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Ouyang Z, Zhou M, Xia Y. Mass Spectrometry in China. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2607-2610. [PMID: 38015814 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
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2
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Li Y, Li H, Luo T, Lin G, Li L. Intensity-dependent mass search for improving metabolite database matches in chemical isotope labeling LC-QTOF-MS-based metabolomics. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1272:341467. [PMID: 37355326 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been increasingly used for metabolome analysis. One of the critical steps in the LC-MS metabolome analysis workflow is related to metabolite identification. Among the measured parameters, peak mass is commonly used to search against a database for potential metabolite matches. Higher accuracy mass measurement allows the use of a narrower mass tolerance window for mass search. While various types of mass analyzers can routinely measure a peak mass with an error of less than a few ppm, mass measurement accuracy is not uniform for peaks with different intensities, particularly for quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) MS. Herein we present a simple and convenient method to determine the relation between peak intensity and mass error in LC-QTOF-MS-based metabolome analysis, followed by intensity-dependent mass search (IDMS) of a database for metabolite matches. This method is based on running a series of sodium formate mass calibrants, as part of the standard operating procedure (SOP) in LC-MS data acquisition, and then curve-fitting the measured mass errors and peak intensities. We show that, in two different quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass analyzers, mass accuracy is generally reduced as peak intensity decreases, which is independent of m/z values in the range commonly used for metabolite detection (e.g., m/z < 1000). We demonstrate the improvement in metabolite matches using IDMS in the analyses of dansyl labeled standards and human urine samples. We have implemented the IDMS method in the freely available MCID database at www.mycompoundid.org, which is composed of 8021 known human endogenous metabolites and their predicted metabolic products (375,809 compounds from one metabolic reaction and 10,583,901 compounds from two reactions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Taibo Luo
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guohui Lin
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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3
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Zheng J, Yang J, Zhao F, Peng B, Wang Y, Fang M. CIL-ExPMRM: An Ultrasensitive Chemical Isotope Labeling Assisted Pseudo-MRM Platform to Accelerate Exposomic Suspect Screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:10962-10973. [PMID: 37469223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposome is the future of next-generation environmental health to establish the association between environmental exposure and diseases. However, due to low concentrations of exposure chemicals, exposome has been hampered by lacking an effective analytical platform to characterize its composition. In this study, by combining the benefit of chemical isotope labeling and pseudo-multiple reaction monitoring (CIL-pseudo-MRM), we have developed one highly sensitive and high-throughput platform (CIL-ExPMRM) by isotope labeling urinary exposure biomarkers. Dansyl chloride (DnsCl), N-methylphenylethylamine (MPEA), and their isotope-labeled forms were used to derivatize polar hydroxyl and carboxyl compounds, respectively. We have programmed a series of scripts to optimize MRM transition parameters, curate the MRM database (>70,000 compounds), predict accurate retention time (RT), and automize dynamic MRMs. This was followed by an automated MRM peak assignment, peak alignment, and statistical analysis. A computational pipeline was eventually incorporated into a user-friendly website interface, named CIL-ExPMRM (http://www.exposomemrm.com/). The performance of this platform has been validated with a relatively low false positive rate (10.7%) across instrumental platforms. CIL-ExPMRM has systematically overcome key bottlenecks of exposome studies to some extent and outperforms previous methods due to its independence of MS/MS availability, accurate RT prediction, and collision energy optimization, as well as the ultrasensitivity and automated robust intensity-based quantification. Overall, CIL-ExPMRM has great potential to advance the exposomic studies based on urinary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Junjie Yang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Fanrong Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Bo Peng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Yulan Wang
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Liu H, Cui H, Huang Y, Yang Y, Jiao L, Zhou Y, Hu J, Wan Y. Enzyme-Catalyzed Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange between Environmental Pollutants and Enzyme-Regulated Endogenous Metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6844-6853. [PMID: 37080910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants can disrupt the homeostasis of endogenous metabolites in organisms, leading to metabolic disorders and syndromes. However, it remains highly challenging to efficiently screen for critical biological molecules affected by environmental pollutants. Herein, we found that enzyme could catalyze hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange between a deuterium-labeled environmental pollutant [D38-bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (D38-DEHP)] and several groups of enzyme-regulated metabolites [cardiolipins (CLs), monolysocardiolipins (MLCLs), phospholipids (PLs), and lysophospholipids (LPLs)]. A high-throughput scanning identified the D-labeled endogenous metabolites in a simple enzyme [phospholipase A2 (PLA2)], enzyme mixtures (liver microsomes), and living organisms (zebrafish embryos) exposed to D38-DEHP. Mass fragmentation and structural analyses showed that similar positions were D-labeled in the CLs, MLCLs, PLs, and LPLs, and this labeling was not attributable to natural metabolic transformations of D38-DEHP or incorporation of its D-labeled side chains. Molecular docking and competitive binding analyses revealed that DEHP competed with D-labeled lipids for binding to the active site of PLA2, and this process mediated H-D exchange. Moreover, competitive binding of DEHP against biotransformation enzymes could interfere with catabolic or anabolic lipid metabolism and thereby affect the concentrations of endogenous metabolites. Our findings provide a tool for discovering more molecular targets that complement the known toxic endpoints of metabolic disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Yangshengtang Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Hongyang Cui
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ling Jiao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yulan Zhou
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Osipenko S, Zherebker A, Rumiantseva L, Kovaleva O, Nikolaev EN, Kostyukevich Y. Oxygen Isotope Exchange Reaction for Untargeted LC-MS Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:390-398. [PMID: 35077167 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
LC-MS is a key technique for the identification of small molecules in complex samples. Accurate mass, retention time, and fragmentation spectra from LC-MS experiments are compared to reference values for pure chemical standards. However, this information is often unavailable or insufficient, leading to an assignment to a list of candidates instead of a single hit; therefore, additional features are desired to filter candidates. One such promising feature is the number of specific functional groups of a molecule that can be counted via derivatization or isotope-exchange techniques. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) is the most widespread implementation of isotope exchange for mass spectrometry, while oxygen 16O/18O exchange is not applied as frequently as HDX. Nevertheless, it is known that some functional groups may be selectively exchanged in 18O enriched media. Here, we propose an implementation of 16O/18O isotope exchange to highlight various functional groups. We evaluated the possibility of using the number of exchanged oxygen atoms as a descriptor to filter database candidates in untargeted LC-MS-based workflows. It was shown that 16O/18O exchange provides 62% (median, n = 45) search space reduction for a panel of drug molecules. Additionally, it was demonstrated that studying the fragmentation spectra after 16O/18O can aid in eliminating false positives and, in some cases, help to annotate fragments formed with water traces in the collisional cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Osipenko
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str., 3, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Zherebker
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str., 3, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidiia Rumiantseva
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str., 3, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana Kovaleva
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str., 3, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Nikolaev
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str., 3, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury Kostyukevich
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel Str., 3, 121205 Moscow, Russia
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Shi C, Jia H, Chen S, Huang J, Peng Y, Guo W. Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Aiding Metabolite Identification in Single-Cell Nanospray High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Anal Chem 2021; 94:650-657. [PMID: 34931818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The identification of metabolites in single-cell or small-volume tissue samples using single-cell mass spectrometry (MS) is challenging. In this study, hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange was combined with microsampling nanospray high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to improve the efficiency and confidence level of metabolite identification in a single cell using commercial software. A nanospray ion source showed an improved reaction depth of 8% for H/D exchange compared with an electrospray ion source. In total, 273 metabolites were identified in Allium cepa L. single cells by searching commercial databases. Generally, more than one candidate is given for a precursor ion by MS or tandem MS (MS2) databases such as ChemSpider, MetDNA, MassBank, and mzCloud. With the help of the H/D exchange technique, the number of candidates decreased and reduction of the search space by a factor of 8 was achieved. In addition, two enzymolysis products of isoalliin, the transient intermediate and its isomer, were tracked at the single-cell level using the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hetian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Wuhan Metware Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yue'e Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Huang R, Shen K, He Q, Hu Y, Sun C, Guo C, Pan Y. Metabolic Profiling of Urinary Chiral Amino-Containing Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer Using a Sensitive Chiral Chlorine-Labeled Probe by HPLC-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3952-3962. [PMID: 34229439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Screening of characteristic biomarkers from chiral amino-containing metabolites in biological samples is difficult and important for the noninvasive diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC). Here, an enantiomeric pair of chlorine-labeled probes d-BPCl and l-BPCl was synthesized to selectively label d- and l-amino-containing metabolites in biological samples, respectively. Incorrect structural annotations were excluded according to the characteristic 3:1 abundance ratio of natural chlorine isotopes (35Cl and 37Cl) derived from the probes. A sensitive C18 HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS method in combination with the probes was then developed and applied in metabolomic analysis of amino-containing metabolites in urine samples. A total of 161 amino-containing metabolites were rapidly separated and determined, and 28 chiral amino acids and achiral glycine were quantified with good precision and accuracy. A total of 18 differential variables were discriminated by analyzing chiral amino-containing metabolites in urine samples of the GC patient and healthy person using the probe-based HPLC-MS/MS-MRM method combined with the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and Mann-Whitney U test with false discovery rate correction for multiple hypotheses. A diagnostic regression model including d-isoleucine, d-serine, and β-(pyrazol-1-yl)-l-alanine and age was then constructed with an average prediction correctness of 88.9% in the validation set. This work established a close connection between gastric cancer and chiral amino-containing metabolites. The mass spectrometry data analyzed in the study are publicly available via Mendeley Data (DOI: 10.17632/4bd93j9yrr.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kexin Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Quan He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiqiu Hu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuirong Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, China
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8
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Xiao HM, Yang X, Zheng F, Tshepelevitsh S, Wang X, Yao XJ, Leito I, Feng YQ. Quantitative analysis of the relationship of derivatization reagents and detection sensitivity of electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: Hydrazines as prototypes. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1158:338402. [PMID: 33863407 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical derivatization-assisted electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-QqQ-MS) has become an efficient tool for the quantification of low-molecular-weight molecules. Many studies found that the derivatives of the same analytes derivatized by different derivatization reagents with the same reaction group had different detection sensitivity, even under the same conditions of electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). This phenomenon was suggested to be caused by the different modifying groups in the derivatization reagents. However, there is still a lack of systematic study on how modifying groups in the derivatization reagents affect the detection sensitivity of their corresponding derivatives of analytes, especially theoretical investigations. In this study, we employed a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling approach to explore the relationship between modifying group structures and the detection sensitivity of derivatization reagents and their derivatives during ESI-MS detection. A total of 110 derivatization reagents of the hydrazine family and their hexanal derivatives (substituted hydrazones) were selected as the prototypes to construct QSAR models. The established models suggested that several molecular descriptors, related to hydrophobicity, electronegativity, and molecular shape, were related to the detection sensitivity of hexanal derivatives induced by different modifying groups in the derivatization reagents. Besides, we found that the detection sensitivity of compounds detected in selected ion mode (SIM) showed a positive correlation with that obtained in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM), and the ionization efficiency was the key factor on the detection sensitivity in both modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ming Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, PR China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Sofja Tshepelevitsh
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, PR China
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
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Luo X, Wu Y, Li L. Normalization of Samples of Limited Amounts in Quantitative Metabolomics Using Liquid Chromatography Fluorescence Detection with Dansyl Labeling of Metabolites. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3418-3425. [PMID: 33554593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative metabolomics requires the analysis of the same or a very similar amount of samples in order to accurately determine the concentration differences of individual metabolites in comparative samples. Ideally, the total amount or concentration of metabolites in each sample is measured to normalize all the analyzed samples. In this work, we describe a very sensitive method to measure a subclass of metabolites as a surrogate quantifier for normalization of samples with limited amounts. This method starts with low-volume dansyl labeling of all metabolites containing a primary/secondary amine or phenol group in a sample to produce a final solution of 21 μL. The dansyl-labeled metabolites generate fluorescence signals at 520 nm with photoexcitation at 250 nm. To remove the interference of dansyl hydroxyl products (Dns-OH) formed from the labeling reagents used, a fast-gradient liquid chromatography separation is used to elute Dns-OH using aqueous solution, followed by organic solvent elution to produce a chromatographic peak of labeled metabolites, giving a measurement throughput of 6 min per sample. The integrated fluorescence signals of the peak are found to be related to the injection amount of the dansyl-labeled metabolites. A calibration curve using mixtures of dansyl-labeled amino acids is used to determine the total concentration of labeled metabolites in a sample. This concentration is used for normalization of samples in the range from 2 to 120 μM in 21 μL with only 1 μL consumed for fluorescence quantification (i.e., 2-120 pmol). We demonstrate the application of this sensitive sample normalization method in comparative metabolome analysis of human cancer cells, MCF-7 cells, treated with and without resveratrol, using a starting material of as low as 500 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yiman Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Zhang Y, Yu Z, Jiang R, Huang J, Hou Y, Yang F, Zhang B, Huang Y, Ye B, Zhang R. A novel ligand with –NH2 and –COOH-decorated Co/Fe-based oxide for an efficient overall water splitting: dual modulation roles of active sites and local electronic structure. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excellent electrochemical water splitting with remarkable durability can provide a solution to satisfy the increasing global energy demand in which the electrode materials play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Zhang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Zebin Yu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Jiang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shaoguan University
- Shaoguan 512005
- P. R. China
| | - Jung Huang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Yanping Hou
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Yang
- Guangzhou Institution Energy Testing
- Guangzhou 510170
- P. R. China
| | - Boge Zhang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Huang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Ye
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
| | - Runzhi Zhang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- P. R. China
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