dissolved ozone concentration during the medical procedures in human bodily liquids and tissues is not possible. Further research is necessary to enable the integration of ozone sensors in medical and bioanalytical devices. In the present review, we report selected recent developments in ozone sensor technology (2016–2020). The sensors are subdivided into ozone gas sensors and dissolved ozone sensors. The focus thereby lies upon amperometric and impedimetric as well as optical measurement methods. The progress made in various areas—such as measurement temperature, measurement range, response time, and recovery time—is presented. As inkjet-printing is a new promising technology for embedding sensors in medical and bioanalytical devices, the present review includes a brief overview of the current approaches of inkjet-printed ozone sensors.
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