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Amin A, Perera ND, Tomas D, Cuic B, Radwan M, Hatters DM, Turner BJ, Shabanpoor F. Systemic administration of a novel Beclin 1-derived peptide significantly upregulates autophagy in the spinal motor neurons of autophagy reporter mice. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124198. [PMID: 38816263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular degradation system, plays a vital role in protecting cells by clearing damaged organelles, pathogens, and protein aggregates. Autophagy upregulation through pharmacological interventions has gained significant attention as a potential therapeutic avenue for proteinopathies. Here, we report the development of an autophagy-inducing peptide (BCN4) derived from the Beclin 1 protein, the master regulator of autophagy. To deliver the BCN4 into cells and the central nervous system (CNS), it was conjugated to our previously developed cell and blood-brain barrier-penetrating peptide (CPP). CPP-BCN4 significantly upregulated autophagy and reduced protein aggregates in motor neuron (MN)-like cells. Moreover, its systemic administration in a reporter mouse model of autophagy resulted in a significant increase in autophagy activity in the spinal MNs. Therefore, this novel autophagy-inducing peptide with a demonstrated ability to upregulate autophagy in the CNS has significant potential for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases with protein aggregates as a characteristic feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Amin
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Nirma D Perera
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Doris Tomas
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Brittany Cuic
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Mona Radwan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Danny M Hatters
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Fazel Shabanpoor
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia; School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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2
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Sirati N, Shen Z, Olrichs NK, Popova B, Verhoek IC, Lagerwaard IM, Braus GH, Kaloyanova DV, Helms JB. GAPR-1 Interferes with Condensate Formation of Beclin 1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167935. [PMID: 36586462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Golgi-Associated plant Pathogenesis Related protein 1 (GAPR-1) acts as a negative regulator of autophagy by interacting with Beclin 1 at Golgi membranes in mammalian cells. The molecular mechanism of this interaction is largely unknown. We recently showed that human GAPR-1 (hGAPR-1) has amyloidogenic properties resulting in the formation of protein condensates upon overexpression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we show that human Beclin 1 (hBeclin 1) has several predicted amyloidogenic regions and that overexpression of hBeclin 1-mCherry in yeast also results in the formation of fluorescent protein condensates. Surprisingly, co-expression of hGAPR-1-GFP and hBeclin 1-mCherry results in a strong reduction of hBeclin 1 condensates. Mutations of the known interaction site on the hGAPR-1 and hBeclin 1 surface abolished the effect on condensate formation during co-expression without affecting the condensate formation properties of the individual proteins. Similarly, a hBeclin 1-derived B18 peptide that is known to bind hGAPR-1 and to interfere with the interaction between hGAPR-1 and hBeclin 1, abolished the reduction of hBeclin 1 condensates by co-expression of hGAPR-1. These results indicate that the same type of protein-protein interactions interfere with condensate formation during co-expression of hGAPR-1 and hBeclin 1 as previously described for their interaction at Golgi membranes. The amyloidogenic properties of the B18 peptide were, however, important for the interaction with hGAPR-1, as mutant peptides with reduced amyloidogenic properties also showed reduced interaction with hGAPR-1 and reduced interference with hGAPR-1/hBeclin 1 condensate formation. We propose that amyloidogenic interactions take place between hGAPR-1 and hBeclin 1 prior to condensate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Sirati
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ziying Shen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nick K Olrichs
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Blagovesta Popova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iris C Verhoek
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse M Lagerwaard
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dora V Kaloyanova
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Molecular Mechanism and Regulation of Autophagy and Its Potential Role in Epilepsy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172621. [PMID: 36078029 PMCID: PMC9455075 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionally conserved degradation mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis whereby cytoplasmic components are wrapped in autophagosomes and subsequently delivered to lysosomes for degradation. This process requires the concerted actions of multiple autophagy-related proteins and accessory regulators. In neurons, autophagy is dynamically regulated in different compartments including soma, axons, and dendrites. It determines the turnover of selected materials in a spatiotemporal control manner, which facilitates the formation of specialized neuronal functions. It is not surprising, therefore, that dysfunctional autophagy occurs in epilepsy, mainly caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. In recent years, much attention has been focused on how autophagy may cause the development of epilepsy. In this article, we overview the historical landmarks and distinct types of autophagy, recent progress in the core machinery and regulation of autophagy, and biological roles of autophagy in homeostatic maintenance of neuronal structures and functions, with a particular focus on synaptic plasticity. We also discuss the relevance of autophagy mechanisms to the pathophysiology of epileptogenesis.
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4
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Shi M, Maique J, Shepard S, Li P, Seli O, Moe OW, Chang Hu M. In vivo evidence for therapeutic applications of beclin 1 to promote recovery and inhibit fibrosis after acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2022; 101:63-78. [PMID: 34736972 PMCID: PMC8741729 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy regulator beclin 1 activity determines the severity of kidney damage induced by ischemia reperfusion injury, but its role in kidney recovery and fibrosis are unknown and its therapeutic potentials have not been tested. Here, we explored beclin 1 effects on kidney fibrosis in three models of acute kidney injury (AKI)-ischemia reperfusion injury, cisplatin kidney toxicity, and unilateral ureteric obstruction in mouse strains with three levels of beclin 1 function: normal (wild type), low (heterozygous global deletion of beclin 1, Becn1+/-), and high beclin 1 activity (knockin gain-of-function mutant Becn1, Becn1FA). Fourteen days after AKI induction, heterozygous mice had more, but knockin mice had less kidney fibrosis than wild-type mice did. One day after ischemia reperfusion injury, heterozygous pan-kidney tubular Becn1 null mice had more severe kidney damage than homozygous distal tubular Becn1 null mice did, which was similar to the wild-type mice, implying that proximal tubular beclin 1 protects the kidney against ischemia reperfusion injury. By 14 days, both pan-kidney heterozygous Becn1 null and distal tubular homozygous Becn1 null mice had poorer kidney recovery than wild-type mice did. Injection of beclin 1 peptides increased cell proliferation in kidney tubules in normal mice. Beclin 1 peptides injection either before or after (2-5 days) ischemia reperfusion injury protected the kidney from injury and suppressed kidney fibrosis. Thus, both endogenous beclin 1 protein expression in kidney tubules and exogenous beclin 1 peptides are kidney protective via attenuation of acute kidney damage, promotion of cell proliferation, and inhibition of kidney fibrosis, consequently improving kidney recovery post-AKI. Hence, exogenous beclin 1 peptide may be a potential new therapy for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Shi
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research
| | - Jenny Maique
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research
| | - Sierra Shepard
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research
| | - Peng Li
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research
| | - Olivia Seli
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research
| | - Orson W. Moe
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Address for reprint request and other correspondence: Ming Chang Hu, MD, PhD, Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390 USA, or Orson W. Moe, MD, Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390 USA,
| | - Ming Chang Hu
- Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Address for reprint request and other correspondence: Ming Chang Hu, MD, PhD, Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390 USA, or Orson W. Moe, MD, Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390 USA,
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5
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Martano M, Altamura G, Power K, Liguori P, Restucci B, Borzacchiello G, Maiolino P. Beclin 1, LC3 and P62 Expression in Equine Sarcoids. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010020. [PMID: 35011126 PMCID: PMC8749869 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine sarcoids, caused by bovine papillomaviruses, are equine skin tumors of fibroblastic origin. It is well known that bovine papillomaviruses are able to interfere with the survival and proliferation of cells by regulating autophagy, a mechanism implicated in the breakdown and reuse of old and damaged cellular material. The present study focused on the evaluation in equine sarcoids and normal skins of the expression level of some of the main proteins involved in the autophagic pathway, such as Beclin 1, LC3 and P62, by immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. Results obtained in equine sarcoids suggested an alteration of the autophagic process which could lead to a predominance of a particular population of fibroblast. Those fibroblasts could survive longer in a hypoxic microenvironment and produce more and/or altered collagen, giving an origin to the equine sarcoid. Abstract Background: It is well known that δ-bovine papillomaviruses (BPV-1, BPV-2 and BPV-13) are one of the major causative agents of equine sarcoids, the most common equine skin tumors. Different viruses, including papillomaviruses, evolved ingenious strategies to modulate autophagy, a complex process involved in degradation and recycling of old and damaged material. Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) analysis, the expression of the main related autophagy proteins (Beclin 1, protein light chain 3 (LC3) and P62), in 35 BPV1/2 positive equine sarcoids and 5 BPV negative normal skin samples. Results: Sarcoid samples showed from strong-to-moderate cytoplasmic immunostaining, respectively, for Beclin 1 and P62 in >60% of neoplastic fibroblasts, while LC3 immunostaining was weak to moderate in ≤60% of neoplastic fibroblasts. Western blot analysis confirmed the specificity of the antibodies and revealed no activation of autophagic flux despite Beclin 1 overexpression in sarcoid samples. Conclusion: Results could suggest the activation of the initial phase of autophagy in equine sarcoids, and its impairment during the following steps. The impairment of autophagy could lead to a selection of a quiescent population of fibroblasts, which survive longer in a hypoxic microenvironment and produced more and/or altered collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2536465; Fax: +39-081-2536186
| | - Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | | | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
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6
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Vega-Rubín-de-Celis S, Kinch L, Peña-Llopis S. Regulation of Beclin 1-Mediated Autophagy by Oncogenic Tyrosine Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239210. [PMID: 33287140 PMCID: PMC7729755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beclin 1 is a major regulator of autophagy, and it is a core component of the class III PI3K complexes. Beclin 1 is a highly conserved protein and its function is regulated in a number of ways, including post-translational modifications. Several studies indicate that receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases regulate autophagy activity in cancer, and some suggest the importance of Beclin 1 tyrosine phosphorylation in this process. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanism whereby some oncogenic tyrosine kinases regulate autophagy through Beclin 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vega-Rubín-de-Celis
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: or
| | - Lisa Kinch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Samuel Peña-Llopis
- Translational Genomics in Solid Tumors, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
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7
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Beclin1 Binds to Enterovirus 71 3D Protein to Promote the Virus Replication. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070756. [PMID: 32674313 PMCID: PMC7411969 DOI: 10.3390/v12070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen causing hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and children, which can also lead to severe neurological diseases and even death. Therefore, understanding the replication mechanism of EV71 is of great significance for the prevention and control of EV71-induced diseases. Beclin1 (BECN1, a mammalian homologue of ATG6 in yeast) is an important core protein for the initiation and the normal process of autophagy in cells. In addition to its involvement in autophagy, Beclin1 has also been reported to play an important role in cancer and innate immune signaling pathways. However, the role of Beclin1 in EV71 replication remains elusive. Here, we primarily found that Beclin1 facilitates EV71 replication in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and the autophagy was actually induced, but Beclin1 was not significantly affected at either mRNA level or protein level during early EV71 infection. Further studies discovered that Beclin1 could interacts with EV71 non-structural protein 3D mainly through its evolutionary conserved domain (ECD) and coiled-coiled domain (CCD), thus promoting the replication of EV71 in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and human astroglioma (U251) cells. Collectively, we reveal a novel regulatory mechanism associated with Beclin1 to promote EV71 replication, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and control of EV71-associated diseases.
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8
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TLR9 and beclin 1 crosstalk regulates muscle AMPK activation in exercise. Nature 2020; 578:605-609. [PMID: 32051584 PMCID: PMC7047589 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in skeletal muscle coordinates systemic metabolic responses to exercise1. Autophagy-a lysosomal degradation pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis2-is upregulated during exercise, and a core autophagy protein, beclin 1, is required for AMPK activation in skeletal muscle3. Here we describe a role for the innate immune-sensing molecule Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)4, and its interaction with beclin 1, in exercise-induced activation of AMPK in skeletal muscle. Mice that lack TLR9 are deficient in both exercise-induced activation of AMPK and plasma membrane localization of the GLUT4 glucose transporter in skeletal muscle, but are not deficient in autophagy. TLR9 binds beclin 1, and this interaction is increased by energy stress (glucose starvation and endurance exercise) and decreased by a BCL2 mutation3,5 that blocks the disruption of BCL2-beclin 1 binding. TLR9 regulates the assembly of the endolysosomal phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex (PI3KC3-C2)-which contains beclin 1 and UVRAG-in skeletal muscle during exercise, and knockout of beclin 1 or UVRAG inhibits the cellular AMPK activation induced by glucose starvation. Moreover, TLR9 functions in a muscle-autonomous fashion in ex vivo contraction-induced AMPK activation, glucose uptake and beclin 1-UVRAG complex assembly. These findings reveal a heretofore undescribed role for a Toll-like receptor in skeletal-muscle AMPK activation and glucose metabolism during exercise, as well as unexpected crosstalk between this innate immune sensor and autophagy proteins.
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9
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Tang F, Gao R, Jeevan-Raj B, Wyss CB, Kalathur RKR, Piscuoglio S, Ng CKY, Hindupur SK, Nuciforo S, Dazert E, Bock T, Song S, Buechel D, Morini MF, Hergovich A, Matthias P, Lim DS, Terracciano LM, Heim MH, Hall MN, Christofori G. LATS1 but not LATS2 represses autophagy by a kinase-independent scaffold function. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5755. [PMID: 31848340 PMCID: PMC6917744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy perturbation represents an emerging therapeutic strategy in cancer. Although LATS1 and LATS2 kinases, core components of the mammalian Hippo pathway, have been shown to exert tumor suppressive activities, here we report a pro-survival role of LATS1 but not LATS2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Specifically, LATS1 restricts lethal autophagy in HCC cells induced by sorafenib, the standard of care for advanced HCC patients. Notably, autophagy regulation by LATS1 is independent of its kinase activity. Instead, LATS1 stabilizes the autophagy core-machinery component Beclin-1 by promoting K27-linked ubiquitination at lysine residues K32 and K263 on Beclin-1. Consequently, ubiquitination of Beclin-1 negatively regulates autophagy by promoting inactive dimer formation of Beclin-1. Our study highlights a functional diversity between LATS1 and LATS2, and uncovers a scaffolding role of LATS1 in mediating a cross-talk between the Hippo signaling pathway and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Tang
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ruize Gao
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christof B Wyss
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandro Nuciforo
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva Dazert
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bock
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shuang Song
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Buechel
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco F Morini
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Matthias
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Markus H Heim
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Qin X, Shi X, Tu L, Ma Y, Zhou Z, Zhao R, Zhan M, Yin F, Li Z. Autophagy inducing cyclic peptides constructed by methionine alkylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4198-4201. [PMID: 30896003 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptides that induced autophagy at micromolar concentrations with improved proteolytic resistance properties were generated using the facile methionine bis-alkylation method. Notably, a short bicyclic peptide 7f was proven to be the most potent one among the designed peptides in regards to autophagy inducing activity. This study facilitated the development of a peptide-based autophagy inducer and demonstrated the potential applications of the methionine alkylation-based macrocyclization method for the diversity-oriented generation of peptide-based autophagy inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qin
- State Key laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
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11
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Hill SM, Wrobel L, Rubinsztein DC. Post-translational modifications of Beclin 1 provide multiple strategies for autophagy regulation. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:617-629. [PMID: 30546075 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation pathway essential for protein homeostasis, survival and development. Defects in autophagic pathways have been connected to a variety of human diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. In the process of macroautophagy, cytoplasmic cargo is enclosed in a double-membrane structure and fused to the lysosome to allow for digestion and recycling of material. Autophagosome formation is primed by the ULK complex, which enables the downstream production of PI(3)P, a key lipid signalling molecule, on the phagophore membrane. The PI(3)P is generated by the PI3 kinase (PI3K) complex, consisting of the core components VPS34, VPS15 and Beclin 1. Beclin 1 is a central player in autophagy and constitutes a molecular platform for the regulation of autophagosome formation and maturation. Post-translational modifications of Beclin 1 affect its stability, interactions and ability to regulate PI3K activity, providing the cell with a plethora of strategies to fine-tune the levels of autophagy. Being such an important regulator, Beclin 1 is a potential target for therapeutic intervention and interfering with the post-translational regulation of Beclin 1 could be one way of manipulating the levels of autophagy. In this review, we provide an overview of the known post-translational modifications of Beclin 1 that govern its role in autophagy and how these modifications are maintained by input from several upstream signalling pathways. ▓.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hill
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lidia Wrobel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
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12
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Menon MB, Dhamija S. Beclin 1 Phosphorylation - at the Center of Autophagy Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:137. [PMID: 30370269 PMCID: PMC6194997 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly regulated catabolic process wherein cells under stress sequester cytosolic constituents like damaged proteins and organelles in double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes degrade their cargo by lysosomal proteolysis generating raw materials for the biosynthesis of vital macromolecules. One of the initial steps in the assembly of autophagosomes from pre-autophagic structures is the recruitment and activation of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex consisting of Beclin 1 (BECN1), VPS34, VPS15, and ATG14 proteins. Several pieces of evidence indicate that the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of BECN1 at an array of residues fine-tune the responses to diverse autophagy modulating stimuli and helps in maintaining the balance between pro-survival autophagy and pro-apoptotic responses. In this mini-review, we will discuss the importance of distinct BECN1 phosphorylation events, the diverse signaling pathways and kinases involved and their role in the regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj B. Menon
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany,*Correspondence: Manoj B. Menon,
| | - Sonam Dhamija
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Division of RNA Biology and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Abstract
This review explores the presence and functions of polyglutamine (polyQ) in viral proteins. In mammals, mutations in polyQ segments (and CAG repeats at the nucleotide level) have been linked to neural disorders and ataxias. PolyQ regions in normal human proteins have documented functional roles, in transcription factors and, more recently, in regulating autophagy. Despite the high frequency of polyQ repeats in eukaryotic genomes, little attention has been given to the presence or possible role of polyQ sequences in virus genomes. A survey described here revealed that polyQ repeats occur rarely in RNA viruses, suggesting that they have detrimental effects on virus replication at the nucleotide or protein level. However, there have been sporadic reports of polyQ segments in potyviruses and in reptilian nidoviruses (among the largest RNA viruses known). Conserved polyQ segments are found in the regulatory control proteins of many DNA viruses. Variable length polyQ tracts are found in proteins that contribute to transmissibility (cowpox A-type inclusion protein (ATI)) and control of latency (herpes viruses). New longer-read sequencing methods, using original biological samples, should reveal more details on the presence and functional role of polyQ in viruses, as well as the nucleotide regions that encode them. Given the known toxic effects of polyQ repeats, the role of these segments in neurovirulent and tumorigenic viruses should be further explored.
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14
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Chiang WC, Wei Y, Kuo YC, Wei S, Zhou A, Zou Z, Yehl J, Ranaghan MJ, Skepner A, Bittker JA, Perez JR, Posner BA, Levine B. High-Throughput Screens To Identify Autophagy Inducers That Function by Disrupting Beclin 1/Bcl-2 Binding. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2247-2260. [PMID: 29878747 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway, plays a crucial role in cellular homeostasis, development, immunity, tumor suppression, metabolism, prevention of neurodegeneration, and lifespan extension. Thus, pharmacological stimulation of autophagy may be an effective approach for preventing or treating certain human diseases and/or aging. We sought to establish a method for developing new chemical compounds that specifically induce autophagy. To do this, we developed two assays to identify compounds that target a key regulatory node of autophagy induction-specifically, the binding of Bcl-2 (a negative regulator of autophagy) to Beclin 1 (an allosteric modulator of the Beclin 1/VPS34 lipid kinase complex that functions in autophagy initiation). These assays use either a split-luciferase assay to measure Beclin 1/Bcl-2 binding in cells or an AlphaLISA assay to directly measure direct Beclin 1/Bcl-2 binding in vitro. We screened two different chemical compound libraries, comprising ∼300 K compounds, to identify small molecules that disrupt Beclin 1/Bcl-2 binding and induce autophagy. Three novel compounds were identified that directly inhibit Beclin 1/Bcl-2 interaction with an IC50 in the micromolar range and increase autophagic flux. These compounds do not demonstrate significant cytotoxicity, and they exert selectivity for disruption of Bcl-2 binding to the BH3 domain of Beclin 1 compared with the BH3 domain of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, Bax and Bim. Thus, we have identified candidate molecules that serve as lead templates for developing potent and selective Beclin 1/Bcl-2 inhibitors that may be clinically useful as autophagy-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Chiang
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Yi-Chun Kuo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Anwu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Zhongju Zou
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Jenna Yehl
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Matthew J. Ranaghan
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Adam Skepner
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joshua A. Bittker
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jose R. Perez
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bruce A. Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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