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Wu T, Hu R, Xie P, Zhang L, Hu C, Liu X, Wang J, Zhong L, Tong J, Liu W. A Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Laser Ultra-Sensitive Trace Formaldehyde Detection System Based on Improved Dual-Incidence Multipass Gas Cell. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5643. [PMID: 37420809 DOI: 10.3390/s23125643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a tracer of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and its concentration has gradually decreased with the reduction in VOC emissions in recent years, which puts forward higher requirements for the detection of trace HCHO. Therefore, a quantum cascade laser (QCL) with a central excitation wavelength of 5.68 μm was applied to detect the trace HCHO under an effective absorption optical pathlength of 67 m. An improved, dual-incidence multi-pass cell, with a simple structure and easy adjustment, was designed to further improve the absorption optical pathlength of the gas. The instrument detection sensitivity of 28 pptv (1σ) was achieved within a 40 s response time. The experimental results show that the developed HCHO detection system is almost unaffected by the cross interference of common atmospheric gases and the change of ambient humidity. Additionally, the instrument was successfully deployed in a field campaign, and it delivered results that correlated well with those of a commercial instrument based on continuous wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy (R2 = 0.967), which indicates that the instrument has a good ability to monitor ambient trace HCHO in unattended continuous operation for long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Graduate School of Science Island Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Renzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Graduate School of Science Island Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Graduate School of Science Island Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changjin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Graduate School of Science Island Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liujun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jinzhao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Graduate School of Science Island Branch, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Sun Y, Yang T, Gui H, Li X, Wang W, Duan J, Mao S, Yin H, Zhou B, Lang J, Zhou H, Liu C, Xie P. Atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China: A review and outlook. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:41-53. [PMID: 36522002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Accurate monitoring of the atmospheric environment and its evolution are important for understanding the sources, chemical mechanisms, and transport processes of air pollution and carbon emissions in China, and for regulatory and control purposes. This study gives an overview of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China and summarizes the major achievements obtained in recent years. China has made great progress in the development of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment with decades of effort. The manufacturing level of atmospheric environment monitoring equipment and the quality of products have steadily improved, and a technical & production system that can meet the requirements of routine monitoring activities has been initiated. It is expected that domestic atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment will be able to meet future demands for routine monitoring activities in China and provide scientific assistance for addressing air pollution problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Huaqiao Gui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shushuai Mao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianlei Lang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Haijin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pinhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Zhang H, Luo J, Hou S, Xu Z, Evans J, He S. Incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy for sensitive measurement of nutrients and microalgae. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:3400-3408. [PMID: 35471436 DOI: 10.1364/ao.449467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) can achieve sensitive measurements at trace concentrations for liquid phase marine samples. The IBBCEAS system consists of a cavity-enhancement module (CEM) and a transmission hyperspectral module (THM). The CEM has cavity-enhancement factors up to 78 at 550 nm. Measurements were obtained over a wide wavelength range (420-640 nm) with a halogen lamp, and the optical cavity was formed by two concave highly reflective mirrors (R=0.99). The minimum detectable absorption coefficient αmin of 7.3×10-7cm-1 at 550 nm corresponds to a limit of detection for nutrients of 780 pM. The spectral resolution of the THM is 3 nm in the wavelength range of 400 to 750 nm. We performed the IBBCEAS measurements for biological and chemical substances, including nutrients, microalgae, and Cy5 dye. The concentrations of nutrients in a deionized water environment and artificial seawater environment were measured at nanomolar levels; the concentration of microalgae phaeocystis was detected with 3.46×104/mL, and fluorescence substances such as Cy5 dye could be measured at 0.03 mg/L. Experimental results show that the IBBCEAS system has the capability for sensitive measurements of biological and chemical substances and has strong potential forin situ ecological marine environmental monitoring function.
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Wang M, Varma R, Venables DS, Zhou W, Chen J. A Demonstration of Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy at Deep-Ultraviolet Wavelengths: Application to Sensitive Real-Time Detection of the Aromatic Pollutants Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4286-4293. [PMID: 35245018 PMCID: PMC8928152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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Benzene, toluene,
and xylene (BTX) are serious air pollutants emitted
by the chemical industry. Real-time monitoring of these air pollutants
would be a valuable tool to regulate emissions of these compounds
and reduce the harm they cause to human health. Here, we demonstrate
the first detection of BTX using incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced
absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS). The instrument was operated in
the deep-ultraviolet spectral region between 252 and 286 nm, where
aromatic compounds have intense π → π* absorption
bands. The mirror reflectivity was calibrated by two methods and exceeded
99.63% at 266 nm. At an integration time of 60 s, the 1σ measurement
sensitivities were estimated to be 7.2 ppbv for benzene, 21.9 ppbv
for toluene, 10.2 ppbv for m-xylene, and 4.8 ppbv
for p-xylene, respectively. The absorption cross
sections of BTX were measured in this work with an uncertainty of
10.0% at a resolution of 0.74 nm. The absorption cross sections reported
in this work were in good agreement with those from earlier studies
after accounting for differences in spectral resolution. To demonstrate
the ability of the instrument to quantify complex mixtures, the concentrations
of m-xylene and p-xylene have been
retrieved under five different mixing ratios. Instrumental improvements
and measurements strategies for use in different applications are
discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ravi Varma
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala 673601, India
| | - Dean S Venables
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Wu Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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Liu J, Li X, Tan Z, Wang W, Yang Y, Zhu Y, Yang S, Song M, Chen S, Wang H, Lu K, Zeng L, Zhang Y. Assessing the Ratios of Formaldehyde and Glyoxal to NO 2 as Indicators of O 3-NO x-VOC Sensitivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10935-10945. [PMID: 34319085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution has a negative effect on the public health and crop yields. Accurate diagnosis of O3 production sensitivity and targeted reduction of O3 precursors [i.e., nitrogen oxides (NOx) or volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] are effective for mitigating O3 pollution. This study assesses the indicative roles of the surface formaldehyde-to-NO2 ratio (FNR) and glyoxal-to-NO2 ratio (GNR) on surface O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity based on a meta-analysis consisting of multiple field observations and model simulations. Thresholds of the FNR and GNR are determined using the relationship between the relative change of the O3 production rate and the two indicators, which are 0.55 ± 0.16 and 1.0 ± 0.3 for the FNR and 0.009 ± 0.003 and 0.024 ± 0.007 for the GNR. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the surface FNR is likely to be affected by formaldehyde primary sources under certain conditions, whereas the GNR might not be. As glyoxal measurements are becoming increasingly available, using the FNR and GNR together as O3 sensitivity indicators has broad potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhaofeng Tan
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yiming Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Suding Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mengdi Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Optofluidic Formaldehyde Sensing: Towards On-Chip Integration. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11070673. [PMID: 32664311 PMCID: PMC7407611 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO), a chemical compound used in the fabrication process of a broad range of household products, is present indoors as an airborne pollutant due to its high volatility caused by its low boiling point (T=−19 °C). Miniaturization of analytical systems towards palm-held devices has the potential to provide more efficient and more sensitive tools for real-time monitoring of this hazardous air pollutant. This work presents the initial steps and results of the prototyping process towards on-chip integration of HCHO sensing, based on the Hantzsch reaction coupled to the fluorescence optical sensing methodology. This challenge was divided into two individually addressed problems: (1) efficient airborne HCHO trapping into a microfluidic context and (2) 3,5–diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL) molecular sensing in low interrogation volumes. Part (2) was addressed in this paper by proposing, fabricating, and testing a fluorescence detection system based on an ultra-low light Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. Two three-layer fluidic cell configurations (quartz–SU-8–quartz and silicon–SU-8–quartz) were tested, with both possessing a 3.5 µL interrogation volume. Finally, the CMOS-based fluorescence system proved the capability to detect an initial 10 µg/L formaldehyde concentration fully derivatized into DDL for both the quartz and silicon fluidic cells, but with a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the silicon fluidic cell (SNRsilicon=6.1) when compared to the quartz fluidic cell (SNRquartz=4.9). The signal intensity enhancement in the silicon fluidic cell was mainly due to the silicon absorption coefficient at the excitation wavelength, a(λabs=420 nm)=5×104 cm−1, which is approximately five times higher than the absorption coefficient at the fluorescence emission wavelength, a(λem=515 nm)=9.25×103 cm−1.
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