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Kim E, Bang J, Sung JH, Lee J, Shin DH, Kim S, Lee BC. Generation of human TMEM16F-specific affibodies using purified TMEM16F. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1319251. [PMID: 38274091 PMCID: PMC10808743 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1319251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: TMEM16 family proteins are involved in a variety of functions, including ion transport, phospholipid scrambling, and the regulation of membrane proteins. Among them, TMEM16F has dual functions as a phospholipid scramblase and a nonselective ion channel. TMEM16F is widely expressed and functions in platelet activation during blood clotting, bone formation, and T cell activation. Despite the functional importance of TMEM16F, the modulators of TMEM16F function have not been sufficiently studied. Method: In this study, we generated TMEM16F-specific affibodies by performing phage display with brain-specific TMEM16F (hTMEM16F) variant 1 purified from GnTi- cells expressing this variant in the presence of digitonin as a detergent. Purified human TMEM16F protein, which was proficient in transporting phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner in proteoliposomes, was coated onto plates and then the phage library was added to fish out TMEM16F-binding affibodies. For the validation of interaction between affibodies and TMEM16F proteins, ELISA, bio-layer interferometry, and size exclusion chromatography were conducted. Results and Discussion: As a result, the full sequences of 38 candidates were acquired from 98 binding candidates. Then, we selected 10 candidates and purified seven of them from E. coli expressing these candidates. Using various assays, we confirmed that two affibodies bound to human TMEM16F with high affinity. These affibodies can be useful for therapeutical and diagnostic applications of TMEM16F-related cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies will be required to investigate the effects of these affibodies on TMEM16F function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Kim
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Bang
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Bio-Healthcare Materials Center, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Sung
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Lee
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Bio-Healthcare Materials Center, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Bio-Healthcare Materials Center, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheol Lee
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Neurovascular Unit Research Group, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Zhang P, Maruoka M, Suzuki R, Katani H, Dou Y, Packwood DM, Kosako H, Tanaka M, Suzuki J. Extracellular calcium functions as a molecular glue for transmembrane helices to activate the scramblase Xkr4. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5592. [PMID: 37696806 PMCID: PMC10495444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The "eat me" signal, phosphatidylserine is exposed on the surface of dying cells by phospholipid scrambling. Previously, we showed that the Xkr family protein Xkr4 is activated by caspase-mediated cleavage and binding of the XRCC4 fragment. Here, we show that extracellular calcium is an additional factor needed to activate Xkr4. The constitutively active mutant of Xkr4 is found to induce phospholipid scrambling in an extracellular, but not intracellular, calcium-dependent manner. Importantly, other Xkr family members also require extracellular calcium for activation. Alanine scanning shows that D123 and D127 of TM1 and E310 of TM3 coordinate calcium binding. Moreover, lysine scanning demonstrates that the E310K mutation-mediated salt bridge between TM1 and TM3 bypasses the requirement of calcium. Cysteine scanning proves that disulfide bond formation between TM1 and TM3 also activates phospholipid scrambling without calcium. Collectively, this study shows that extracellular calcium functions as a molecular glue for TM1 and TM3 of Xkr proteins for activation, thus demonstrating a regulatory mechanism for multi-transmembrane region-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Maruoka
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Center for Integrated Biosystems, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics (CiMPhy), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hikaru Katani
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yu Dou
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Daniel M Packwood
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics (CiMPhy), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Center for Integrated Biosystems, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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3
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Sakuragi T, Nagata S. Regulation of phospholipid distribution in the lipid bilayer by flippases and scramblases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023:10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z. [PMID: 37106071 PMCID: PMC10134735 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes function as permeability barriers that separate cells from the external environment or partition cells into distinct compartments. These membranes are lipid bilayers composed of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol, in which proteins are embedded. Glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids freely move laterally, whereas transverse movement between lipid bilayers is limited. Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed between membrane leaflets but change their location in biological processes, serving as signalling molecules or enzyme activators. Designated proteins - flippases and scramblases - mediate this lipid movement between the bilayers. Flippases mediate the confined localization of specific phospholipids (phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine) to the cytoplasmic leaflet. Scramblases randomly scramble phospholipids between leaflets and facilitate the exposure of PtdSer on the cell surface, which serves as an important signalling molecule and as an 'eat me' signal for phagocytes. Defects in flippases and scramblases cause various human diseases. We herein review the recent research on the structure of flippases and scramblases and their physiological roles. Although still poorly understood, we address the mechanisms by which they translocate phospholipids between lipid bilayers and how defects cause human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Sakuragi
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Nagata
- Biochemistry & Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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4
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ANO10 Function in Health and Disease. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 22:447-467. [PMID: 35648332 PMCID: PMC10126014 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anoctamin 10 (ANO10), also known as TMEM16K, is a transmembrane protein and member of the anoctamin family characterized by functional duality. Anoctamins manifest ion channel and phospholipid scrambling activities and are involved in many physiological processes such as cell division, migration, apoptosis, cell signalling, and developmental processes. Several diseases, including neurological, muscle, blood disorders, and cancer, have been associated with the anoctamin family proteins. ANO10, which is the main focus of the present review, exhibits both scrambling and chloride channel activity; calcium availability is necessary for protein activation in either case. Additional processes implicating ANO10 include endosomal sorting, spindle assembly, and calcium signalling. Dysregulation of calcium signalling in Purkinje cells due to ANO10 defects is proposed as the main mechanism leading to spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive type 10 (SCAR10), a rare, slowly progressive spinocerebellar ataxia. Regulation of the endolysosomal pathway is an additional ANO10 function linked to SCAR10 aetiology. Further functional investigation is essential to unravel the ANO10 mechanism of action and involvement in disease development.
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Munjal NS, Sapra D, Parthasarathi KTS, Goyal A, Pandey A, Banerjee M, Sharma J. Deciphering the Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins with Human Ion Channels Using Machine-Learning-Based Methods. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020259. [PMID: 35215201 PMCID: PMC8874499 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is accountable for the protracted COVID-19 pandemic. Its high transmission rate and pathogenicity led to health emergencies and economic crisis. Recent studies pertaining to the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibited the indispensable role of ion channels in viral infection inside the host. Moreover, machine learning (ML)-based algorithms are providing a higher accuracy for host-SARS-CoV-2 protein–protein interactions (PPIs). In this study, PPIs of SARS-CoV-2 proteins with human ion channels (HICs) were trained on the PPI-MetaGO algorithm. PPI networks (PPINs) and a signaling pathway map of HICs with SARS-CoV-2 proteins were generated. Additionally, various U.S. food and drug administration (FDA)-approved drugs interacting with the potential HICs were identified. The PPIs were predicted with 82.71% accuracy, 84.09% precision, 84.09% sensitivity, 0.89 AUC-ROC, 65.17% Matthews correlation coefficient score (MCC) and 84.09% F1 score. Several host pathways were found to be altered, including calcium signaling and taste transduction pathway. Potential HICs could serve as an initial set to the experimentalists for further validation. The study also reinforces the drug repurposing approach for the development of host directed antiviral drugs that may provide a better therapeutic management strategy for infection caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur S. Munjal
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (N.S.M.); (D.S.); (K.T.S.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Dikscha Sapra
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (N.S.M.); (D.S.); (K.T.S.P.); (A.G.)
| | - K. T. Shreya Parthasarathi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (N.S.M.); (D.S.); (K.T.S.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Abhishek Goyal
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (N.S.M.); (D.S.); (K.T.S.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Manidipa Banerjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore 560066, India; (N.S.M.); (D.S.); (K.T.S.P.); (A.G.)
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Udupi 576104, India
- Correspondence:
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6
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TMEM106C contributes to the malignant characteristics and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:5585-5606. [PMID: 33591950 PMCID: PMC7950261 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane protein (TMEM) is a kind of integral membrane protein that spans biological membranes. The functions of most members of the TMEM family are unknown. Here, we conducted bioinformatic analysis and biological validation to investigate the role of TMEM106C in HCC. First, GEPIA and OncomineTM were used to analyze TMEM106C expression, which was verified by real-time PCR and western blot analyses. Then, the biological functions of TMEM106C were explored by CCK8 and transwell assays. The prognostic value of TMEM106C was analyzed by UALCAN. LinkedOmics was used to analyze TMEM106C pathways generated by Gene Ontology. A protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed by GeneMANIA. We demonstrated that TMEM106C was overexpressed in HCC and that inhibition of TMEM106C significantly suppressed the proliferation and metastasis of HCC through targeting CENPM and DLC-1. Upregulation of TMEM106C was closely correlated with sex, tumor stage, tumor grade and prognosis. Overexpression of TMEM106C was linked to functional networks involving organelle fission and cell cycle signaling pathways through the regulation of CDK kinases, E2F1 transcription factors and miRNAs. Our data demonstrated that TMEM106C contributes to malignant characteristics and poor prognosis in HCC, which may serve as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target.
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7
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Ahmed NS, Lopes-Pires M, Pugh N. Zinc: an endogenous and exogenous regulator of platelet function during hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelets 2020; 32:880-887. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1840540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Shahed Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Pugh
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Petkovic M, Oses-Prieto J, Burlingame A, Jan LY, Jan YN. TMEM16K is an interorganelle regulator of endosomal sorting. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3298. [PMID: 32620747 PMCID: PMC7335067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between organelles is essential for their cellular homeostasis. Neurodegeneration reflects the declining ability of neurons to maintain cellular homeostasis over a lifetime, where the endolysosomal pathway plays a prominent role by regulating protein and lipid sorting and degradation. Here we report that TMEM16K, an endoplasmic reticulum lipid scramblase causative for spinocerebellar ataxia (SCAR10), is an interorganelle regulator of the endolysosomal pathway. We identify endosomal transport as a major functional cluster of TMEM16K in proximity biotinylation proteomics analyses. TMEM16K forms contact sites with endosomes, reconstituting split-GFP with the small GTPase RAB7. Our study further implicates TMEM16K lipid scrambling activity in endosomal sorting at these sites. Loss of TMEM16K function led to impaired endosomal retrograde transport and neuromuscular function, one of the symptoms of SCAR10. Thus, TMEM16K-containing ER-endosome contact sites represent clinically relevant platforms for regulating endosomal sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Petkovic
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Juan Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Alma Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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9
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Bushell SR, Pike ACW, Falzone ME, Rorsman NJG, Ta CM, Corey RA, Newport TD, Christianson JC, Scofano LF, Shintre CA, Tessitore A, Chu A, Wang Q, Shrestha L, Mukhopadhyay SMM, Love JD, Burgess-Brown NA, Sitsapesan R, Stansfeld PJ, Huiskonen JT, Tammaro P, Accardi A, Carpenter EP. The structural basis of lipid scrambling and inactivation in the endoplasmic reticulum scramblase TMEM16K. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3956. [PMID: 31477691 PMCID: PMC6718402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranes in cells have defined distributions of lipids in each leaflet, controlled by lipid scramblases and flip/floppases. However, for some intracellular membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the scramblases have not been identified. Members of the TMEM16 family have either lipid scramblase or chloride channel activity. Although TMEM16K is widely distributed and associated with the neurological disorder autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCAR10), its location in cells, function and structure are largely uncharacterised. Here we show that TMEM16K is an ER-resident lipid scramblase with a requirement for short chain lipids and calcium for robust activity. Crystal structures of TMEM16K show a scramblase fold, with an open lipid transporting groove. Additional cryo-EM structures reveal extensive conformational changes from the cytoplasmic to the ER side of the membrane, giving a state with a closed lipid permeation pathway. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the open-groove conformation is necessary for scramblase activity. TMEM16K is a member of the TMEM16 family of integral membrane proteins that are either lipid scramblases or chloride channels. Here the authors combine cell biology, electrophysiology measurements, X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM and MD simulations to structurally characterize TMEM16K and show that it is an ER-resident lipid scramblase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Bushell
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ashley C W Pike
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Maria E Falzone
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical School, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nils J G Rorsman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,OxSyBio, Atlas Building, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Chau M Ta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,Department of Cardiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Robin A Corey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Thomas D Newport
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4DQ, UK
| | - John C Christianson
- Nuffield Department of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Lara F Scofano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Chitra A Shintre
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Vertex Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Milton Park, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Annamaria Tessitore
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Amy Chu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Qinrui Wang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Leela Shrestha
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shubhashish M M Mukhopadhyay
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - James D Love
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461-1602, USA.,Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Nicola A Burgess-Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Sitsapesan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Phillip J Stansfeld
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Paolo Tammaro
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Alessio Accardi
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical School, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical School, 25 East 68th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical School, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Elisabeth P Carpenter
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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10
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Phosphorylation-mediated activation of mouse Xkr8 scramblase for phosphatidylserine exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2907-2912. [PMID: 30718401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820499116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) to the cell surface is regulated by the down-regulation of flippases and the activation of scramblases. Xkr8 has been identified as a scramblase that is activated during apoptosis, but its exogenous expression in the mouse Ba/F3 pro B cell line induces constitutive PtdSer exposure. Here we found that this Xkr8-mediated PtdSer exposure occurred at 4 °C, but not at 20 °C, although its scramblase activity was observed at 20 °C. The Xkr8-mediated PtdSer exposure was inhibited by a kinase inhibitor and enhanced by phosphatase inhibitors. Phosphorylated Xkr8 was detected by Phos-tag PAGE, and a mass spectrometric and mutational analysis identified three phosphorylation sites. Their phosphomimic mutation rendered Xkr8 resistant to the kinase inhibitor for PtdSer exposure at 4 °C, but unlike phosphatase inhibitors, it did not induce constitutive PtdSer exposure at 20 °C. On the other hand, when the flippase genes were deleted, the Xkr8 induced constitutive PtdSer exposure at high temperature, indicating that the flippase activity normally counteracted Xkr8's ability to expose PtdSer. These results indicate that PtdSer exposure can be increased by the phosphorylation-mediated activation of Xkr8 scramblase and flippase down-regulation.
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12
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Zhao Y, Song K, Zhang Y, Xu H, Zhang X, Wang L, Fan C, Jiang G, Wang E. TMEM17 promotes malignant progression of breast cancer via AKT/GSK3β signaling. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:2419-2428. [PMID: 30122991 PMCID: PMC6080873 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s168723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Current knowledge of TMEM17, a recently identified protein of the transmembrane (TMEM) family, is limited, especially with respect to its expression and biological functions in malignant tumors. This study analyzed TMEM17 expression in invasive breast cancer tissue and breast cell lines and its relevance to clinicopathological factors, and investigated the mechanisms underlying the biological effects of TMEM17 on breast cancer cells. Patients and methods TMEM17 protein expression was determined in 20 freshly harvested specimens (tumor and paired normal tissues) by Western blotting. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine the expression and subcellular localization of TMEM17 in samples from 167 patients (mean age, 49 years) diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma (38 with triple-negative breast cancer; 129 with non-triple-negative breast cancer) who underwent complete resection in the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University between 2011 and 2013. Furthermore, TMEM17 was knocked down by small interfering RNAs in breast cancer cell lines. Results TMEM17 was found to be significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues compared to the corresponding normal breast tissues by Western blotting (p=0.015). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TMEM was significantly upregulated in invasive breast cancer cells compared to adjacent normal breast duct glandular epithelial cells (10.78% vs 76.05%, p<0.001), and its expression was closely related to the patient’s T-stage (p=0.022), advanced TNM stages (p=0.007), and lymph node metastasis (p=0.012). After TMEM17 knockdown or overexpression in breast cancer cell lines, TMEM17 upregulated p-AKT, p-GSK3β, active β-catenin, and Snail, and downstream target proteins c-myc and cyclin D1, and downregulated E-cadherin, resulting in increased cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. These effects were reversed by the AKT inhibitor LY294002. Conclusion Our results indicate that TMEM17 is upregulated in breast cancer tissues and can promote malignant progression of breast cancer cells by activating the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Kuiyuan Song
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Yong Zhang
- Departments of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Xiupeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Chuifeng Fan
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
| | - Enhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China,
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13
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Abstract
Transmembrane protein 16F (TMEM16F) is a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scramblase that translocates phospholipids bidirectionally between the leaflets of the plasma membrane. Phospholipid scrambling of TMEM16F causes exposure of phosphatidylserine in activated platelets to induce blood clotting and in differentiated osteoblasts to promote bone mineralization. Despite the importance of TMEM16F-mediated phospholipid scrambling in various biological reactions, the fundamental features of the scrambling reaction remain elusive due to technical difficulties in the preparation of a platform for assaying scramblase activity in vitro. Here, we established a method to express and purify mouse TMEM16F as a dimeric molecule by constructing a stable cell line and developed a microarray containing membrane bilayers with asymmetrically distributed phospholipids as a platform for single-molecule scramblase assays. The purified TMEM16F was integrated into the microarray, and monitoring of phospholipid translocation showed that a single TMEM16F molecule transported phospholipids nonspecifically between the membrane bilayers in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Thermodynamic analysis of the reaction indicated that TMEM16F transported 4.5 × 104 lipids per second at 25 °C, with an activation free energy of 47 kJ/mol. These biophysical features were similar to those observed with channels, which transport substrates by facilitating diffusion, and supported the stepping-stone model for the TMEM16F phospholipid scramblase.
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14
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Boisseau P, Bene MC, Besnard T, Pachchek S, Giraud M, Talarmain P, Robillard N, Gourlaouen MA, Bezieau S, Fouassier M. A new mutation of ANO6 in two familial cases of Scott syndrome. Br J Haematol 2018; 180:750-752. [PMID: 27879994 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Boisseau
- Service de Génétique médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marie C Bene
- Service d'Hématologie biologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Besnard
- Service de Génétique médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Mathilde Giraud
- Service de Génétique médicale, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Nelly Robillard
- Service d'Hématologie biologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Marc Fouassier
- Service d'Hématologie biologique, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Centre de Traitement de l'Hémophilie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
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15
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Abstract
The human body generates 10-100 billion cells every day, and the same number of cells die to maintain homeostasis in our body. Cells infected by bacteria or viruses also die. The cell death that occurs under physiological conditions mainly proceeds by apoptosis, which is a noninflammatory, or silent, process, while pathogen infection induces necroptosis or pyroptosis, which activates the immune system and causes inflammation. Dead cells generated by apoptosis are quickly engulfed by macrophages for degradation. Caspases are a large family of cysteine proteases that act in cascades. A cascade that leads to caspase 3 activation mediates apoptosis and is responsible for killing cells, recruiting macrophages, and presenting an "eat me" signal(s). When apoptotic cells are not efficiently engulfed by macrophages, they undergo secondary necrosis and release intracellular materials that represent a damage-associated molecular pattern, which may lead to a systemic lupus-like autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Nagata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International Research Center Initiative Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
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16
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Tran Q, Park J, Lee H, Hong Y, Hong S, Park S, Park J, Kim SH. TMEM39A and Human Diseases: A Brief Review. Toxicol Res 2017; 33:205-209. [PMID: 28744351 PMCID: PMC5523561 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.3.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane Protein 39A (TMEM39A) is a member of TMEM family. The understanding about this protein is still limited. The earlier studies indicated that TMEM39A was a key mediator of autoimmune disease. TMEM39A seems to be involved in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis in numerous of populations. All of these works stop at insufficient information by using gene functioning methods such as: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and/or follow-up study. It is the fact that the less understood of TMEM39A actually is the attraction to the scientist in near future. In this review the current knowledge about TMEM39A and its possible roles in cell biology, physiology and pathology will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangdon Tran
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Youngeun Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Suntaek Hong
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sungjin Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seon-Hwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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17
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Abstract
The TMEM16 protein family has 10 members, each of which carries 10 transmembrane segments. TMEM16A and 16B are Ca2+-activated Cl- channels. Several other members, including TMEM16F, promote phospholipid scrambling between the inner and outer leaflets of a cell membrane in response to intracellular Ca2+ However, the mechanism by which TMEM16 proteins translocate phospholipids in plasma membranes remains elusive. Here we show that Ca2+-activated, TMEM16F-supported phospholipid scrambling proceeds at 4 °C. Similar to TMEM16F and 16E, seven TMEM16 family members were found to carry a domain (SCRD; scrambling domain) spanning the fourth and fifth transmembrane segments that conferred scrambling ability to TMEM16A. By introducing point mutations into TMEM16F, we found that a lysine in the fourth transmembrane segment of the SCRD as well as an arginine in the third and a glutamic acid in the sixth transmembrane segment were important for exposing phosphatidylserine from the inner to the outer leaflet. However, their role in internalizing phospholipids was limited. Our results suggest that TMEM16 provides a cleft containing hydrophilic "stepping stones" for the outward translocation of phospholipids.
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