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Fouquet TNJ, Cody RB, Charles L. Degradation strategies for structural characterization of insoluble synthetic polymers by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 39093552 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) to produce intact gas-phase ions from nonvolatile macromolecules, mass spectrometry has become an essential technique in the field of polymeric materials. However, (co)polymers of very high molecular weight or with reticulated architectures still escape ESI or MALDI, mainly due to solubility issues. Strategies developed to tackle such an analytical challenge all rely on sample degradation to produce low-mass species amenable to existing ionization methods. Yet, chain degradation needs to be partial and controlled to generate sufficiently large species that still contain topological or architectural information. The present article reviews the different analytical degradation strategies implemented to perform mass spectrometry of these challenging synthetic polymers, covering thermal degradation approaches in sources developed in the 2000s, off-line sample pre-treatments for controlled chemical degradation of polymeric substrates, and most recent achievements employing reactive ionization modes to perform chemolysis on-line with MS.
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2
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Millbern Z, Trettin A, Wu R, Demmler M, Vinueza NR. Synthetic dyes: A mass spectrometry approach and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:327-344. [PMID: 36353972 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are found in a wide variety of applications today, including but not limited to textiles, foods, and medicine. The analysis of these molecules is pertinent to several fields such as forensics, environmental monitoring, and quality control, all of which require the sensitivity and selectivity of analysis provided by mass spectrometry (MS). Recently, there has been an increase in the implementation of MS evaluation of synthetic dyes by various methods, with the majority of research thus far falling under electrospray ionization and moving toward direct ionization methods. This review covers an overview of the chemistry of synthetic dyes needed for the understanding of MS sample preparation and spectral results, current fields of application, ionization methods, and fragmentation trends and works that have been reported in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison Trettin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Wu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Demmler
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Forbes TP, Pettibone JM, Windsor E, Conny JM, Fletcher RA. Rapid Chemical Screening of Microplastics and Nanoplastics by Thermal Desorption and Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry with Unsupervised Fuzzy Clustering. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12373-12382. [PMID: 37567156 PMCID: PMC10501441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The transport and chemical identification of microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) are critical to the concerns over plastic accumulation in the environment. Chemically and physically transient MNP species present unique challenges for isolation and analysis due to many factors such as their size, color, surface properties, morphology, and potential for chemical change. These factors contribute to the eventual environmental and toxicological impact of MNPs. As analytical methods and instrumentation continue to be developed for this application, analytical test materials will play an important role. Here, a direct mass spectrometry screening method was developed to rapidly characterize manufactured and weathered MNPs, complementing lengthy pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The chromatography-free measurements took advantage of Kendrick mass defect analysis, in-source collision-induced dissociation, and advancements in machine learning approaches for the data analysis of complex mass spectra. In this study, we applied Gaussian mixture models and fuzzy c-means clustering for the unsupervised analysis of MNP sample spectra, incorporating clustering stability and information criterion measurements to determine latent dimensionality. These models provided insight into the composition of mixed and weathered MNP samples. The multiparametric data acquisition and machine learning approach presented improved confidence in polymer identification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - John M. Pettibone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Eric Windsor
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Joseph M. Conny
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Robert A. Fletcher
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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4
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Lepot L, Vanhouche M, Vanden Driessche T, Lunstroot K. Interpol review of fibres and textiles 2019-2022. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2022; 6:100307. [PMID: 36588587 PMCID: PMC9794884 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Millbern Z, Vinueza NR. The characterization of disperse dyes in polyester fibers using DART mass spectrometry. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:2291-2298. [PMID: 36059113 PMCID: PMC9826145 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Textile fibers alone are highly prevalent in our environment, and not only are there a wide variety of fibers, but generally, consumer textiles are colored. Given the variety of crime locations where dyes are encountered and the potential circumstances, a rapid, preparation free analysis of samples is highly beneficial. This study has characterized a collection of commercially available textiles dyes by verifying the chemical structure, collecting reference spectra, and developing a method to analyze dyed fibers via Direct Analysis in Real-Time (DART) mass spectrometry. A methodology for direct analysis of pieces of fabric and single thread samples of polyester fibers dyed with disperse dyes was developed. The presence of 31 target dyes on fibers whose structures were previously established via high-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed. Dyed fabrics containing mixtures of dyes in varying concentrations were also evaluated to determine whether each dye in the composition could be detected. The DART-MS methodology was sensitive and positively characterized disperse dyes in polyester fibers, allowing for blind identification of mixtures with the assistance of a high-resolution mass spectrometry database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Nelson R. Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and ScienceNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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6
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Capistran BA, Sisco E. Rapid GC-MS as a Screening Tool for Forensic Fire Debris Analysis. Forensic Chem 2022; 30:10.1016/j.forc.2022.100435. [PMID: 36733494 PMCID: PMC9888146 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Techniques developed for the screening of forensic samples can be useful for increasing sample throughput and decreasing backlog in forensic laboratories. One such technique, rapid gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), allows for fast sample screening (≈1 min) and has gained interest in recent years for forensic applications. This work focuses on the development of a method for ignitable liquid analysis using rapid GC-MS. A sampling protocol and temperature program were developed for the analysis of these volatile samples. Using the optimized method for analysis, the limits of detection for compounds commonly found in ignitable liquids ranged from 0.012 mg/mL to 0.018 mg/mL. Once the method was developed, neat ignitable liquids (i.e., gasoline and diesel fuel) were analyzed, and major components in each liquid were identified. The identification of major compounds in gasoline and diesel fuel in the presence of substrate interferences was then assessed through the analysis of simulated fire debris samples. Three different substrates were spiked with each ignitable liquid, burned, and analyzed. Major compounds in both liquids were identified using the total ion chromatograms, relevant extracted ion profiles, and deconvolution methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Sisco
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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7
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Aljannahi A, Alblooshi RA, Alremeithi RH, Karamitsos I, Ahli NA, Askar AM, Albastaki IM, Ahli MM, Modak S. Forensic Analysis of Textile Synthetic Fibers Using a FT-IR Spectroscopy Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134281. [PMID: 35807525 PMCID: PMC9268719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic fibers are one of the most valuable trace lines of evidence that can be found in crime scenes. When textile fibers are analyzed properly, they can help in finding a linkage between suspect, victim, and the scene of the crime. Various analytical techniques are used in the examination of samples to determine relationships between different fabric fragments. In this exploratory study, multivariate statistical methods were investigated in combination with machine learning classification models as a method for classifying 138 synthetic textile fibers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR. The data were first subjected to preprocessing techniques including the Savitzky–Golay first derivative method and Standard Normal Variate (SNV) method to smooth the spectra and minimize the scattering effects. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was built to observe unique patterns and to cluster the samples. The classification model in this study, Soft Independent Modeling by Class Analogy (SIMCA), showed correct classification and separation distances between the analyzed synthetic fiber types. At a significance level of 5%, 97.1% of test samples were correctly classified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Aljannahi
- Dubai Police General Headquarters, Dubai 1492, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.); (R.A.A.); (R.H.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (I.M.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Roudha Abdulla Alblooshi
- Dubai Police General Headquarters, Dubai 1492, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.); (R.A.A.); (R.H.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (I.M.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Rashed Humaid Alremeithi
- Dubai Police General Headquarters, Dubai 1492, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.); (R.A.A.); (R.H.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (I.M.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Ioannis Karamitsos
- Research and Graduate Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Dubai 1492, United Arab Emirates;
- Correspondence:
| | - Noora Abdulkarim Ahli
- Dubai Police General Headquarters, Dubai 1492, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.); (R.A.A.); (R.H.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (I.M.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Asma Mohammed Askar
- Dubai Police General Headquarters, Dubai 1492, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.); (R.A.A.); (R.H.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (I.M.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Ikhlass Mohammed Albastaki
- Dubai Police General Headquarters, Dubai 1492, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.); (R.A.A.); (R.H.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (I.M.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Mohamed Mahmood Ahli
- Dubai Police General Headquarters, Dubai 1492, United Arab Emirates; (A.A.); (R.A.A.); (R.H.A.); (N.A.A.); (A.M.A.); (I.M.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Sanjay Modak
- Research and Graduate Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Dubai 1492, United Arab Emirates;
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Cody RB. Qualitative Analysis of Acid Salts with Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry by Conversion to the Free Acid Form. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:207-210. [PMID: 34935389 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic acid salts typically have very low volatility and are not well suited for analysis by Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). However, qualitative analysis of organic acid salts by DART can be facilitated by the addition of a strong acid to convert the compounds to the free acid form. Examples are presented here for inorganic salts (sodium and potassium perchlorate) and several organic salts, including three disodium salts and a mixed sodium/potassium salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc. 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960 United States
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9
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Frazier J, Cavey K, Coil S, Hamo H, Zhang M, Van Patten PG. Rapid and Sensitive Identification and Discrimination of Bound/Unbound Ligands on Colloidal Nanocrystals via Direct Analysis in Real-Time Mass Spectrometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14703-14712. [PMID: 34879204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) has been applied to the characterization of colloidal nanocrystal surface ligands. The nanocrystals (NCs) in colloidal suspension were purified and deposited onto a solid substrate, and the solvent was allowed to evaporate. Ligand desorption was thermally stimulated using a temperature ramp from 30 °C up to 530 °C, and the desorbed ligands were introduced into a DART-MS instrument where metastable He atoms provide energy for ionization and fragmentation through the reaction with ambient vapors including O2 and H2O. The method allows the identification of ligand species with various functional groups, even in complex, mixed-ligand samples. Bound and unbound molecules can be distinguished based on the desorption temperature. In ideal cases, the desorption profile for a given molecule can be analyzed according to methods adapted from thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) to estimate desorption activation energy for NC-bound ligands. Results are presented and discussed for different nanocrystal and ligand types. The method is a promising complement to the range of existing tools for NC ligand analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Frazier
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Kevin Cavey
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Sydney Coil
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Helene Hamo
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - P Gregory Van Patten
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
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10
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Zhu SZ, Zhou BW, Zhang L, Zhang J, Guo YL. Rapid Characterization of Polymer Materials Using Arc Plasma-Based Dissociation-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12480-12486. [PMID: 34474566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fingerprinting spectra of polymer materials containing information of monomers' molecular weight and detailed structure, constituents, and sequences were obtained by a direct analytical process using arc plasma-based dissociation (APD)-mass spectrometry. The thermal arc plasma generated using a simple arc discharge device induces the dissociation of the polymeric backbone, producing mass spectra with strong regularity within seconds. The molecular weight of the repeating unit was revealed by equal intervals between peak series and protonated monomer ions in the mass spectra. Meanwhile, lots of secondary fragment ions were produced to provide abundant structural information. For polyethers, it is even possible to decipher (read) the "sequence" directly from their spectra. Polymers composed of isomers or only differing in their initiator moieties were easily distinguished with their characteristic APD mass spectra. The spectra were highly reproducible according to the results of similarity calculation. Unlike pyrolysis mass spectrometry, in the APD device, polymers in liquid, solid, powder, and crude samples can be analyzed directly without any pretreatment, and the regular spectra are easier to interpret. Compared with other direct analytical methods, more structural informative spectra can be acquired owing to the high energy, high temperature, and unique chemical reactivity of arc plasma. Thus, this technique is promising to be a valuable tool in rapid elucidation of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Zhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo-Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Forensic Analysis of Polymeric Carpet Fibers Using Direct Analysis in Real Time Coupled to an AccuTOF™ Mass Spectrometer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162687. [PMID: 34451227 PMCID: PMC8398551 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric fibers are encountered in numerous forensic circumstances. This study focused on polymeric carpet fibers most encountered at a crime scene, which are nylons, polyesters and olefins. Analysis of the multiple polymer types was done using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART™) coupled to an Accurate time-of-flight (AccuTOF™) mass spectrometer (MS). A DART gas temperature of 275 °C was determined as optimal. Twelve olefin, polyester, and nylon polymer standards were used for parameter optimization for the carpet fiber analysis. A successful identification and differentiation of all twelve polymer standards was completed using the DART-AccuTOF™. Thirty-two carpet samples of both known and unknown fiber composition were collected and subsequently analyzed. All samples with known fiber compositions were correctly identified by class. All of the remaining carpet samples with no known composition information were correctly identified by confirmation using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The method was also capable of identifying sub-classes of nylon carpet fibers. The results exhibit the capability of DART-AccuTOF™ being applied as an addition to the sequence of tests conducted to analyze carpet fibers in a forensic laboratory.
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12
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Zambrzycki SC, Bernier MC, Bradshaw JA, Fernández FM. Pyrolysis Vacuum-Assisted Plasma Ionization Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry for Insoluble Polymer Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1388-1392. [PMID: 33970637 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This Communication describes a new thermal desorption/pyrolysis vacuum-assisted plasma ionization (pyro-VaPI) ion source coupled to ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) for insoluble polymer analysis. Pyro-VaPI combines a pyrolysis device, soft ambient plasma ionization, IM, and MS into a single platform for polymer analysis with minimal sample preparation. Nylons, a widely used and well-studied thermoplastic, were chosen to evaluate the pyro-VaPI performance. Six different nylon polymers were studied and characterized. With the application of IM-MS, two different isobars for the protonated cyclic dimers of 6-6, 6-9, 6-10, and 6-12 nylon and two isobars for the cyclic tetramer of nylon-6 were detected at 200 °C. These isobars were observed at different heating times, with the species drifting faster in the IM cell appearing several minutes after the slower drifting species. To the best of our knowledge, these isobaric dimers and tetramers have not been previously reported, indicating that pyro-VaPI IM-MS is a useful tool for the structural characterization of heated or pyrolyzed polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Zambrzycki
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - Matthew C Bernier
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - James A Bradshaw
- Consolidated Nuclear Security LLC, Y-12 National Security Complex, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Facundo M Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
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13
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Sisco E, Forbes TP. Forensic applications of DART-MS: A review of recent literature. Forensic Chem 2021; 22:10.1016/j.forc.2020.100294. [PMID: 36575658 PMCID: PMC9791994 DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The need for rapid chemical analyses and new analytical tools in forensic laboratories continues to grow due to case backlogs, difficult-to-analyze cases, and identification of previously unseen materials such as new psychoactive substances. To adapt to these needs, the forensics community has been pursuing the use of ambient ionization mass spectrometry, and more specifically direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS), for a wide range of applications. From the inception of DART-MS forensic applications have been researched with demonstrations ranging from drugs of abuse to inorganic gunshot residue to printer inks to insect identification. This article presents a review of research demonstrating the use of DART-MS for forensically relevant samples over the past five years. To provide more context, background on the technique, sampling approaches, and data analysis methods are presented along with a discussion on the potential future and research needs of the technology.
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14
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Liang J, Sun J, Chen P, Frazier J, Benefield V, Zhang M. Chemical analysis and classification of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) based on their country of origin using mass spectrometric methods and chemometrics. Food Res Int 2020; 140:109877. [PMID: 33648195 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and thermal desorption direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (TD-DART-MS) methods to the analysis of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) samples from different countries. The black pepper powder samples were analyzed directly by TD-DART-MS without any extraction, but for GC-MS and LC-MS methods, a methanol extraction procedure was employed before the analysis. Various compounds, such as piperamides and terpenes, were detected. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to classify black pepper samples based on their origins. Total ion mass spectrum (TMS) data profiles from GC-MS, LC-MS, and TD-DART-MS methods were constructed and evaluated for the performance of classification. A cubic-root data transformation was tested in the data preprocessing and found to be effective for improving the classification rates. The average classification rates of PLS-DA models with GC-MS-cubic-root-TMS, LC-MS-cubic-root-TMS, and DART-MS-cubic-root-TMS data representations were 94.1 ± 0.6%, 87.7 ± 0.6%, and 97.0 ± 0.3% respectively, for 100-time bootstrapped-Latin-partition cross-validation. This study presents for the first time the analysis of plant-based food materials by using TD-DART-MS, and it has been demonstrated as a simple and high-throughput method for classification studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liang
- Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Ethnic Minority Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Jared Frazier
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Virginia Benefield
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
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15
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Terán JE, Millbern Z, Shao D, Sui X, Liu Y, Demmler M, Vinueza NR. Characterization of synthetic dyes for environmental and forensic assessments: A chromatography and mass spectrometry approach. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:387-402. [PMID: 33047882 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Dyes have become common substances since they are employed in mostly all objects surrounding our daily activities such as clothing and upholstery. Based on the usage and disposal of these objects, the transfer of the dyes to other media such as soil and water increases their prevalence in our environment. However, this prevalence could help to solve crimes and pollution problems if detection techniques are proper. For that reason, the detection and characterization of dyes in complex matrices is important to determine the possible events leading to their deposition (natural degradation, attempts of removal, possible match with evidence, among others). Currently, there are several chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches used for the identification of these organic molecules and their derivatives with high specificity and accuracy. This review presents current chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods that are used for the detection and characterization of disperse, acid, basic, and reactive dyes, and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio E Terán
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dongyan Shao
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xinyi Sui
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yixin Liu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Demmler
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Brown HM, McDaniel TJ, Fedick PW, Mulligan CC. The current role of mass spectrometry in forensics and future prospects. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3974-3997. [PMID: 32720670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are highly prevalent in crime laboratories, particularly those coupled to chromatographic separations like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). These methods are considered "gold standard" analytical techniques for forensic analysis and have been extensively validated for producing prosecutorial evidentiary data. However, factors such as growing evidence backlogs and problematic evidence types (e.g., novel psychoactive substance (NPS) classes) have exposed limitations of these stalwart techniques. This critical review serves to delineate the current role of MS methods across the broad sub-disciplines of forensic science, providing insight on how governmental steering committees guide their implementation. Novel, developing techniques that seek to broaden applicability and enhance performance will also be highlighted, from unique modifications to traditional hyphenated MS methods to the newer "ambient" MS techniques that show promise for forensic analysis, but need further validation before incorporation into routine forensic workflows. This review also expounds on how recent improvements to MS instrumental design, scan modes, and data processing could cause a paradigm shift in how the future forensic practitioner collects and processes target evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary M Brown
- Chemistry Division, Research Department, Naval Air Warfare Center, Weapons Division (NAWCWD), United States Navy Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), China Lake, California 93555, USA.
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Fouquet TNJ, Cody RB, Nakamura S, Sato H, Ohmura T, Kotani M, Naito Y. Rapid Fingerprinting of High-Molecular-Weight Polymers by Laser Desorption-Ionization Using Through-Hole Alumina Membrane High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7399-7403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry N. J. Fouquet
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Robert B. Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Sayaka Nakamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohmura
- Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0193, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kotani
- Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0193, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Naito
- The Graduate School for the Creation of New Photonics Industries, 1955-1 Kurematsu-cho, Nishi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-1202, Japan
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