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Bokhtia RM, Panda SS, Girgis AS, Samir N, Said MF, Abdelnaser A, Nasr S, Bekheit MS, Dawood AS, Sharma H, Wade M, Sharma SK, Ghanim AM. New NSAID Conjugates as Potent and Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: Synthesis, Molecular Modeling and Biological Investigation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041945. [PMID: 36838932 PMCID: PMC9965125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
New sets of ibuprofen and indomethacin conjugates comprising triazolyl heterocycle were synthesized via click chemistry, adopting an optimized protocol through the molecular hybridization approach affording the targeted agents in good yields. The new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) conjugates were designed and synthesized and could be considered as potential drug candidates for the treatment of pain and inflammation. The anti-inflammatory properties were investigated for all the synthesized conjugates. Among 14 synthesized conjugates, four (5a, 5b, 5d, and 5e) were found to have significant anti-inflammatory properties potency 117.6%, 116.5%, 93.8%, and 109.1% in comparison to reference drugs ibuprofen (97.2%) and indomethacin (100%) in the rat paw edema carrageenan test without any ulcerogenic liability. The suppression effect of cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS in addition to NO in the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells supports the promising anti-inflammatory properties observed in the ibuprofen conjugates. In addition, several conjugates showed promising peripheral and central analgesic activity. The selectivity index (SI) of compound 5a (23.096) indicates the significant efficacy and selectivity for COX-2 over COX-1. Molecular modeling (docking and QSAR) studies described the observed biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham M. Bokhtia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Adel S. Girgis
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Nermin Samir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mona F. Said
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Anwar Abdelnaser
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Soad Nasr
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Bekheit
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdelhameed S. Dawood
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Horrick Sharma
- College of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Margaret Wade
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Swapnil K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Amany M. Ghanim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Solà J, Menargues À, Homedes J, Salichs M, Álvarez I, Romero L, Vela JM. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by enflicoxib, its enantiomers and its main metabolites in vitro in canine blood. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:235-244. [PMID: 35038171 PMCID: PMC9306928 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Enflicoxib is approved for the treatment of pain and inflammation in canine osteoarthritis. The objective of this work was to assess the mechanistic basis of enflicoxib therapy investigating the COX inhibitory activity of enflicoxib (racemate), its enantiomers and its main metabolites using the canine whole blood assay. The (R)‐(+)‐Enflicoxib enantiomer and metabolite M8 (hydroxylated pyrazoline) did not induce significant COX inhibition. Enflicoxib and its (S)‐(‐)‐Enflicoxib enantiomer inhibited COX‐1 and COX‐2 with variable degree of preferential isoform inhibition, but no significant therapeutic effect is anticipated in vivo. The pyrazol metabolite showed the highest COX‐2 inhibition and was the most selective (IC50 COX‐1/ COX‐2 ratio: 19.45). As the pyrazol metabolite shows saturable binding to red blood cells, its in vivo concentrations in plasma are lower than in whole blood. Accordingly, when applying the red blood cell partitioning, the respective IC50 and IC80 for COX‐2 inhibition decreased from 2.8 µM (1129 ng/ml) and 13.4 µM (5404 ng/ml) to 0.2 µM (80.7 ng/ml) and 1.2 µM (484 ng/ml) and the selectivity ratio increased to close to 55. The corrected pyrazol metabolite IC50 and IC80 are well within the plasma levels described in treated dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Solà
- Barcelona Science Park, Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology Unit (CERETOX), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngel Menargues
- Barcelona Science Park, Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology Unit (CERETOX), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Homedes
- Ecuphar veterinaria SLU (Animalcare Group), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Salichs
- Ecuphar veterinaria SLU (Animalcare Group), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Álvarez
- Welab, Barcelona Science Park (PCB), Edifici Clúster II, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luz Romero
- Welab, Barcelona Science Park (PCB), Edifici Clúster II, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Vela
- Welab, Barcelona Science Park (PCB), Edifici Clúster II, Barcelona, Spain
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Putilina M, Teplova N. Possibilities of individual choice of NSAIDs on the example of the oxicam class, taking into account clinical and pharmacological characteristics. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:36-41. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212207136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Friedrich L, Cingolani G, Ko Y, Iaselli M, Miciaccia M, Perrone MG, Neukirch K, Bobinger V, Merk D, Hofstetter RK, Werz O, Koeberle A, Scilimati A, Schneider G. Learning from Nature: From a Marine Natural Product to Synthetic Cyclooxygenase-1 Inhibitors by Automated De Novo Design. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100832. [PMID: 34176236 PMCID: PMC8373093 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The repertoire of natural products offers tremendous opportunities for chemical biology and drug discovery. Natural product-inspired synthetic molecules represent an ecologically and economically sustainable alternative to the direct utilization of natural products. De novo design with machine intelligence bridges the gap between the worlds of bioactive natural products and synthetic molecules. On employing the compound Marinopyrrole A from marine Streptomyces as a design template, the algorithm constructs innovative small molecules that can be synthesized in three steps, following the computationally suggested synthesis route. Computational activity prediction reveals cyclooxygenase (COX) as a putative target of both Marinopyrrole A and the de novo designs. The molecular designs are experimentally confirmed as selective COX-1 inhibitors with nanomolar potency. X-ray structure analysis reveals the binding of the most selective compound to COX-1. This molecular design approach provides a blueprint for natural product-inspired hit and lead identification for drug discovery with machine intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Friedrich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4Zurich8093Switzerland
| | - Gino Cingolani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySidney Kimmel Cancer CenterThomas Jefferson University1020 Locust StreetPhiladelphiaPA19107USA
| | - Ying‐Hui Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySidney Kimmel Cancer CenterThomas Jefferson University1020 Locust StreetPhiladelphiaPA19107USA
| | - Mariaclara Iaselli
- Department of Pharmacy – Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BariVia E. Orabona 4Bari70125Italy
| | - Morena Miciaccia
- Department of Pharmacy – Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BariVia E. Orabona 4Bari70125Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy – Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BariVia E. Orabona 4Bari70125Italy
| | - Konstantin Neukirch
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruck6020Austria
| | - Veronika Bobinger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4Zurich8093Switzerland
| | - Daniel Merk
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4Zurich8093Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe‐UniversityMax‐von‐Laue Straße 9Frankfurt am Main60438Germany
| | - Robert Klaus Hofstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaPhilosophenweg 14Jena07743Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaPhilosophenweg 14Jena07743Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI)University of InnsbruckInnsbruck6020Austria
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Department of Pharmacy – Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BariVia E. Orabona 4Bari70125Italy
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4Zurich8093Switzerland
- ETH Singapore SEC Ltd1 CREATE Way, #06‐01 CREATE TowerSingapore138602Singapore
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Cui J, Jia J. Natural COX-2 Inhibitors as Promising Anti-inflammatory Agents: An Update. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3622-3646. [PMID: 32942970 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200917150939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COX-2, a key enzyme that catalyzed the rate-limiting steps in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, played a pivotal role in the inflammatory process. Different from other family members, COX-2 was barely detectable in normal physiological conditions and highly inducible during the acute inflammatory response of human bodies to injuries or infections. Therefore, the therapeutic utilization of selective COX-2 inhibitors has already been considered as an effective approach for the treatment of inflammation with diminished side effects. Currently, both traditional and newer NSAIDs are the commonly prescribed medications that treat inflammatory diseases by targeting COX-2. However, due to the cardiovascular side-effects of the NSAIDs, finding reasonable alternatives for these frequently prescribed medicines are a hot spot in medicinal chemistry research. Naturallyoccurring compounds have been reported to inhibit COX-2, thereby possessing beneficial effects against inflammation and certain cell injury. The review mainly concentrated on recently identified natural products and derivatives as COX-2 inhibitors, the characteristics of their structural core scaffolds, their anti-inflammatory effects, molecular mechanisms for enzymatic inhibition, and related structure-activity relationships. According to the structural features, the natural COX-2 inhibitors were mainly divided into the following categories: natural phenols, flavonoids, stilbenes, terpenoids, quinones, and alkaloids. Apart from the anti-inflammatory activities, a few dietary COX-2 inhibitors from nature origin also exhibited chemopreventive effects by targeting COX-2-mediated carcinogenesis. The utilization of these natural remedies in future cancer prevention was also discussed. In all, the survey on the characterized COX-2 inhibitors from natural sources paves the way for the further development of more potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Clemente SM, Martínez-Costa OH, Monsalve M, Samhan-Arias AK. Targeting Lipid Peroxidation for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:E5144. [PMID: 33167334 PMCID: PMC7663840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the highest prevalent diseases in humans. The chances of surviving cancer and its prognosis are very dependent on the affected tissue, body location, and stage at which the disease is diagnosed. Researchers and pharmaceutical companies worldwide are pursuing many attempts to look for compounds to treat this malignancy. Most of the current strategies to fight cancer implicate the use of compounds acting on DNA damage checkpoints, non-receptor tyrosine kinases activities, regulators of the hedgehog signaling pathways, and metabolic adaptations placed in cancer. In the last decade, the finding of a lipid peroxidation increase linked to 15-lipoxygenases isoform 1 (15-LOX-1) activity stimulation has been found in specific successful treatments against cancer. This discovery contrasts with the production of other lipid oxidation signatures generated by stimulation of other lipoxygenases such as 5-LOX and 12-LOX, and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) activities, which have been suggested as cancer biomarkers and which inhibitors present anti-tumoral and antiproliferative activities. These findings support the previously proposed role of lipid hydroperoxides and their metabolites as cancer cell mediators. Depletion or promotion of lipid peroxidation is generally related to a specific production source associated with a cancer stage or tissue in which cancer originates. This review highlights the potential therapeutical use of chemical derivatives to stimulate or block specific cellular routes to generate lipid hydroperoxides to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M. Clemente
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Oscar H. Martínez-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), c/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ. Structural and Chemical Biology of the Interaction of Cyclooxygenase with Substrates and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7592-7641. [PMID: 32609495 PMCID: PMC8253488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxgenases are key enzymes of lipid signaling. They carry out the first step in the production of prostaglandins, important mediators of inflammation, pain, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, and they are the molecular targets for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are among the oldest and most chemically diverse set of drugs known. Homodimeric proteins that behave as allosterically modulated, functional heterodimers, the cyclooxygenases exhibit complex kinetic behavior, requiring peroxide-dependent activation and undergoing suicide inactivation. Due to their important physiological and pathophysiological roles and keen interest on the part of the pharmaceutical industry, the cyclooxygenases have been the focus of a vast array of structural studies, leading to the publication of over 80 crystal structures of the enzymes in complex with substrates or inhibitors supported by a wealth of functional data generated by site-directed mutation experiments. In this review, we explore the chemical biology of the cyclooxygenases through the lens of this wealth of structural and functional information. We identify key structural features of the cyclooxygenases, break down their active site into regional binding pockets to facilitate comparisons between structures, and explore similarities and differences in the binding modes of the wide variety of ligands (both substrates and inhibitors) that have been characterized in complex with the enzymes. Throughout, we correlate structure with function whenever possible. Finally, we summarize what can and cannot be learned from the currently available structural data and discuss the critical intriguing questions that remain despite the wealth of information that has been amassed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Rouzer
- A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Cebrián-Prats A, González-Lafont À, Lluch JM. Understanding the Molecular Details of the Mechanism That Governs the Oxidation of Arachidonic Acid Catalyzed by Aspirin-Acetylated Cyclooxygenase-2. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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