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Zhao Y, Zhang T, Zhu Y, Yin J, Omer R, Hemu X, Li W, Bi X. Recent Toolboxes for Chemoselective Dual Modifications of Proteins. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402272. [PMID: 39037007 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Site-selective chemical modifications of proteins have emerged as a potent technology in chemical biology, materials science, and medicine, facilitating precise manipulation of proteins with tailored functionalities for basic biology research and developing innovative therapeutics. Compared to traditional recombinant expression methods, one of the prominent advantages of chemical protein modification lies in its capacity to decorate proteins with a wide range of functional moieties, including non-genetically encoded ones, enabling the generation of novel protein conjugates with enhanced or previously unexplored properties. Among these, approaches for dual or multiple modifications of proteins are increasingly garnering attention, as it has been found that single modification of proteins is inadequate to meet current demands. Therefore, in light of the rapid developments in this field, this review provides a timely and comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in chemical and biological approaches for dual functionalization of proteins. It further discusses their advantages, limitations, and potential future directions in this relatively nascent area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianmeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Yujie Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Juan Yin
- Zhejiang Yangshengtang Institute of Natural Medication Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rida Omer
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinya Hemu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Xiaobao Bi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Haidar LL, Bilek M, Akhavan B. Surface Bio-engineered Polymeric Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310876. [PMID: 38396265 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Surface bio-engineering of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) has emerged as a cornerstone in contemporary biomedical research, presenting a transformative avenue that can revolutionize diagnostics, therapies, and drug delivery systems. The approach involves integrating bioactive elements on the surfaces of PNPs, aiming to provide them with functionalities to enable precise, targeted, and favorable interactions with biological components within cellular environments. However, the full potential of surface bio-engineered PNPs in biomedicine is hampered by obstacles, including precise control over surface modifications, stability in biological environments, and lasting targeted interactions with cells or tissues. Concerns like scalability, reproducibility, and long-term safety also impede translation to clinical practice. In this review, these challenges in the context of recent breakthroughs in developing surface-biofunctionalized PNPs for various applications, from biosensing and bioimaging to targeted delivery of therapeutics are discussed. Particular attention is given to bonding mechanisms that underlie the attachment of bioactive moieties to PNP surfaces. The stability and efficacy of surface-bioengineered PNPs are critically reviewed in disease detection, diagnostics, and treatment, both in vitro and in vivo settings. Insights into existing challenges and limitations impeding progress are provided, and a forward-looking discussion on the field's future is presented. The paper concludes with recommendations to accelerate the clinical translation of surface bio-engineered PNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Libnan Haidar
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Marcela Bilek
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Behnam Akhavan
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Precision Medicine Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
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3
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Hu Y, Spiegelhoff R, Lee KS, Sanders KM, Schomaker JM. A Synthetic Strategy toward S-, N-, and O-Heterocyclooctynes Facilitates Bioconjugation Using Multifunctional Handles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4512-4522. [PMID: 38500313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the introduction of bioorthogonal reactions has transformed the ways in which chemoselective labeling, isolation, imaging, and drug delivery are carried out in a complex biological milieu. A key feature of a good bioorthogonal probe is the ease with which it can be attached to a target compound through bioconjugation. This paper describes the expansion of the utility of a class of unique S-, N-, and O-containing heterocyclooctynes (SNO-OCTs), which show chemoselective reactivity with type I and type II dipoles and divergent reactivities in response to electronic tuning of the alkyne. Currently, bioconjugation of SNO-OCTs to a desired target is achieved through an inconvenient aryl or amide linker at the sulfamate nitrogen. Herein, a new synthetic approach toward general SNO-OCT scaffolds is demonstrated that enables the installation of functional handles at both propargylic carbons of the heterocycloalkyne. This capability increases the utility of SNO-OCTs as labeling reagents through the design of bifunctional bioorthogonal probes with expanded capabilities. NMR kinetics also revealed up to sixfold improvement in cycloaddition rates of new analogues compared to first-generation SNO-OCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 Univerity Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Rachel Spiegelhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 Univerity Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ken S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 Univerity Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kyana M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 Univerity Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 Univerity Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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4
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Patel M, Forte N, Bishop CR, Porter MJ, Dagwell M, Karu K, Chudasama V, Baker JR. The Nitrile Bis-Thiol Bioconjugation Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:274-280. [PMID: 38124442 PMCID: PMC10786040 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Electron-poor aryl nitriles are promising reagents for bioconjugation due to their high electrophilicity and selectivity for reaction with thiols, albeit generally in a reversible manner. A transient species has previously been observed in such reactions, involving the addition of two thiols to the nitrile functional group, forming a tetrahedral amino dithioacetal (ADTA). In this work, the reaction of heteroaryl nitriles with bis-thiols is explored in an attempt to generate stable ADTAs, which could facilitate new bioconjugation protocols. By use of a 1,2-dithiol, or the incorporation of an electrophilic trap into the aryl nitrile design, the formation of stable products is achieved. The resultant "nitrile bis-thiol" (NBT) reaction is then explored in the context of protein modification, specifically to carry out antibody conjugation. By addition of these nitriles to the reduced disulfide bond of an antibody fragment, it is shown that, depending on the reagent design, cysteine-to-lysine transfer or disulfide bridged NBT products can be generated. Both represent site-selective conjugates and are shown to be stable when challenged with glutathione under physiological conditions and upon incubation in serum. Furthermore, the NBT reaction is tested in the more challenging context of a full antibody, and all four disulfide bonds are effectively modified by these new one-carbon bridging reagents. Overall, this reaction of heteroaryl-nitriles with bis-thiols is shown to be highly efficient and versatile, of tunable reversibility, and offers enticing prospects as a new addition to the toolbox of biocompatible "click"-type reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikesh Patel
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Nafsika Forte
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Charlie R. Bishop
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Michael J. Porter
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Matthew Dagwell
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Kersti Karu
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - James R. Baker
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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Zhao Y, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Trifunctional Dibromomaleimide Reagents Built Around A Lysine Scaffold Deliver Site-selective Dual-modality Antibody Conjugation. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300356. [PMID: 37548625 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and application of a selection of trifunctional reagents for the dual-modality modification of native, solvent accessible disulfide bonds in trastuzumab. The reagents were developed from the dibromomaleimide (DBM) platform with two orthogonal clickable functional groups built around a lysine core. We also describe the development of an aryl diselenide additive which enables antibody disulfide reduction in 4 minutes and a rapid overall reduction-bridging-double click sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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Swierczynski MJ, Ding Y, Ball ZT. Dual-Boronic Acid Reagents That Combine Dynamic and Covalent Bioconjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2307-2313. [PMID: 36445785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Boronic acids and boronate esters find appreciable use in chemical biology. Molecules containing orthogonal boronic acid pairs can be utilized for sequential metal-catalyzed cross-couplings for facile preparation of complex bioconjugates including protein-protein conjugates. In this paper, we expand bis-boronic acid reagents for tandem covalent and dynamic bioconjugation. Sequential cross-coupling of 2-nitroarylboronic acid with cysteine residues and condensation of phenylboronic acid with salicylhydroxamic acids (SHA) readily afforded bioconjugates under physiological conditions with dual covalent and dynamic linkages. Both small molecule- and macromolecule-protein conjugates were amenable with this approach and reversible upon addition of excess unfunctionalized SHA or reactive oxygen species. These investigations provide new insights into the kinetic stability of SHA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Swierczynski
- Bioscience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yuxuan Ding
- Bioscience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Bioscience Research Collaborative, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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Chrzastek A, Thanasi IA, Irving JA, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Dual reactivity disulfide bridging reagents; enabling new approaches to antibody fragment bioconjugation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11533-11539. [PMID: 36320392 PMCID: PMC9555722 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04531a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bridging, also known as disulfide stapling, is a powerful strategy for the construction of site-selective protein bioconjugates. Here we describe the first examples of a new class of such reagents, containing a 'stable-labile' design. These dual-reactive reagents are designed to form a stable bond to one cysteine and a labile bond to the second; resulting in a robust attachment to the protein with one end of the bridge, whilst the other end serves as a reactive handle for subsequent bioconjugation. By incorporating thioesters into these bridges, we demonstrate that they are primed for native chemical ligation (NCL) with N-terminal cysteines; offering an alternative to the requirement for C-terminal thioesters for use in such ligations. Alternatively, the use of hydrazine as the ligating nucleophile enables a separate cargo to be attached to each cysteine residue, which are exploited to insert variably cleavable linkers. These methodologies are demonstrated on an antibody fragment, and serve to expand the scope of disulfide bridging strategies whilst offering a convenient route to the construction of multifunctional antibody fragment conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Chrzastek
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
| | - Ioanna A Thanasi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
| | - James A Irving
- UCL Respiratory, Rayne Institute, University College London WC1E 6JF London UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street WC1H OAJ London UK
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9
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Bahou C, Chudasama V. The use of bromopyridazinedione derivatives in chemical biology. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5879-5890. [PMID: 35373804 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tools that facilitate the chemical modification of peptides and proteins are gaining an increasing amount of interest across many avenues of chemical biology as they enable a plethora of therapeutic, imaging and diagnostic applications. Cysteine residues and disulfide bonds have been highlighted as appealing targets for modification due to the highly homogenous nature of the products that can be formed through their site-selective modification. Amongst the reagents available for the site-selective modification of cysteine(s)/disulfide(s), pyridazinediones (PDs) have played a particularly important and enabling role. In this review, we outline the unique chemical features that make PDs especially well-suited to cysteine/disulfide modification on a wide variety of proteins and peptides, as well as provide context as to the problems solved (and applications enabled) by this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calise Bahou
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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10
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Daoui S, Çınar EB, Dege N, Benchat N, Saif E, Karrouchi K. Crystal structure of ( E)-3-({6-[2-(4-chloro-phen-yl)ethen-yl]-3-oxo-2,3-di-hydro-pyridazin-4-yl}meth-yl)pyridin-1-ium chloride dihydrate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2022; 78:458-462. [PMID: 35492268 PMCID: PMC8983968 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022003346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C18H15ClN3O+·Cl-·2H2O, three intra-mol-ecular hydrogen bonds are observed, N-H⋯O, O-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯O. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected by C-H⋯Cl and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Strong C-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯O, O-H⋯Cl and O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions are implied by the Hirshfeld surface analysis, which indicate that H⋯H contacts make the largest contribution to the overall crystal packing at 33.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Daoui
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment (LCAE), Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed I University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Emine Berrin Çınar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, 55200, Turkey
| | - Necmi Dege
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, 55200, Turkey
| | - Noureddine Benchat
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment (LCAE), Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed I University, 60000 Oujda, Morocco
| | - Eiad Saif
- Department of Computer and Electronic Engineering, Sana’a Community College, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Khalid Karrouchi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Bromatology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
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A concise and focused overview upon arylglyoxal monohydrates-based one-pot multi-component synthesis of fascinating potentially biologically active pyridazines. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Spears RJ, McMahon C, Shamsabadi M, Bahou C, Thanasi IA, Rochet LNC, Forte N, Thoreau F, Baker JR, Chudasama V. A novel thiol-labile cysteine protecting group for peptide synthesis based on a pyridazinedione (PD) scaffold. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:645-648. [PMID: 34747956 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03802h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a thiol-labile cysteine protecting group based on an unsaturated pyridazinedione (PD) scaffold. We establish compatibility of the PD in conventional solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), showcasing this in the on-resin synthesis of biologically relevant oxytocin. Furthermore, we establish the applicability of the PD protecting group towards both microwave-assisted SPPS and native chemical ligation (NCL) in a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Spears
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Clíona McMahon
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Monika Shamsabadi
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Calise Bahou
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Ioanna A Thanasi
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Léa N C Rochet
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Nafsika Forte
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Fabien Thoreau
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - James R Baker
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- UCL Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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