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Proteomic mapping and optogenetic manipulation of membrane contact sites. Biochem J 2022; 479:1857-1875. [PMID: 36111979 PMCID: PMC9555801 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) mediate crucial physiological processes in eukaryotic cells, including ion signaling, lipid metabolism, and autophagy. Dysregulation of MCSs is closely related to various diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), neurodegenerative diseases, and cancers. Visualization, proteomic mapping and manipulation of MCSs may help the dissection of the physiology and pathology MCSs. Recent technical advances have enabled better understanding of the dynamics and functions of MCSs. Here we present a summary of currently known functions of MCSs, with a focus on optical approaches to visualize and manipulate MCSs, as well as proteomic mapping within MCSs.
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2
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Pauwels J, Fijałkowska D, Eyckerman S, Gevaert K. Mass spectrometry and the cellular surfaceome. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:804-841. [PMID: 33655572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The collection of exposed plasma membrane proteins, collectively termed the surfaceome, is involved in multiple vital cellular processes, such as the communication of cells with their surroundings and the regulation of transport across the lipid bilayer. The surfaceome also plays key roles in the immune system by recognizing and presenting antigens, with its possible malfunctioning linked to disease. Surface proteins have long been explored as potential cell markers, disease biomarkers, and therapeutic drug targets. Despite its importance, a detailed study of the surfaceome continues to pose major challenges for mass spectrometry-driven proteomics due to the inherent biophysical characteristics of surface proteins. Their inefficient extraction from hydrophobic membranes to an aqueous medium and their lower abundance compared to intracellular proteins hamper the analysis of surface proteins, which are therefore usually underrepresented in proteomic datasets. To tackle such problems, several innovative analytical methodologies have been developed. This review aims at providing an extensive overview of the different methods for surfaceome analysis, with respective considerations for downstream mass spectrometry-based proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarne Pauwels
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sven Eyckerman
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Critcher M, Huang ML. Excavating proteoglycan structure-function relationships: Modern approaches to capture the interactions of ancient biomolecules. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C415-C422. [PMID: 35759439 PMCID: PMC9359657 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00222.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are now well regarded as key facilitators of cell biology. While a majority of their interactions and functions are attributed to the decorating glycosaminoglycan chains, there is a growing appreciation for the roles of the proteoglycan core protein and for considering proteoglycans as replete protein-glycan conjugates. This appreciation, seeded by early work in proteoglycan biology, is now being advanced and exalted by modern approaches in chemical glycobiology. In this review, we discuss up-and-coming methods to unearth the fine-scale architecture of proteoglycans that modulate their functions and interactions. Crucial to these efforts is the production of chemically defined materials, including semi-synthetic proteoglycans and the in situ capture of interacting proteins. Together, the integration of chemical biology approaches promises to expedite the dissection of the structural heterogeneity of proteoglycans and deliver refined insight into their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Critcher
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mia L Huang
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA
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4
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Vilen Z, Reeves AE, O’Leary TR, Joeh E, Kamasawa N, Huang ML. Cell Surface Engineering Enables Surfaceome Profiling. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 18:701-710. [PMID: 35443134 PMCID: PMC9901301 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface proteins (CSPs) are vital molecular mediators for cells and their extracellular environment. Thus, understanding which CSPs are displayed on cells, especially in different cell states, remains an important endeavor in cell biology. Here, we describe the integration of cell surface engineering with radical-mediated protein biotinylation to profile CSPs. This method relies on the prefunctionalization of cells with cholesterol lipid groups, followed by sortase-catalyzed conjugation with an APEX2 ascorbate peroxidase enzyme. In the presence of biotin-phenol and H2O2, APEX2 catalyzes the formation of highly reactive biotinyl radicals that covalently tag electron-rich residues within CSPs for subsequent streptavidin-based enrichment and analysis by quantitative mass spectrometry. While APEX2 is traditionally used to capture proximity-based interactomes, we envisioned using it in a "baitless" manner on cell surfaces to capture CSPs. We evaluate this strategy in light of another CSP labeling method that relies on the presence of cell surface sialic acid. Using the APEX2 strategy, we describe the CSPs found in three mammalian cell lines and compare CSPs in adherent versus three-dimensional pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zak Vilen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458-5284,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Abigail E. Reeves
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458-5284,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Timothy R. O’Leary
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458-5284
| | - Eugene Joeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458-5284,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Naomi Kamasawa
- The Imaging Center and Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, 1 Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Mia L. Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 120 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458-5284,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037,Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037,Corresponding author:
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5
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Critcher M, Hassan AA, Huang ML. Seeing the forest through the trees: characterizing the glycoproteome. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:492-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Vikan AK, Kostas M, Haugsten EM, Selbo PK, Wesche J. Efficacy and Selectivity of FGF2-Saporin Cytosolically Delivered by PCI in Cells Overexpressing FGFR1. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061476. [PMID: 34204611 PMCID: PMC8231185 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have become an attractive target in cancer research and therapy due to their implication in several cancers. Limitations of current treatment options require a need for additional, more specific and potent strategies to overcome cancers driven by FGFRs. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a light-controlled method for cytosolic delivery of drugs that are entrapped in endosomes and lysosomes. We here evaluated the efficacy and selectivity of PCI of FGF2-saporin (FGF-SAP) in cells overexpressing FGFR1. FGF-SAP is a conjugate of FGF2 and the highly cytotoxic ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin, which is used as payload to eliminate cancer cells. Evaluation of the targeting effect of PCI of FGF-SAP was done by comparing the cytotoxic response in osteosarcoma cells with very low levels of FGFR1 (U2OS) to cells overexpressing FGFR1 (U2OS-R1). We demonstrate that PCI greatly enhances cytotoxicity of the drug showing efficient cell killing at pM concentrations of the drug in U2OS-R1 cells. However, U2OS cells were also sensitive to the toxin after PCI. Binding experiments using confocal microscopy and Western blotting techniques indicate that FGF-SAP is taken up by cells through heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in U2OS cells. We further show that the cytotoxicity of FGF-SAP in U2OS cells was reduced when cells were co-treated with heparin to compete out binding to HSPG, demonstrating that the cytotoxic effect was due to internalization by HSPGs. We conclude that to prevent off-target effects of FGF-based toxins, it will be necessary to circumvent binding to HSPGs, for example by mutating the binding site of FGF2 to HSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora K. Vikan
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michal Kostas
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Margrethe Haugsten
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål K. Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (P.K.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Jørgen Wesche
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; (A.K.V.); (M.K.); (E.M.H.)
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (P.K.S.); (J.W.)
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7
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Dong S, Wang R, Yu R, Chen B, Si F, Xie C, Li Z. Identification of cellular proteins interacting with PEDV M protein through APEX2 labeling. J Proteomics 2021; 240:104191. [PMID: 33757879 PMCID: PMC7980486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Membrane (M) proteins of coronaviruses are the most abundant component of the virus envelope and play crucial roles in virus assembly, virus budding and the regulation of host immunity. To understand more about these functions in the context of PEDV M protein, forty host cell proteins interacting with the M protein were identified in the present study by exploiting the proximity-labeling enzyme APEX2 (a mutant soybean ascorbate peroxidase). Bioinformatic analysis showed that the identified host cell proteins were related to fifty-four signal pathways and a wide diversity of biological processes. Interaction between M and five of the identified proteins (RIG-I, PPID, NHE-RF1, S100A11, CLDN4) was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). In addition, knockdown of PPID and S100A11 genes by siRNA significantly improved virus production, indicating that the proteins encoded by the two genes were interfering with or down-regulating virus replication in infected cells. Identification of the host cell proteins accomplished in this study provides new information about the mechanisms underlying PEDV replication and immune evasion. SIGNIFICANCE: PEDV M protein is an essential structural protein implicated in viral infection, replication and assembly although the precise mechanisms underlying these functions remain enigmatic. In this study, we have identified 40 host cell proteins that interact with PEDV M protein using the proximity-labeling enzyme APEX2. Co-immunoprecipitation subsequently confirmed interactions between PEDV M protein and five host cell proteins, two of which (S100A11 and PPID) were involved in down-regulating virus replication in infected cells. This study is significant in that it formulates a strategy to provide new information about the mechanisms relating to the novel functions of PEDV M protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijuan Dong
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, PR China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pigs, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruiyang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruisong Yu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bingqing Chen
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, PR China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pigs, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, PR China,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pigs, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chunfang Xie
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pigs, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, PR China.
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8
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Abstract
The cellular surfaceome and its residing extracellularly exposed proteins are involved in a multitude of molecular signaling processes across the viral infection cycle. Successful viral propagation, including viral entry, immune evasion, virion release and viral spread rely on dynamic molecular interactions with the surfaceome. Decoding of these viral-host surfaceome interactions using advanced technologies enabled the discovery of fundamental new functional insights into cellular and viral biology. In this review, we highlight recently developed experimental strategies, with a focus on spatial proteotyping technologies, aiding in the rational design of theranostic strategies to combat viral infections.
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9
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Bosch JA, Chen CL, Perrimon N. Proximity-dependent labeling methods for proteomic profiling in living cells: An update. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e392. [PMID: 32909689 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing the proteome composition of organelles and subcellular regions of living cells can facilitate the understanding of cellular organization as well as protein interactome networks. Proximity labeling-based methods coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) offer a high-throughput approach for systematic analysis of spatially restricted proteomes. Proximity labeling utilizes enzymes that generate reactive radicals to covalently tag neighboring proteins. The tagged endogenous proteins can then be isolated for further analysis by MS. To analyze protein-protein interactions or identify components that localize to discrete subcellular compartments, spatial expression is achieved by fusing the enzyme to specific proteins or signal peptides that target to particular subcellular regions. Although these technologies have only been introduced recently, they have already provided deep insights into a wide range of biological processes. Here, we provide an updated description and comparison of proximity labeling methods, as well as their applications and improvements. As each method has its own unique features, the goal of this review is to describe how different proximity labeling methods can be used to answer different biological questions. This article is categorized under: Technologies > Analysis of Proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Bosch
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chiao-Lin Chen
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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The GABARAP Co-Secretome Identified by APEX2-GABARAP Proximity Labelling of Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061468. [PMID: 32560054 PMCID: PMC7349886 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-related ATG8 protein GABARAP has not only been shown to be involved in the cellular self-degradation process called autophagy but also fulfils functions in intracellular trafficking processes such as receptor transport to the plasma membrane. Notably, available mass spectrometry data suggest that GABARAP is also secreted into extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, we confirm this finding by the immunoblotting of EVs isolated from cell culture supernatants and human blood serum using specific anti-GABARAP antibodies. To investigate the mechanism by which GABARAP is secreted, we applied proximity labelling, a method for studying the direct environment of a protein of interest in a confined cellular compartment. By expressing an engineered peroxidase (APEX2)-tagged variant of GABARAP—which, like endogenous GABARAP, was present in EVs prepared from HEK293 cells—we demonstrate the applicability of APEX2-based proximity labelling to EVs. The biotinylated protein pool which contains the APEX2-GABARAP co-secretome contained not only known GABARAP interaction partners but also proteins that were found in APEX2-GABARAP’s proximity inside of autophagosomes in an independent study. All in all, we not only introduce a versatile tool for co-secretome analysis in general but also uncover the first details about autophagy-based pathways as possible biogenesis mechanisms of GABARAP-containing EVs.
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Kang X, Lin Z, Xu M, Pan J, Wang ZW. Deciphering role of FGFR signalling pathway in pancreatic cancer. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12605. [PMID: 30945363 PMCID: PMC6536421 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, fibroblast growth factors are identified to play a vital role in the development and progression of human pancreatic cancer. FGF pathway is critical involved in numerous cellular processes through regulation of its downstream targets, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. In this review article, we describe recent advances of FGFR signalling pathway in pancreatic carcinogenesis and progression. Moreover, we highlight the available chemical inhibitors of FGFR pathway for potential treatment of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we discuss whether targeting FGFR pathway is a novel therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodiao Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minhui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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12
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Tamburini E, Dallatomasina A, Quartararo J, Cortelazzi B, Mangieri D, Lazzaretti M, Perris R. Structural deciphering of the NG2/CSPG4 proteoglycan multifunctionality. FASEB J 2018; 33:3112-3128. [PMID: 30550356 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801670r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 ( CSPG4) gene encodes a transmembrane proteoglycan (PG) constituting the largest and most structurally complex macromolecule of the human surfaceome. Its transcript shows an extensive evolutionary conservation and, due to the elaborated intracellular processing of the translated protein, it generates an array of glycoforms with the potential to exert variant-specific functions. CSPG4-mediated molecular events are articulated through the interaction with more than 40 putative ligands and the concurrent involvement of the ectodomain and cytoplasmic tail. Alternating inside-out and outside-in signal transductions may thereby be elicited through a tight functional connection of the PG with the cytoskeleton and its regulators. The potential of CSPG4 to influence both types of signaling mechanisms is also asserted by its lateral mobility along the plasma membrane and its intersection with microdomain-restricted internalization and endocytic trafficking. Owing to the multitude of molecular interplays that CSPG4 may engage, and thanks to a differential phosphorylation of its intracellular domain accounted by crosstalking signaling pathways, the PG stands out for its unique capability to affect numerous cellular phenomena, including those purporting pathologic conditions. We discuss here the progresses made in advancing our understanding about the structural-functional bases for the ability of CSPG4 to widely impact on cell behavior, such as to highlight how its multivalency may be exploited to interfere with disease progression.-Tamburini, E., Dallatomasina, A., Quartararo, J., Cortelazzi, B., Mangieri, D., Lazzaretti, M., Perris, R. Structural deciphering of the NG2/CSPG4 proteoglycan multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tamburini
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alice Dallatomasina
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Jade Quartararo
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Cortelazzi
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Mirca Lazzaretti
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Perris
- Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology (COMT), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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