1
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Schaefer C, Lippmann M, Schindler C, Beukers M, Beijer N, Hitzemann M, van de Kamp B, Peters R, Knotter J, Zimmermann S. Pursuing drug laboratories: Analysis of drug precursors with High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 363:112196. [PMID: 39151243 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HiKE-IMS) is a technique for rapid and reliable detection of trace compounds down to ppbV-levels within one second. Compared to classical IMS operating at ambient pressure and providing the ion mobility at low electric fields, HiKE-IMS can also provide the analyte-specific field dependence of the ion mobility and a fragmentation pattern at high reduced electric field strengths. The additional information about the analyte obtained by varying the reduced electric field strength can contribute to reliable detection. Furthermore, the reduced number of ion-molecule reactions at the low operating pressure of 10 - 40 mbar and the shorter reaction times reduce the impact of competing ion-molecule reactions that can cause false negatives. In this work, we employ HiKE-IMS for the analysis of phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) and other precursor chemicals used for synthesis of methamphetamine and amphetamine. The results show that the precursor chemicals exhibit different behavior in HiKE-IMS. Some precursors form a single significant ion species, while others readily form a fragmentation pattern. Nevertheless, all drug precursors can be distinguished from each other, from the reactant ions and from interfering compounds. In particular, the field-dependent ion mobility as an additional separation dimension aids identification, potentially reducing the number of false positive alarms in field applications. Furthermore, the analysis of a seized illicit P2P sample shows that even low levels of P2P can be detected despite the complex background present in the headspace of real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schaefer
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany.
| | - Martin Lippmann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Clara Schindler
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Michiel Beukers
- Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H Tromplaan 28, Enschede 7513AB, the Netherlands; Knowledge Centre of Digitalization, Intelligence and Technology, Police Academy of the Netherlands, Arnhemseweg 348, Apeldoorn 7334AC, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Beijer
- Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H Tromplaan 28, Enschede 7513AB, the Netherlands; Knowledge Centre of Digitalization, Intelligence and Technology, Police Academy of the Netherlands, Arnhemseweg 348, Apeldoorn 7334AC, the Netherlands
| | - Moritz Hitzemann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Ben van de Kamp
- Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H Tromplaan 28, Enschede 7513AB, the Netherlands; Knowledge Centre of Digitalization, Intelligence and Technology, Police Academy of the Netherlands, Arnhemseweg 348, Apeldoorn 7334AC, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Peters
- Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H Tromplaan 28, Enschede 7513AB, the Netherlands; Knowledge Centre of Digitalization, Intelligence and Technology, Police Academy of the Netherlands, Arnhemseweg 348, Apeldoorn 7334AC, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Knotter
- Research Group Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H Tromplaan 28, Enschede 7513AB, the Netherlands; Knowledge Centre of Digitalization, Intelligence and Technology, Police Academy of the Netherlands, Arnhemseweg 348, Apeldoorn 7334AC, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Appelstr. 9A, Hannover 30167, Germany
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2
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Haack A, Schaefer C, Zimmermann S. On the Arrival Time Distribution of Reacting Systems in Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96. [PMID: 39009503 PMCID: PMC11295131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a widely used gas-phase separation technique, particularly when coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Modern IMS instruments often apply elevated reduced field strengths for improved ion separation and ion focusing. These alter the collision dynamics and further drive ion reaction processes that can change the analyte's structure. As a result, the measured arrival time distribution (ATD) can change with the applied reduced field strengths. In this work, we systematically study how the ion collision dynamics and the ion reaction dynamics, as a function of the reduced field strength, can alter the ATD. To this end, we investigate 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine, methanol, and ethyl acetate using a home-built drift tube IMS coupled to a home-built MS and extensive first-principles Monte Carlo modeling. We show how elevated reduced field strengths can actually lower resolving power through increased ion diffusion and how the field dependency of the ion mobility can introduce uncertainties to collision cross sections (CCS) calculated from the measured mobilities. On top of the collision dynamics, we show how chemical transformation processes that alter the analyte's CCS, e.g., dynamic clustering or fragmentation, can lead to broadened, shifted, or non-Gaussian ATDs and how sensitive these processes are to the applied field strengths. We highlight how first-principles ion dynamics simulations can help to understand and even harness the mentioned effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haack
- Department of Sensors and
Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Schaefer
- Department of Sensors and
Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and
Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement
Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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3
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Anttalainen O, Lattouf E, Vanninen P, Hakulinen H, Kotiaho T, Eiceman G. Computational analysis of an electrostatic separator design for removal of volatile organic compounds from indoor air. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:877-889. [PMID: 37795973 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2265329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air can be reduced in electrostatic separators where VOCs are ionized using ion-molecule reactions, extracted using electric fields, and eliminated in a waste flow. Embodiments for such separator technology have been explored in only a few studies, despite the possible advantage of purification without adsorbent filters. In one design, based on ionization of VOCs in positive polarity with hydrated protons as reactant ions, efficiencies for removal were measured as 30-40% . The results were fitted to a one-dimensional convective diffusion model requiring an unexpectedly high production rate of reactant ions to match both the model and data. A realistic rate of reactant ion production was used in finite element method simulations (COMSOL) and demonstrated that low removal efficiency could be attributed to non-uniform patterns of sample flow and to incomplete mixing of VOCs with reactant ions. In analysis of complex systems, such as this model, even limited computational modeling can outperform a pure analytical approach and bring insights into limiting factors or system bottlenecks.Implications: In this work, we applied modern computational methods to understand the performance of an air purifier based on electrostatics and ionized volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These were described in the publication early 2000s. The model presented was one-dimensional and did not account for the effects of flow. In our multiphysics finite element models, the efficiency and operation of the filter is better explained by the patterns of flow and flow influences on ion distributions in electric fields. In general, this work helps using and applying computational modelling to understand and improve the performance bottlenecks in air purification system designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmo Anttalainen
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elie Lattouf
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Hakulinen
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Drug Research Program and Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gary Eiceman
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
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4
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Raju CM, Buchowiecki K, Urban PL. An economical setup for atmospheric pressure chemical ionization drift tube ion-mobility mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1268:341359. [PMID: 37268338 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ion-mobility (IM) separations-performed in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS)-increase selectivity of MS analyses. However, IM-MS instruments are costly, and many laboratories are only equipped with standard MS instruments without an IM separation stage. Therefore, it is appealing to upgrade the existing mass spectrometers with low-cost IM separation devices. Such devices can be constructed using widely available materials such as printed-circuit boards (PCBs). We demonstrate coupling of an economical PCB-based IM spectrometer (disclosed previously) with a commercial triple quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometer. The presented PCB-IM-QQQ-MS system incorporates an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source, drift tube comprising desolvation and drift regions, ion gates, and transfer line to the mass spectrometer. The ion gating is accomplished with the aid of two floated pulsers. The separated ions are divided into packets, which are sequentially introduced to the mass spectrometer. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are transferred with the aid of nitrogen gas flow from the sample chamber to the APCI source. The operation of the system has been demonstrated using standard compounds. The limits of detection for 2,4-lutidine, (-)-nicotine, and pyridine are 2.02 × 10-7 M, 1.54 × 10-9 mol, and 4.79 × 10-10 mol, respectively. The system was also used to monitor VOCs emitted from the porcine skin after exposure to nicotine patches, and VOCs released from meat undergoing the spoilage process. We believe this simple APCI-PCB-IM-QQQ-MS platform can be reproduced by others to augment the capabilities of the existing MS instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamarthi Maheswar Raju
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Krzysztof Buchowiecki
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan; Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan.
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5
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Haack A, Schaefer C, Zimmermann S, Hopkins WS. Validation of Field-Dependent Ion-Solvent Cluster Modeling via Direct Measurement of Cluster Size Distributions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:1035-1046. [PMID: 37116175 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry is widely used in analytical chemistry, either as a stand-alone technique or coupled to mass spectrometry. Ions in the gas phase tend to form loosely bound clusters with surrounding solvent vapors, artificially increasing the collisional cross section and the mass of the ion. This, in turn, affects ion mobility and influences separation. Further, ion-solvent clusters play an important role in most ionization mechanisms occurring in the gas phase. Consequently, a deeper understanding of ion-solvent cluster association and dissociation processes is desirable to guide experimental design and interpretation. A few computational models exist, which aim to describe the amount of clustering as a function of the reduced electric field strength, bath gas pressure and temperature, and the chemical species probed. It is especially challenging to model ion mobility under high reduced electrical field strengths due to the nonthermal conditions created by the field. In this work, we aim to validate a recently proposed first-principles model by comparing its predictions with direct measurements of cluster size distributions over a range of 20-120 Td as observed using a High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometer coupled to a mass spectrometer (HiKE-IMS-MS). By studying H+(H2O)n, [MeOH + H + n(H2O)]+, [ACE + H + n(H2O)]+, and [PhNH2 + H + n(H2O)]+ as test systems, we find very good agreement between model and experiment, supporting the validity of the computational workflow. Further, the detailed information gained from the modeling yields important insights into the cluster dynamics within the HiKE-IMS, allowing for better interpretation of the measured ion mobility spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Haack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Christoph Schaefer
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - W Scott Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Watermine Innovation, Waterloo, Ontario N0B 2T0, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
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6
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Teucke T, Maurer F, Müller-Wirtz LM, Volk T, Sessler DI, Kreuer S. Humidity and measurement of volatile propofol using MCC-IMS (EDMON). J Clin Monit Comput 2023; 37:493-500. [PMID: 36129642 PMCID: PMC10068632 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-022-00907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The bedside Exhaled Drug MONitor - EDMON measures exhaled propofol in ppbv every minute based on multi-capillary column - ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS). The MCC pre-separates gas samples, thereby reducing the influence of the high humidity in human breath. However, preliminary analyses identified substantial measurement deviations between dry and humid calibration standards. We therefore performed an analytical validation of the EDMON to evaluate the influence of humidity on measurement performance. A calibration gas generator was used to generate gaseous propofol standards measured by an EDMON device to assess linearity, precision, carry-over, resolution, and the influence of different levels of humidity at 100% and 1.7% (without additional) relative humidity (reference temperature: 37°C). EDMON measurements were roughly half the actual concentration without additional humidity and roughly halved again at 100% relative humidity. Standard concentrations and EDMON values correlated linearly at 100% relative humidity (R²=0.97). The measured values were stable over 100min with a variance ≤ 10% in over 96% of the measurements. Carry-over effects were low with 5% at 100% relative humidity after 5min of equilibration. EDMON measurement resolution at 100% relative humidity was 0.4 and 0.6 ppbv for standard concentrations of 3 ppbv and 41 ppbv. The influence of humidity on measurement performance was best described by a second-order polynomial function (R²≥0.99) with influence reaching a maximum at about 70% relative humidity. We conclude that EDMON measurements are strongly influenced by humidity and should therefore be corrected for sample humidity to obtain accurate estimates of exhaled propofol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Teucke
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - F Maurer
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - L M Müller-Wirtz
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - T Volk
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - D I Sessler
- Department of OUTCOMES RESEARCH, Anaesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Kreuer
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
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7
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Cämmerer M, Mayer T, Schott C, Steingroewer J, Petrich R, Borsdorf H. Membrane inlet—ion mobility spectrometry with automatic spectra evaluation as online monitoring tool for the process control of microalgae cultivation. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2200039. [PMID: 37025189 PMCID: PMC10071569 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cultivation of algae either in open raceway ponds or in closed bioreactors could allow the renewable production of biomass for food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or chemical industries. Optimal cultivation conditions are however required to ensure that the production of these compounds is both efficient and economical. Therefore, high-frequency analytical measurements are required to allow timely process control and to detect possible disturbances during algae growth. Such analytical methods are only available to a limited extent. Therefore, we introduced a method for monitoring algae release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace above a bioreactor in real time. This method is based on ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) in combination with a membrane inlet (MI). The unique feature of IMS is that complete spectra are detected in real time instead of sum signals. These spectral patterns produced in the ion mobility spectrum were evaluated automatically via principal component analysis (PCA). The detected peak patterns are characteristic for the respective algae culture; allow the assignment of the individual growth phases and reflect the influence of experimental parameters. These results allow for the first time a continuous monitoring of the algae cultivation and thus an early detection of possible disturbances in the biotechnological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Cämmerer
- Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig Germany
| | - Thomas Mayer
- Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig Germany
| | - Carolin Schott
- Faculty of Mechanical Science and Engineering Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technical University Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Juliane Steingroewer
- Faculty of Mechanical Science and Engineering Institute of Natural Materials Technology, Technical University Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Ralf Petrich
- IFU GmbH Private Institute for Analytics Frankenberg/Sa. Germany
| | - Helko Borsdorf
- Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig Germany
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8
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Lebedev AV, Kolbinev SS. The $${\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + }$$(H2O)n Reagent Ion: Calculations of the Structure, Thermodynamic Parameters of Hydration, Equilibrium Composition, and Mobility. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822140039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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9
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Cämmerer M, Mayer T, Borsdorf H. Drift Time Corrections Based on a Practical Measurement of the Depletion Zone to Allow Accurate and Reproducible Determination of the Reduced Mobility of Ions in DT-IMS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:74-82. [PMID: 34851630 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reduced mobility of an ion is a key parameter for identifying ions and comparing spectra in drift time ion mobility spectrometry. As the resolution of spectrometers improves, accurate determination of the reduced mobility is increasingly important. The drift time, used to calculate the reduced mobility, is affected by the ion gate, and this effect has previously been compensated with a linear correction. These corrections, however, do not allow for changes in the distances that the ions must drift to reach the detector caused by the electric field around the ion gate. As these corrections are a linear correction, nonlinearity in the influence of the ion gate may also lead to greater errors. By measuring the length of the depletion zone in front of the ion gate the extra distance traveled by the ions may be corrected for. This measurement also provides the boundary conditions for when a correction to the drift time may be accurately applied. This work shows that the length of the depletion zone can be experimentally measured and that it is consistent for a particular geometry of ion gate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Cämmerer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helko Borsdorf
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Valadbeigi Y, Ilbeigi V, Khodabandeh Z. Formation of anionic clusters of triols in the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source: An ion mobility spectrometry and theoretical study. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Jiang D, Chen C, Wang W, Wang W, Li M, Wang X, Liu Y, Li E, Li H. Breath-by-breath measurement of intraoperative propofol by unidirectional anisole-assisted photoionization ion mobility spectrometry via real-time correction of humidity. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1150:338223. [PMID: 33583551 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Humidity as a major issue affects the quantitative performance of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) in field applications. According to the kinetic equations of ion-molecular reaction, the intensity ratio of the product ion peak (PIP) over the reactant ion peak (RIP) is proposed as a quantitative factor to correct real-time humidity variation. By coupling this method with a unidirectional anisole-assisted photoionization IMS, direct breath-by-breath measurement of intraoperative propofol was achieved for the first time, which provided more clinical information for studying the anesthetics pharmacokinetics. Although the signal intensities of the RIP and the propofol PIP both declined along with the increase of humidity, the intensity ratio of Propofol/(RIP + Propofol) kept almost constant in a wide relative humidity range of 0%-98%, enabling direct quantitation of exhaled propofol with varying humidity. Furthermore, interfering ion peaks resulted from the high concentration humidity and anesthetics in single exhalation were eliminated during the balanced anesthesia as the exhaled sample was diluted by the unidirectional gas flow scheme. As a demonstration, breath-by-breath variation profiles of propofol were obtained via monitoring end-tidal propofol concentration of intraoperative anesthetized patients (n = 7). The analyses were quantitative, corrected for humidity in real-time, without measuring the humidity content of each breath sample during operation, which show potential for the quantitative analysis of other high humidity samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Enyou Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Allers M, Kirk AT, Schaefer C, Erdogdu D, Wissdorf W, Benter T, Zimmermann S. Field-Dependent Reduced Ion Mobilities of Positive and Negative Ions in Air and Nitrogen in High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HiKE-IMS). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:2191-2201. [PMID: 32865400 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HiKE-IMS), ions are formed in a reaction region and separated in a drift region, which is similar to classical drift tube ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) operated at ambient pressure. However, in contrast to the latter, the HiKE-IMS is operated at a decreased background pressure of 10-40 mbar and achieves high reduced electric field strengths of up to 120 Td in both the reaction and the drift region. Thus, the HiKE-IMS allows insights into the chemical kinetics of ion-bound water cluster systems at effective ion temperatures exceeding 1000 K, although it is operated at the low absolute temperature of 45 °C. In this work, a HiKE-IMS with a high resolving power of RP = 140 is used to study the dependence of reduced ion mobilities on the drift gas humidity and the effective ion temperature for the positive reactant ions H3O+(H2O)n, O2+(H2O)n, NO+(H2O)n, NO2+(H2O)n, and NH4+(H2O)n, as well as the negative reactant ions O2-(H2O)n, O3-(H2O)n, CO3-(H2O)n, HCO3-(H2O)n, and NO2-(H2O)n. By varying the reduced electric field strength in the drift region, cluster transitions are observed in the ion mobility spectra. This is demonstrated for the cluster systems H3O+(H2O)n and NO+(H2O)n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Allers
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Schaefer
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Duygu Erdogdu
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Str. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Walter Wissdorf
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Str. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Str. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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13
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Valadbeigi Y, Ilbeigi V, Mirsharifi MS. Mechanism of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization of morphine, codeine, and thebaine in corona discharge-ion mobility spectrometry: Protonation, ammonium attachment, and carbocation formation. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4586. [PMID: 32720743 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionizations (APCIs) of morphine, codeine, and thebaine were studied in a corona discharge ion source using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) at temperature range of 100°C-200°C. Density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and M062X/6-311++G(d,p) levels of theory were used to interpret the experimental data. It was found that in the presence of H3 O+ as reactant ion (RI), ionization of morphine and codeine proceeds via both the protonation and carbocation formation, whereas thebaine participates only in protonation. Carbocation formation (fragmentation) was diminished with decrease in the temperature. At lower temperatures, proton-bound dimers of the compounds were also formed. Ammonia was used as a dopant to produce NH4 + as an alternative RI. In the presence of NH4 + , proton transfer from ammonium ion to morphine, codeine, and thebaine was the dominant mechanism of ionization. However, small amount of ammonium attachment was also observed. The theoretical calculations showed that nitrogen atom of the molecules is the most favorable proton acceptor site while the oxygen atoms participate in ammonium attachment. Furthermore, formation of the carbocations is because of the water elimination from the protonated forms of morphine and codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Valadbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Vahideh Ilbeigi
- TOF Tech. Pars Company, Isfahan Science & Technology Town, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam S Mirsharifi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
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Allers M, Kirk AT, Eckermann M, Schaefer C, Erdogdu D, Wissdorf W, Benter T, Zimmermann S. Positive Reactant Ion Formation in High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HiKE-IMS). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1291-1301. [PMID: 32372646 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to classical Ion Mobility Spectrometers (IMS) operating at ambient pressure, the High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometer (HiKE-IMS) is operated at reduced pressures of between 10 and 40 mbar and higher reduced electric field strengths of up to 120 Td. Thus, the ion-molecule reactions occurring in the HiKE-IMS can significantly differ from those in classical ambient pressure IMS. In order to predict the ionization pathways of specific analyte molecules, profound knowledge of the reactant ion species generated in HiKE-IMS and their dependence on the ionization conditions is essential. In this work, the formation of positive reactant ions in HiKE-IMS is investigated in detail. On the basis of kinetic and thermodynamic data from the literature, the ion-molecule reactions are kinetically modeled. To verify the model, we present measurements of the reactant ion population and its dependence on the reduced electric field strength, the operating pressure, and the water concentration in the sample gas. All of these parameters significantly affect the reactant ion population formed in HiKE-IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Allers
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar T Kirk
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuel Eckermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Schaefer
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Duygu Erdogdu
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Str. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Walter Wissdorf
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Str. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss Str. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Appelstraße 9a, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Valadbeigi Y, Bayat S, Ilbeigi V. A Novel Application of Dopants in Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Suppression of Fragment Ions of Citric Acid. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7924-7931. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Younes Valadbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sahar Bayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Vahideh Ilbeigi
- TOF Tech. Pars Company, Isfahan Science & Technology Town, Isfahan, Iran
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