1
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Timmermans SBPE, Mesman R, Blezer KJR, van Niftrik L, van Hest JCM. Cargo-loading of hybrid cowpea chlorotic mottle virus capsids via a co-expression approach. Virology 2022; 577:99-104. [PMID: 36335770 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capsids of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) are great candidates for the development into in vivo catalytic or therapeutic nanocarriers. However, due to their limited intrinsic stability at physiological pH, thus far no methods exist for incorporating cargo into these nanoparticles in cellulo. Here, we employ a stabilized VW1-VW8 ELP-CCMV variant for the development of a co-expression-based cargo-loading approach. Co-expression of the non-functionalized VW1-VW8 ELP-CCMV coat protein with fusion proteins with enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP) and pyrrolysine synthase D (PylD) in E. coli enabled the purification of cargo-loaded capsids from the bacteria directly either via affinity chromatography or PEG-precipitation and subsequent size exclusion chromatography. Microscopy results indicated that the co-expression does not harm the E. coli cells and that proper folding of the mEGFP domain is not hampered by the co-assembly. Our co-expression strategy is thus a suitable approach to produce cargo-loaded CCMV nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne B P E Timmermans
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Research Group Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513 (STO3.41), 5600, MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Mesman
- Microbial Cell Biology & Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kim J R Blezer
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Research Group Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513 (STO3.41), 5600, MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Laura van Niftrik
- Microbial Cell Biology & Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Research Group Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513 (STO3.41), 5600, MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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2
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Rotter DAO, Heger C, Kühm C, Schmidt N, Schäfer A, Heimerl T, Mack M, Graumann PL. The Acetyltransferase RibT From Bacillus subtilis Affects in vivo Dynamics of the Multimeric Heavy Riboflavin Synthase Complex. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856820. [PMID: 35495702 PMCID: PMC9048828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavins are ubiquitous molecules in life as they serve as important enzyme cofactors. In the Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium Bacillus subtilis, four well-characterized gene products (the enzymes RibDG, RibE, RibAB, and RibH) catalyze the biosynthesis of riboflavin (RF) from guanosine-triphosphate (GTP) and ribulose-5-phosphate (R5P). The corresponding genes form an operon together with the gene ribT (ribDG-E-AB-H-T), wherein the function of this terminal gene remained enigmatic. RibT has been structurally characterized as a GCN5-like acetyltransferase (GNAT), however, with unidentified target molecules. Bacterial two-hybrid system revealed interactions between RibT, RibH, and RibE, forming the heavy RF synthase complex. Applying single particle tracking (SPT), we found that confined (sub)diffusion of RibT is largely dependent on interacting RibE and, to a lesser degree, on interacting RibH. By induced expression of otherwise low-expressed ribT from an ectopic locus, we observed a decrease in the subpopulation considered to represent capsids of the heavy RF synthase and an increase in the subpopulation thought to represent pentamers of RibH, pointing to a putative role for RibT in capsid disassembly. Complementarily, either deletion of ribT or mutation of a key residue from RibH (K29) suspected to be the substrate of RibT for acetylation leads to increased levels of subpopulations considered as capsids of RibH-mVenus (RibH-mV) in comparison to wild-type (wt)-like cells. Thus, we provide evidence for an indirect involvement of RibT in RF biosynthesis by a putative capsid disassembling mechanism considered to involve acetylation of RibH residue K29 at the three-fold symmetry axis of 60-mer capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Andreas Orlando Rotter
- SYNMIKRO, Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- BioNTech Manufacturing Marburg GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heger
- SYNMIKRO, Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- BioSpringBiotechnolgie GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Kühm
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nina Schmidt
- SYNMIKRO, Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Antje Schäfer
- SYNMIKRO, Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heimerl
- SYNMIKRO, Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Mack
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter L. Graumann
- SYNMIKRO, Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Peter L. Graumann
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3
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Edwardson TGW, Levasseur MD, Tetter S, Steinauer A, Hori M, Hilvert D. Protein Cages: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9145-9197. [PMID: 35394752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteins that self-assemble into polyhedral shell-like structures are useful molecular containers both in nature and in the laboratory. Here we review efforts to repurpose diverse protein cages, including viral capsids, ferritins, bacterial microcompartments, and designed capsules, as vaccines, drug delivery vehicles, targeted imaging agents, nanoreactors, templates for controlled materials synthesis, building blocks for higher-order architectures, and more. A deep understanding of the principles underlying the construction, function, and evolution of natural systems has been key to tailoring selective cargo encapsulation and interactions with both biological systems and synthetic materials through protein engineering and directed evolution. The ability to adapt and design increasingly sophisticated capsid structures and functions stands to benefit the fields of catalysis, materials science, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan Tetter
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Steinauer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mao Hori
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Naskalska A, Borzęcka-Solarz K, Różycki J, Stupka I, Bochenek M, Pyza E, Heddle JG. Artificial Protein Cage Delivers Active Protein Cargos to the Cell Interior. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4146-4154. [PMID: 34499838 PMCID: PMC8512669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Artificial protein
cages have potential as programmable, protective
carriers of fragile macromolecules to cells. While natural cages and
VLPs have been extensively exploited, the use of artificial cages
to deliver active proteins to cells has not yet been shown. TRAP-cage
is an artificial protein cage with an unusual geometry and extremely
high stability, which can be triggered to break apart in the presence
of cellular reducing agents. Here, we demonstrate that TRAP-cage can
be filled with a protein cargo and decorated with a cell-penetrating
peptide, allowing it to enter cells. Tracking of both the TRAP-cage
and the cargo shows that the protein of interest can be successfully
delivered intracellularly in the active form. These results provide
a valuable proof of concept for the further development of TRAP-cage
as a delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Naskalska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Jan Różycki
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Stupka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Bochenek
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jonathan G Heddle
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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5
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Rotter DAO, Heger C, Oviedo-Bocanegra LM, Graumann PL. Transcription-dependent confined diffusion of enzymes within subcellular spaces of the bacterial cytoplasm. BMC Biol 2021; 19:183. [PMID: 34474681 PMCID: PMC8414670 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge on the localization and mobility of enzymes inside bacterial cells is scarce, but important for understanding spatial regulation of metabolism. The four central enzymes (Rib enzymes) of the riboflavin (RF) biosynthesis pathway in the Gram positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis have been studied extensively in vitro, especially the heavy RF synthase, a large protein complex with a capsid structure formed by RibH and an encapsulated RibE homotrimer, which mediates substrate-channeling. However, little is known about the behavior and mobility of these enzymes in vivo. RESULTS We have investigated the localization and diffusion of the Rib enzymes in the cytoplasm of B. subtilis. By characterizing the diffusion of Rib enzymes in live cells using single particle tracking (SPT) we provide evidence for confined diffusion at the cell poles and otherwise Brownian motion. A majority of RibH particles showed clear nucleoid occlusion and a high degree of confined motion, which is largely abolished after treatment with Rifampicin, revealing that confinement is dependent on active transcription. Contrarily, RibE is mostly diffusive within the cell, showing only 14% encapsulation by RibH nanocompartments. By localizing different diffusive populations within single cells, we find that fast diffusion occurs mostly across the nucleoids located in the cell centers, while the slower, confined subdiffusion occurs at the crowded cell poles. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for locally different motion of active enzymes within the bacterial cytoplasm, setting up metabolic compartmentalization mostly at the poles of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A O Rotter
- SYNMIKRO, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heger
- SYNMIKRO, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Luis M Oviedo-Bocanegra
- SYNMIKRO, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter L Graumann
- SYNMIKRO, LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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6
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Production and analysis of capsules containing microorganisms consortiated for future application in petroleum bioremediation. Biodegradation 2021; 32:613-625. [PMID: 34241755 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-021-09956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oil spills cause severe environmental and economic impacts, so the use of bioremediation techniques has been widely studied to solve this problem. Due to its complex composition, the oil prevents the full action of microorganisms, and in this way, the microbial consortium encapsulation technique is an innovation in the use of bacteria and biomass in the face of possible oil degradation, with the possibility of overcoming techniques such as bio-enhancement and biostimulation in the face of factors such as nutrient availability, oxygenation and temperature. Therefore, this work aims to produce capsules containing microbiological consortium and analyze its characteristics using the techniques TGA, DSC, FESEM, viable cell count, emulsification index and surface tension, in order to propose the best conditions to be applied. TGA and DSC results showed that the capsules have thermal stability in the range of 25-40 °C. Viable cell counts were more effective in capsules containing 1% (w/v) sodium alginate, and the emulsification index showed a large increase (80%) from day 5, as well as surface tension had a large drop (48%) in the same period. The increase in the emulsification index is caused by the increase in the production of biosurfactants (amphipathic molecules) by the bacteria consortium and this offers a greater contact between the microorganisms and the oil, providing best conditions for the degradation of oil. Therefore, all analyzes showed excellent results for future application in oil spills.
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7
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Oerlemans RAJF, Timmermans SBPE, van Hest JCM. Artificial Organelles: Towards Adding or Restoring Intracellular Activity. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2051-2078. [PMID: 33450141 PMCID: PMC8252369 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalization is one of the main characteristics that define living systems. Creating a physically separated microenvironment allows nature a better control over biological processes, as is clearly specified by the role of organelles in living cells. Inspired by this phenomenon, researchers have developed a range of different approaches to create artificial organelles: compartments with catalytic activity that add new function to living cells. In this review we will discuss three complementary lines of investigation. First, orthogonal chemistry approaches are discussed, which are based on the incorporation of catalytically active transition metal-containing nanoparticles in living cells. The second approach involves the use of premade hybrid nanoreactors, which show transient function when taken up by living cells. The third approach utilizes mostly genetic engineering methods to create bio-based structures that can be ultimately integrated with the cell's genome to make them constitutively active. The current state of the art and the scope and limitations of the field will be highlighted with selected examples from the three approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A. J. F. Oerlemans
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Research GroupInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513 (STO3.41)5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Suzanne B. P. E. Timmermans
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Research GroupInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513 (STO3.41)5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Research GroupInstitute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513 (STO3.41)5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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8
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Averianova LA, Balabanova LA, Son OM, Podvolotskaya AB, Tekutyeva LA. Production of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) by Microorganisms: An Overview. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:570828. [PMID: 33304888 PMCID: PMC7693651 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.570828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin is a crucial micronutrient that is a precursor to coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, and it is required for biochemical reactions in all living cells. For decades, one of the most important applications of riboflavin has been its global use as an animal and human nutritional supplement. Being well-informed of the latest research on riboflavin production via the fermentation process is necessary for the development of new and improved microbial strains using biotechnology and metabolic engineering techniques to increase vitamin B2 yield. In this review, we describe well-known industrial microbial producers, namely, Ashbya gossypii, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida spp. and summarize their biosynthetic pathway optimizations through genetic and metabolic engineering, combined with random chemical mutagenesis and rational medium components to increase riboflavin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila A. Averianova
- Department of Bioeconomy and Food Security, School of Economics and Management, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Larissa A. Balabanova
- Department of Bioeconomy and Food Security, School of Economics and Management, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Oksana M. Son
- Department of Bioeconomy and Food Security, School of Economics and Management, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Primorsky Krai, Russia
| | - Anna B. Podvolotskaya
- Department of Bioeconomy and Food Security, School of Economics and Management, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Primorsky Krai, Russia
| | - Liudmila A. Tekutyeva
- Department of Bioeconomy and Food Security, School of Economics and Management, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Primorsky Krai, Russia
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9
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Fu J, Woycechowsky KJ. Guest Sequence Can Influence RNA Encapsulation by an Engineered Cationic Protein Capsid. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1517-1526. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
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10
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Chakraborti S, Lin TY, Glatt S, Heddle JG. Enzyme encapsulation by protein cages. RSC Adv 2020; 10:13293-13301. [PMID: 35492120 PMCID: PMC9051456 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10983h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein cages are hollow protein shells with a nanometric cavity that can be filled with useful materials. The encapsulating nature of the cages means that they are particularly attractive for loading with biological macromolecules, affording the guests protection in conditions where they may be degraded. Given the importance of proteins in both industrial and all cellular processes, encapsulation of functional protein cargoes, particularly enzymes, are of high interest both for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic use as well as for ex vivo applications. Increasing knowledge of protein cage structures at high resolution along with recent advances in producing artificial protein cages means that they can now be designed with various attachment chemistries on their internal surfaces - a useful tool for cargo capture. Here we review the different available attachment strategies that have recently been successfully demonstrated for enzyme encapsulation in protein cages and consider their future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyananda Chakraborti
- Bionanoscience and Biochemistry Laboratory, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Krakow 30-387 Poland
| | - Ting-Yu Lin
- Max Planck Research Group, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Krakow 30-387 Poland
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Max Planck Research Group, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Krakow 30-387 Poland
| | - Jonathan G Heddle
- Bionanoscience and Biochemistry Laboratory, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University Krakow 30-387 Poland
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11
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Wang S, Al-Soodani AT, Thomas GC, Buck-Koehntop BA, Woycechowsky KJ. A Protein-Capsid-Based System for Cell Delivery of Selenocysteine. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2332-2342. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Aneesa T. Al-Soodani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Geoffrey C. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Bethany A. Buck-Koehntop
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Woycechowsky
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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12
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Azuma Y, Edwardson TGW, Hilvert D. Tailoring lumazine synthase assemblies for bionanotechnology. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:3543-3557. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00154e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cage-forming protein lumazine synthase is readily modified, evolved and assembled with other components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Azuma
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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