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Wu R, Sun C, Chen X, Yang R, Luan Y, Zhao X, Yu P, Luo R, Hou Y, Tian R, Bian S, Li Y, Dong Y, Liu Q, Dai W, Fan Z, Yan R, Pan B, Feng S, Wu J, Chen F, Yang C, Wang H, Dai H, Shu M. NSUN5/TET2-directed chromatin-associated RNA modification of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine governs glioma immune evasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321611121. [PMID: 38547058 PMCID: PMC10998593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321611121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma exhibits immune evasion characterized by highly expressing the immune checkpoint CD47. RNA 5-methylcytosine(m5C) modification plays a pivotal role in tumor pathogenesis. However, the mechanism underlying m5C-modified RNA metabolism remains unclear, as does the contribution of m5C-modified RNA to the glioma immune microenvironment. In this study, we demonstrate that the canonical 28SrRNA methyltransferase NSUN5 down-regulates β-catenin by promoting the degradation of its mRNA, leading to enhanced phagocytosis of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Specifically, the NSUN5-induced suppression of β-catenin relies on its methyltransferase activity mediated by cysteine 359 (C359) and is not influenced by its localization in the nucleolus. Intriguingly, NSUN5 directly interacts with and deposits m5C on CTNNB1 caRNA (chromatin-associated RNA). NSUN5-induced recruitment of TET2 to chromatin is independent of its methyltransferase activity. The m5C modification on caRNA is subsequently oxidized into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) by TET2, which is dependent on its binding affinity for Fe2+ and α-KG. Furthermore, NSUN5 enhances the chromatin recruitment of RBFOX2 which acts as a 5hmC-specific reader to recognize and facilitate the degradation of 5hmC caRNA. Notably, hmeRIP-seq analysis reveals numerous mRNA substrates of NSUN5 that potentially undergo this mode of metabolism. In addition, NSUN5 is epigenetically suppressed by DNA methylation and is negatively correlated with IDH1-R132H mutation in glioma patients. Importantly, pharmacological blockage of DNA methylation or IDH1-R132H mutant and CD47/SIRPα signaling synergistically enhances TAM-based phagocytosis and glioma elimination in vivo. Our findings unveil a general mechanism by which NSUN5/TET2/RBFOX2 signaling regulates RNA metabolism and highlight NSUN5 targeting as a potential strategy for glioma immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200040, China
| | - Chunming Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Neurology, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200040, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Runyue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Yuxuan Luan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/ National Health Commission/ Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Panpan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Rongkui Luo
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Ruotong Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Shasha Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/ National Health Commission/ Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Yuli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Yinghua Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Logistics, Dalian No.3 People’s hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian116033, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Weiwei Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/ National Health Commission/ Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Zhuoyang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Rucheng Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Binyang Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200040, China
| | - Siheng Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200040, China
| | - Fangzhen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200040, China
| | - Changle Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200040, China
| | - Hanlin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Haochen Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Minfeng Shu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/ National Health Commission/ Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Infection, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
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Capuozzo M, Santorsola M, Landi L, Granata V, Perri F, Celotto V, Gualillo O, Nasti G, Ottaiano A. Evolution of Treatment in Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma: Old and New towards Precision Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15124. [PMID: 36499450 PMCID: PMC9740631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant neoplasm arising in the epithelium of the biliary tract. It represents the second most common primary liver cancer in the world, after hepatocellular carcinoma, and it constitutes 10-15% of hepatobiliary neoplasms and 3% of all gastrointestinal tumors. As in other types of cancers, recent studies have revealed genetic alterations underlying the establishment and progression of CCA. The most frequently involved genes are APC, ARID1A, AXIN1, BAP1, EGFR, FGFRs, IDH1/2, RAS, SMAD4, and TP53. Actionable targets include alterations of FGFRs, IDH1/2, BRAF, NTRK, and HER2. "Precision oncology" is emerging as a promising approach for CCA, and it is possible to inhibit the altered function of these genes with molecularly oriented drugs (pemigatinib, ivosidenib, vemurafenib, larotrectinib, and trastuzumab). In this review, we provide an overview of new biologic drugs (their structures, mechanisms of action, and toxicities) to treat metastatic CCA, providing readers with panoramic information on the trajectory from "old" chemotherapies to "new" target-oriented drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariachiara Santorsola
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Loris Landi
- Sanitary District, Ds. 58 ASL-Naples-3, 80056 Ercolano, Italy
| | - Vincenza Granata
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Perri
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Venere Celotto
- Coordinamento Farmaceutico, ASL-Naples-3, 80056 Ercolano, Italy
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Guglielmo Nasti
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ottaiano
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale”, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Probing altered enzyme activity in the biochemical characterization of cancer. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230680. [PMID: 35048115 PMCID: PMC8819661 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes have evolved to catalyze their precise reactions at the necessary rates, locations, and time to facilitate our development, to respond to a variety of insults and challenges, and to maintain a healthy, balanced state. Enzymes achieve this extraordinary feat through their unique kinetic parameters, myriad regulatory strategies, and their sensitivity to their surroundings, including substrate concentration and pH. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) highlights the extraordinary number of ways in which the finely tuned activities of enzymes can be disrupted, contributing to cancer development and progression often due to somatic and/or inherited genetic alterations. Rather than being limited to the domain of enzymologists, kinetic constants such as kcat, Km, and kcat/Km are highly informative parameters that can impact a cancer patient in tangible ways—these parameters can be used to sort tumor driver mutations from passenger mutations, to establish the pathways that cancer cells rely on to drive patients’ tumors, to evaluate the selectivity and efficacy of anti-cancer drugs, to identify mechanisms of resistance to treatment, and more. In this review, we will discuss how changes in enzyme activity, primarily through somatic mutation, can lead to altered kinetic parameters, new activities, or changes in conformation and oligomerization. We will also address how changes in the tumor microenvironment can affect enzymatic activity, and briefly describe how enzymology, when combined with additional powerful tools, and can provide us with tremendous insight into the chemical and molecular mechanisms of cancer.
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