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Wang T, Li J, Zhang X, Li C, Ming J, Li J, Zhang D, Yang J, Liu N, Su X. Radiopharmaceutical-activated silicon naphthalocyanine nanoparticles towards tumor photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9082-9084. [PMID: 39105653 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03281k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Naphthalocyanine-based agents exhibit huge potential in photodynamic therapy, yet their photodynamic performance is restricted by the penetration depth of the external laser. Herein, we employed 18F-FDG as an internal light source to excite silicon naphthalocyanine nanoparticles to simultaneously circumvent radiative transition and boost 1O2 generation for tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Jingchao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Chengao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiang Ming
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Xinhui Su
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Liu Y, Tang R, Cao Y, Wu N, Qin Q, Chen Y, Wei X, Ren J, Sun Y, Zhou H, Zhou Y, Li P. LIFU/MMP-2 dual-responsive release of repurposed drug disulfiram from nanodroplets for inhibiting vasculogenic mimicry and lung metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:209. [PMID: 38664830 PMCID: PMC11046851 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), when microvascular channels are formed by cancer cells independent of endothelial cells, often occurs in deep hypoxic areas of tumors and contributes to the aggressiveness and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. However, well-developed VM inhibitors exhibit inadequate efficacy due to their low drug utilization rate and limited deep penetration. Thus, a cost-effective VM inhibition strategy needs to be designed for TNBC treatment. RESULTS Herein, we designed a low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) dual-responsive nanoplatform termed PFP@PDM-PEG for the cost-effective and efficient utilization of the drug disulfiram (DSF) as a VM inhibitor. The PFP@PDM-PEG nanodroplets effectively penetrated tumors and exhibited substantial accumulation facilitated by PEG deshielding in a LIFU-mediated and MMP-2-sensitive manner. Furthermore, upon exposure to LIFU irradiation, DSF was released controllably under ultrasound imaging guidance. This secure and controllable dual-response DSF delivery platform reduced VM formation by inhibiting COL1/pro-MMP-2 activity, thereby significantly inhibiting tumor progression and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Considering the safety of the raw materials, controlled treatment process, and reliable repurposing of DSF, this dual-responsive nanoplatform represents a novel and effective VM-based therapeutic strategy for TNBC in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu City, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 82 Qinglong Street, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nianhong Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoxi Qin
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu City, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 82 Qinglong Street, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu City, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Wei
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianli Ren
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu City, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 82 Qinglong Street, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu City, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, No. 82 Qinglong Street, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering of Chongqing Medical University, No.76 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Fujita K, Urano Y. Activity-Based Fluorescence Diagnostics for Cancer. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4021-4078. [PMID: 38518254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging is one of the most promising approaches to achieve intraoperative assessment of the tumor/normal tissue margins during cancer surgery. This is critical to improve the patients' prognosis, and therefore various molecular fluorescence imaging probes have been developed for the identification of cancer lesions during surgery. Among them, "activatable" fluorescence probes that react with cancer-specific biomarker enzymes to generate fluorescence signals have great potential for high-contrast cancer imaging due to their low background fluorescence and high signal amplification by enzymatic turnover. Over the past two decades, activatable fluorescence probes employing various fluorescence control mechanisms have been developed worldwide for this purpose. Furthermore, new biomarker enzymatic activities for specific types of cancers have been identified, enabling visualization of various types of cancers with high sensitivity and specificity. This Review focuses on recent advances in the design, function and characteristics of activatable fluorescence probes that target cancer-specific enzymatic activities for cancer imaging and also discusses future prospects in the field of activity-based diagnostics for cancer.
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Nogita K, Sugahara T, Miki K, Mu H, Kobayashi M, Harada H, Ohe K. A reductively convertible nickel phthalocyanine precursor as a biological thiol-responsive turn-on photoacoustic contrast agent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1472-1475. [PMID: 38224167 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05628g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A nickel phthalocyanine precursor bearing poly(ethylene glycol) as a turn-on contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging was prepared. The water-soluble polymeric chains were smoothly eliminated through thiol-mediated reductive aromatization in cancer cells, enabling the detection of endogenous biological thiols in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nogita
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Takaya Sugahara
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Koji Miki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Huiying Mu
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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Nogita K, Miki K, Imaizumi N, Oe M, Mu H, Ohe K. Photoacoustic Signal Enhancement of Al- and Si-Phthalocyanines Caused by Photoinduced Cleavage of Water-Soluble Axial Ligand. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tian F, Li F, Ren L, Wang Q, Jiang C, Zhang Y, Li M, Song X, Zhang S. Acoustic-Based Theranostic Probes Activated by Tumor Microenvironment for Accurate Tumor Diagnosis and Assisted Tumor Therapy. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3611-3633. [PMID: 36455009 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic-based imaging techniques, including ultrasonography and photoacoustic imaging, are powerful noninvasive approaches for tumor imaging owing to sound transmission facilitation, deep tissue penetration, and high spatiotemporal resolution. Usually, imaging modes were classified into "always-on" mode and "activatable" mode. Conventional "always-on" acoustic-based probes often have difficulty distinguishing lesion regions of interest from surrounding healthy tissues due to poor target-to-background signal ratios. As compared, activatable probes have attracted attention with improved sensitivity, which can boost or amplify imaging signals only in response to specific biomolecular recognition or interactions. The tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibits abnormal physiological conditions that can be used to identify tumor sections from normal tissues. Various types of organic dyes and biomaterials can react with TME, leading to obvious changes in their optical properties. The TME also affects the self-assembly or aggregation state of nanoparticles, which can be used to design activatable imaging probes. Moreover, acoustic-based imaging probes and therapeutic agents can be coencapsulated into one nanocarrier to develop nanotheranostic probes, achieving tumor imaging and cooperative therapy. Satisfactorily, ultrasound waves not only accelerate the release of encapsulated therapeutic agents but also activate therapeutic agents to exert or enhance their therapeutic performance. Meanwhile, various photoacoustic probes can convert photon energy into heat under irradiation, achieving photoacoustic imaging and cooperative photothermal therapy. In this review, we focus on the recently developed TME-triggered ultrasound and photoacoustic theranostic probes for precise tumor imaging and targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, PR China
| | - Fengyan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, PR China
| | - Linlin Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, PR China
| | - Chengfang Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, PR China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, PR China
| | - Xinyue Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, PR China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, PR China
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Zeng Y, Dou T, Ma L, Ma J. Biomedical Photoacoustic Imaging for Molecular Detection and Disease Diagnosis: "Always-On" and "Turn-On" Probes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202384. [PMID: 35773244 PMCID: PMC9443455 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a nonionizing, noninvasive imaging technique that combines optical and ultrasonic imaging modalities to provide images with excellent contrast, spatial resolution, and penetration depth. Exogenous PA contrast agents are created to increase the sensitivity and specificity of PA imaging and to offer diagnostic information for illnesses. The existing PA contrast agents are categorized into two groups in this review: "always-on" and "turn-on," based on their ability to be triggered by target molecules. The present state of these probes, their merits and limitations, and their future development, is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University and Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710126, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Advanced Medical Imaging and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Regulation of trans-Scale Life Information, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 7100126, P. R. China
| | - Taotao Dou
- Neurosurgery Department, Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ma
- Vascular Intervention Department, Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Radiology Department, CT and MRI Room, Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, P. R. China
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Kawasaki R, Kondo K, Miura R, Yamana K, Isozaki H, Shimada R, Kawamura S, Hirano H, Nishimura T, Tarutani N, Katagiri K, Stubelius A, Sawada SI, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K, Ikeda A. Theranostic Agent Combining Fullerene Nanocrystals and Gold Nanoparticles for Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4686. [PMID: 35563077 PMCID: PMC9105889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing photoactivatable theranostic platforms with integrated functionalities of biocompatibility, targeting, imaging contrast, and therapy is a promising approach for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Here, we report a theranostic agent based on a hybrid nanoparticle comprising fullerene nanocrystals and gold nanoparticles (FGNPs) for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. Compared to gold nanoparticles and fullerene crystals, FGNPs exhibited stronger photoacoustic signals and photothermal heating characteristics by irradiating light with an optimal wavelength. Our studies demonstrated that FGNPs could kill cancer cells due to their photothermal heating characteristics in vitro. Moreover, FGNPs that are accumulated in tumor tissue via the enhanced permeation and retention effect can visualize tumor tissue due to their photoacoustic signal in tumor xenograft model mice. The theranostic agent with FGNPs shows promise for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Kawasaki
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; (R.K.); (K.K.); (K.Y.); (H.I.); (R.S.); (S.K.); (H.H.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Kosuke Kondo
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; (R.K.); (K.K.); (K.Y.); (H.I.); (R.S.); (S.K.); (H.H.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Risako Miura
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto City 615-8510, Japan
| | - Keita Yamana
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; (R.K.); (K.K.); (K.Y.); (H.I.); (R.S.); (S.K.); (H.H.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Hinata Isozaki
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; (R.K.); (K.K.); (K.Y.); (H.I.); (R.S.); (S.K.); (H.H.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Risako Shimada
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; (R.K.); (K.K.); (K.Y.); (H.I.); (R.S.); (S.K.); (H.H.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Shogo Kawamura
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; (R.K.); (K.K.); (K.Y.); (H.I.); (R.S.); (S.K.); (H.H.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Hidetoshi Hirano
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; (R.K.); (K.K.); (K.Y.); (H.I.); (R.S.); (S.K.); (H.H.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan;
| | - Naoki Tarutani
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; (R.K.); (K.K.); (K.Y.); (H.I.); (R.S.); (S.K.); (H.H.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Kiyofumi Katagiri
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; (R.K.); (K.K.); (K.Y.); (H.I.); (R.S.); (S.K.); (H.H.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Alexandra Stubelius
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Shin-ichi Sawada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto City 615-8510, Japan; (S.-i.S.); (Y.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto City 615-8510, Japan; (S.-i.S.); (Y.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto City 615-8510, Japan; (S.-i.S.); (Y.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; (R.K.); (K.K.); (K.Y.); (H.I.); (R.S.); (S.K.); (H.H.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
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Zhao Z, Swartchick CB, Chan J. Targeted contrast agents and activatable probes for photoacoustic imaging of cancer. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:829-868. [PMID: 35094040 PMCID: PMC9549347 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has emerged as a powerful technique for the high resolution visualization of biological processes within deep tissue. Through the development and application of exogenous targeted contrast agents and activatable probes that can respond to a given cancer biomarker, researchers can image molecular events in vivo during cancer progression. This information can provide valuable details that can facilitate cancer diagnosis and therapy monitoring. In this tutorial review, we provide a step-by-step guide to select a cancer biomarker and subsequent approaches to design imaging agents for in vivo use. We envision this information will be a useful summary to those in the field, new members to the community, and graduate students taking advanced imaging coursework. We also highlight notable examples from the recent literature, with emphasis on the molecular designs and their in vivo PA imaging performance. To conclude, we provide our outlook and future perspective in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
| | - Chelsea B Swartchick
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
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