1
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Wang N, Dixit SM, Lee T, DeFiglia SA, Ruotolo BT, Håkansson K. Salt-Bridged Peptide Anion Gaseous Structures Enable Efficient Negative Ion Electron Capture Dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:784-792. [PMID: 38489759 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
We previously discovered that electron attachment to gaseous peptide anions can occur within a relatively narrow electron energy range. The resulting charge-increased radical ions undergo dissociation analogous to conventional cation electron capture/transfer dissociation (ECD/ETD), thus enabling a novel tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technique that we termed negative ion electron capture dissociation (niECD). We proposed that gaseous zwitterionic structures are required for niECD with electron capture either occurring at or being directed by a positively charged site. Here, we further evaluate this zwitterion mechanism by performing niECD of peptides derivatized to alter their ability to form zwitterionic gaseous structures. Introduction of a fixed positive charge tag, a highly basic guanidino group, or a highly acidic sulfonate group to promote zwitterionic structures in singly charged anions, rescued the niECD ability of a peptide refractory to niECD in its unmodified form. We also performed a systematic study of five sets of synthetic peptides with decreasing zwitterion propensity and found that niECD efficiency decreased accordingly, further supporting the zwitterion mechanism. However, traveling-wave ion mobility-mass spectrometry experiments, performed to gain further insight into the gas-phase structures of peptides showing high niECD efficiency, exhibited an inverse correlation between the orientationally averaged collision cross sections and niECD efficiency. These results indicate that compact salt-bridged structures are also a requirement for effective niECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Sugyan M Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Teresa Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Steven A DeFiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Brandon T Ruotolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kristina Håkansson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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2
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Song M, Zhang Y, Zhu W, Zhou W, Li X, Yang A, Tong P, Wu Z, Chen H. Mass Spectrometry Analysis on the Breakage of Allergens in High-Molecular-Mass Polymer of Roasted Peanuts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3142-3149. [PMID: 38299554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Peanut allergy is a prevalent and concerning food allergy. Roasting can introduce structural changes to peanut allergens, affecting their allergenicity, but the structure on the primary structure is unclear. Here, the breakage sites were identified by mass spectrometry and software tools, and structural changes were simulated by molecular dynamics and displayed by PyMOL software. Results revealed that the appearance frequencies of L, Q, F, and E were high at the N-terminal of the breakage site, while S and E were dominant at the C-terminal. In the conformational structure, breakage sites were found close to disulfide bonds and the Cupin domains of Ara h 1 and Ara h 3. The breakage of allergens destroyed linear epitopes and might change the conformation of epitopes, which could influence peanuts' potential allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Weichao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wenlong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Anshu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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3
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Wang R, Wang Z, Lu H. Separation methods for system-wide profiling of protein terminome. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2100374. [PMID: 35997653 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protein N- and C-termini have specific biochemical properties and functions. They play vital roles in various biological processes, such as protein stability and localization. In addition, post-translational modifications and proteolytic processing generate different proteoforms at protein termini. In recent years, terminomics has attracted significant attention, and numerous strategies have been developed to achieve high-throughput and global terminomics analysis. This review summarizes the recent protein N-termini and C-termini enrichment methods and their application in different samples. We also look ahead further application of terminomics in profiling protease substrates and discovery of disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjie Wang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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4
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González-Gamboa I, Caparco AA, McCaskill JM, Steinmetz NF. Bioconjugation Strategies for Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200323. [PMID: 35835718 PMCID: PMC9624232 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) is a plant virus closely related to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), sharing many of its structural and chemical features. These rod-shaped viruses, comprised of 2130 identical coat protein subunits, have been utilized as nanotechnological platforms for a myriad of applications, ranging from drug delivery to precision agriculture. This versatility for functionalization is due to their chemically active external and internal surfaces. While both viruses are similar, they do exhibit some key differences in their surface chemistry, suggesting the reactive residue distribution on TMGMV should not overlap with TMV. In this work, we focused on the establishment and refinement of chemical bioconjugation strategies to load molecules into or onto TMGMV for targeted delivery. A combination of NHS, EDC, and diazo coupling reactions in combination with click chemistry were used to modify the N-terminus, glutamic/aspartic acid residues, and tyrosines in TMGMV. We report loading with over 600 moieties per TMGMV via diazo-coupling, which is a >3-fold increase compared to previous studies. We also report that cargo can be loaded to the solvent-exposed N-terminus and carboxylates on the exterior/interior surfaces. Mass spectrometry revealed the most reactive sites to be Y12 and Y72, both tyrosine side chains are located on the exterior surface. For the carboxylates, interior E106 (66.53 %) was the most reactive for EDC-propargylamine coupled reactions, with the exterior E145 accounting for >15 % reactivity, overturning previous assumptions that only interior glutamic acid residues are accessible. A deeper understanding of the chemical properties of TMGMV further enables its functionalization and use as a multifunctional nanocarrier platform for applications in medicine and precision farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne González-Gamboa
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam A Caparco
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Justin M McCaskill
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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5
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Koudelka T, Winkels K, Kaleja P, Tholey A. Shedding light on both ends: An update on analytical approaches for N- and C-terminomics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1869:119137. [PMID: 34626679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Though proteases were long regarded as nonspecific degradative enzymes, over time, it was recognized that they also hydrolyze peptide bonds very specifically with a limited substrate pool. This irreversible posttranslational modification modulates the fate and activity of many proteins, making proteolytic processing a master switch in the regulation of e.g., the immune system, apoptosis and cancer progression. N- and C-terminomics, the identification of protein termini, has become indispensable in elucidating protease substrates and therefore protease function. Further, terminomics has the potential to identify yet unknown proteoforms, e.g. formed by alternative splicing or the recently discovered alternative ORFs. Different strategies and workflows have been developed that achieve higher sensitivity, a greater depth of coverage or higher throughput. In this review, we summarize recent developments in both N- and C-terminomics and include the potential of top-down proteomics which inherently delivers information on both ends of analytes in a single analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koudelka
- Systematic Proteome Research & Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Konrad Winkels
- Systematic Proteome Research & Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Patrick Kaleja
- Systematic Proteome Research & Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Systematic Proteome Research & Bioanalytics, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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6
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Wang Z, Zhang L, Yuan W, Zhang Y, Lu H. SAPT, a Fast and Efficient Approach for Simultaneous Profiling of Protein N- and C-Terminome. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10553-10560. [PMID: 34297549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein termini play pivotal roles in various biological processes. Although several terminomic strategies have been proposed for the analysis of protein N-termini or protein C-termini separately, few can analyze both ends of proteins at the same time. Herein, we developed a workflow, termed Simultaneous Analysis of Protein N- and C-Terminome (SAPT) based on strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX) fractionation. Taking advantage of terminal peptides' reduced charge states in low pH SCX for their selective separation, we identified 3724 canonical human protein N-termini and 3129 canonical human protein C-termini, as well as 1463 neo-N-termini from the HeLa cell line, representing the largest human protein C-termini data set and the second largest human protein N-termini data set so far. The whole fractionation procedure was simple and rapid with considerable selectivity by utilizing a commercially available SCX-SPE column. In addition, we report for the first time the comprehensive screening of protein N-terminal and C-terminal modifications, leading to an identification of 8 kinds of protein N-terminal PTMs other than acetylation and 1 kind of protein C-terminal PTM other than amidation. Our results demonstrate the excellent performance and great potential of SAPT in terminomic studies. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024573.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Wang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Yuan
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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7
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Collier MP, Moreira KB, Li KH, Chen YC, Itzhak D, Samant R, Leitner A, Burlingame A, Frydman J. Native mass spectrometry analyses of chaperonin complex TRiC/CCT reveal subunit N-terminal processing and re-association patterns. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13084. [PMID: 34158536 PMCID: PMC8219831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic chaperonin TRiC/CCT is a large ATP-dependent complex essential for cellular protein folding. Its subunit arrangement into two stacked eight-membered hetero-oligomeric rings is conserved from yeast to man. A recent breakthrough enables production of functional human TRiC (hTRiC) from insect cells. Here, we apply a suite of mass spectrometry techniques to characterize recombinant hTRiC. We find all subunits CCT1-8 are N-terminally processed by combinations of methionine excision and acetylation observed in native human TRiC. Dissociation by organic solvents yields primarily monomeric subunits with a small population of CCT dimers. Notably, some dimers feature non-canonical inter-subunit contacts absent in the initial hTRiC. This indicates individual CCT monomers can promiscuously re-assemble into dimers, and lack the information to assume the specific interface pairings in the holocomplex. CCT5 is consistently the most stable subunit and engages in the greatest number of non-canonical dimer pairings. These findings confirm physiologically relevant post-translational processing and function of recombinant hTRiC and offer quantitative insight into the relative stabilities of TRiC subunits and interfaces, a key step toward reconstructing its assembly mechanism. Our results also highlight the importance of assigning contacts identified by native mass spectrometry after solution dissociation as canonical or non-canonical when investigating multimeric assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathy H Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Chan Chen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Rahul Samant
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Leitner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alma Burlingame
- Department of Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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8
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Demir F, Kizhakkedathu JN, Rinschen MM, Huesgen PF. MANTI: Automated Annotation of Protein N-Termini for Rapid Interpretation of N-Terminome Data Sets. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5596-5605. [PMID: 33729755 PMCID: PMC8027985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific proteolytic processing is an important, irreversible post-translational protein modification with implications in many diseases. Enrichment of protein N-terminal peptides followed by mass spectrometry-based identification and quantification enables proteome-wide characterization of proteolytic processes and protease substrates but is challenged by the lack of specific annotation tools. A common problem is, for example, ambiguous matches of identified peptides to multiple protein entries in the databases used for identification. We developed MaxQuant Advanced N-termini Interpreter (MANTI), a standalone Perl software with an optional graphical user interface that validates and annotates N-terminal peptides identified by database searches with the popular MaxQuant software package by integrating information from multiple data sources. MANTI utilizes diverse annotation information in a multistep decision process to assign a conservative preferred protein entry for each N-terminal peptide, enabling automated classification according to the likely origin and determines significant changes in N-terminal peptide abundance. Auxiliary R scripts included in the software package summarize and visualize key aspects of the data. To showcase the utility of MANTI, we generated two large-scale TAILS N-terminome data sets from two different animal models of chemically and genetically induced kidney disease, puromycin adenonucleoside-treated rats (PAN), and heterozygous Wilms Tumor protein 1 mice (WT1). MANTI enabled rapid validation and autonomous annotation of >10 000 identified terminal peptides, revealing novel proteolytic proteoforms in 905 and 644 proteins, respectively. Quantitative analysis indicated that proteolytic activities with similar sequence specificity are involved in the pathogenesis of kidney injury and proteinuria in both models, whereas coagulation processes and complement activation were specifically induced after chemical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Demir
- Department
of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Central
Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Centre
for Blood Research, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine,
School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 251-2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Markus M. Rinschen
- Department
of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- III.
Department of Medicine, University Medical
Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pitter F. Huesgen
- Central
Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Cologne
Excellence Cluster Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases
(CECAD), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Institute of Biochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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9
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Kaushal P, Lee C. N-terminomics - its past and recent advancements. J Proteomics 2020; 233:104089. [PMID: 33359939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
N-terminomics is a rapidly evolving branch of proteomics that encompasses the study of protein N-terminal sequence. A proteome-wide collection of such sequences has been widely used to understand the proteolytic cascades and in annotating the genome. Over the last two decades, various N-terminomic strategies have been developed for achieving high sensitivity, greater depth of coverage, and high-throughputness. We, in this review, cover how the field of N-terminomics has evolved to date, including discussion on various sample preparation and N-terminal peptide enrichment strategies. We also compare different N-terminomic methods and highlight their relative benefits and shortcomings in their implementation. In addition, an overview of the currently available bioinformatics tools and data analysis pipelines for the annotation of N-terminomic datasets is also included. SIGNIFICANCE: It has been recognized that proteins undergo several post-translational modifications (PTM), and a number of perturbed biological pathways are directly associated with modifications at the terminal sites of a protein. In this regard, N-terminomics can be applied to generate a proteome-wide landscape of mature N-terminal sequences, annotate their source of generation, and recognize their significance in the biological pathways. Besides, a system-wide study can be used to study complicated proteolytic machinery and protease cleavage patterns for potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, due to unprecedented improvements in the analytical methods and mass spectrometry instrumentation in recent times, the N-terminomic methodologies now offers an unparalleled ability to study proteoforms and their implications in clinical conditions. Such approaches can further be applied for the detection of low abundant proteoforms, annotation of non-canonical protein coding sites, identification of candidate disease biomarkers, and, last but not least, the discovery of novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kaushal
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolju Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyunghee-daero, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The N-terminus of a protein can encode several protein features, including its half-live and its localization. As the proteomics field remains dominated by bottom-up approaches and as N-terminal peptides only account for a fraction of all analyzable peptides, there is a need for their enrichment prior to analysis. COFRADIC, TAILS, and the subtiligase method were among the first N-terminomics methods developed, and several variants and novel methods were introduced that often reduce processing time and/or the amount of material required. AREAS COVERED We present an overview of how the field of N-terminomics developed, including a discussion of the founding methods, several updates made to these and introduce newer methods such as TMPP-labeling, biotin-based methods besides some necessary improvements in data analysis. EXPERT OPINION N-terminomic methods remain being used and improved methods are published however, more efficient use of contemporary mass spectrometers, promising data-independent approaches, and mass spectrometry-free single peptide or protein sequences may threat the N-terminomics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Bogaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology , Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology , Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
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