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Toro-González M, Akingbesote N, Bible A, Pal D, Sanders B, Ivanov AS, Jansone-Popova S, Popovs I, Benny P, Perry R, Davern S. Development of 225Ac-doped biocompatible nanoparticles for targeted alpha therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:306. [PMID: 38825717 PMCID: PMC11145892 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) relies on chemical affinity or active targeting using radioimmunoconjugates as strategies to deliver α-emitting radionuclides to cancerous tissue. These strategies can be affected by transmetalation of the parent radionuclide by competing ions in vivo and the bond-breaking recoil energy of decay daughters. The retention of α-emitting radionuclides and the dose delivered to cancer cells are influenced by these processes. Encapsulating α-emitting radionuclides within nanoparticles can help overcome many of these challenges. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles are a biodegradable and biocompatible delivery platform that has been used for drug delivery. In this study, PLGA nanoparticles are utilized for encapsulation and retention of actinium-225 ([225Ac]Ac3+). Encapsulation of [225Ac]Ac3+ within PLGA nanoparticles (Zave = 155.3 nm) was achieved by adapting a double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. The encapsulation efficiency was affected by both the solvent conditions and the chelation of [225Ac]Ac3+. Chelation of [225Ac]Ac3+ to a lipophilic 2,9-bis-lactam-1,10-phenanthroline ligand ([225Ac]AcBLPhen) significantly decreased its release (< 2%) and that of its decay daughters (< 50%) from PLGA nanoparticles. PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating [225Ac]AcBLPhen significantly increased the delivery of [225Ac]Ac3+ to murine (E0771) and human (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells with a concomitant increase in cell death over free [225Ac]Ac3+ in solution. These results demonstrate that PLGA nanoparticles have potential as radionuclide delivery platforms for TAT to advance precision radiotherapy for cancer. In addition, this technology offers an alternative use for ligands with poor aqueous solubility, low stability, or low affinity, allowing them to be repurposed for TAT by encapsulation within PLGA nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Toro-González
- Isotope Science and Engineering Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Ngozi Akingbesote
- Isotope Science and Engineering Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Amber Bible
- Biological and Environmental Systems Science Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Debjani Pal
- Isotope Science and Engineering Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Brian Sanders
- Biological and Environmental Systems Science Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Alexander S Ivanov
- Physical Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Santa Jansone-Popova
- Physical Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Ilja Popovs
- Physical Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Paul Benny
- Isotope Science and Engineering Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Rachel Perry
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sandra Davern
- Isotope Science and Engineering Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.
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2
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Morgan KA, Wichmann CW, Osellame LD, Cao Z, Guo N, Scott AM, Donnelly PS. Tumor targeted alpha particle therapy with an actinium-225 labelled antibody for carbonic anhydrase IX. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3372-3381. [PMID: 38425522 PMCID: PMC10901495 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06365h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective antibody targeted delivery of α particle emitting actinium-225 to tumors has significant therapeutic potential. This work highlights the design and synthesis of a new bifunctional macrocyclic diazacrown ether chelator, H2MacropaSqOEt, that can be conjugated to antibodies and forms stable complexes with actinium-225. The macrocyclic diazacrown ether chelator incorporates a linker comprised of a short polyethylene glycol fragment and a squaramide ester that allows selective reaction with lysine residues on antibodies to form stable vinylogous amide linkages. This new H2MacropaSqOEt chelator was used to modify a monoclonal antibody, girentuximab (hG250), that binds to carbonic anhydrase IX, an enzyme that is overexpressed on the surface of cancers such as clear cell renal cell carcinoma. This new antibody conjugate (H2MacropaSq-hG250) had an average chelator to antibody ratio of 4 : 1 and retained high affinity for carbonic anhydrase IX. H2MacropaSq-hG250 was radiolabeled quantitatively with [225Ac]AcIII within one minute at room temperature with micromolar concentrations of antibody and the radioactive complex is stable in human serum for >7 days. Evaluation of [225Ac]Ac(MacropaSq-hG250) in a mouse xenograft model, that overexpresses carbonic anhydrase IX, demonstrated a highly significant therapeutic response. It is likely that H2MacropaSqOEt could be used to modify other antibodies providing a readily adaptable platform for other actinium-225 based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Christian W Wichmann
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Melbourne Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy Austin Health Melbourne Australia
| | - Laura D Osellame
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Melbourne Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
| | - Zhipeng Cao
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Melbourne Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
| | - Nancy Guo
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute Melbourne Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy Austin Health Melbourne Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
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3
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Hooijman EL, Radchenko V, Ling SW, Konijnenberg M, Brabander T, Koolen SLW, de Blois E. Implementing Ac-225 labelled radiopharmaceuticals: practical considerations and (pre-)clinical perspectives. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:9. [PMID: 38319526 PMCID: PMC10847084 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past years, there has been a notable increase in interest regarding targeted alpha therapy using Ac-225, driven by the observed promising clinical anti-tumor effects. As the production and technology has advanced, the availability of Ac-225 is expected to increase in the near future, making the treatment available to patients worldwide. MAIN BODY Ac-225 can be labelled to different biological vectors, whereby the success of developing a radiopharmaceutical depends heavily on the labelling conditions, purity of the radionuclide source, chelator, and type of quenchers used to avoid radiolysis. Multiple (methodological) challenges need to be overcome when working with Ac-225; as alpha-emission detection is time consuming and highly geometry dependent, a gamma co-emission is used, but has to be in equilibrium with the mother-nuclide. Because of the high impact of alpha emitters in vivo it is highly recommended to cross-calibrate the Ac-225 measurements for used quality control (QC) techniques (radio-TLC, HPLC, HP-Ge detector, and gamma counter). More strict health physics regulations apply, as Ac-225 has a high toxicity, thereby limiting practical handling and quantities used for QC analysis. CONCLUSION This overview focuses specifically on the practical and methodological challenges when working with Ac-225 labelled radiopharmaceuticals, and underlines the required infrastructure and (detection) methods for the (pre-)clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline L Hooijman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A3, Canada
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sui Wai Ling
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Konijnenberg
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Brabander
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn L W Koolen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Blois
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Miederer M, Benešová-Schäfer M, Mamat C, Kästner D, Pretze M, Michler E, Brogsitter C, Kotzerke J, Kopka K, Scheinberg DA, McDevitt MR. Alpha-Emitting Radionuclides: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:76. [PMID: 38256909 PMCID: PMC10821197 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of radionuclides for targeted endoradiotherapy is a rapidly growing field in oncology. In particular, the focus on the biological effects of different radiation qualities is an important factor in understanding and implementing new therapies. Together with the combined approach of imaging and therapy, therapeutic nuclear medicine has recently made great progress. A particular area of research is the use of alpha-emitting radionuclides, which have unique physical properties associated with outstanding advantages, e.g., for single tumor cell targeting. Here, recent results and open questions regarding the production of alpha-emitting isotopes as well as their chemical combination with carrier molecules and clinical experience from compassionate use reports and clinical trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Miederer
- Department of Translational Imaging in Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT/UCC), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Benešová-Schäfer
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Constantin Mamat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstr, 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Kästner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Marc Pretze
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Enrico Michler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Claudia Brogsitter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Jörg Kotzerke
- Medizinische Fakultät and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstr, 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Michael R. McDevitt
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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5
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Simms ME, Sibley MM, Driscoll DM, Kertesz V, Damron JT, Ivanov AS, White FD, Thiele NA. Reining in Radium for Nuclear Medicine: Extra-Large Chelator Development for an Extra-Large Ion. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20834-20843. [PMID: 37811965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Targeted α therapy (TAT) of soft-tissue cancers using the α particle-emitting radionuclide 223Ra holds great potential because of its favorable nuclear properties, adequate availability, and established clinical use for treating metastatic prostate cancer of the bone. Despite these advantages, the use of 223Ra has been largely overshadowed by other α emitters due to its challenging chelation chemistry. A key criterion that needs to be met for a radionuclide to be used in TAT is its stable attachment to a targeting vector via a bifunctional chelator. The low charge density of Ra2+ arising from its large ionic radius weakens its electrostatic binding interactions with chelators, leading to insufficient complex stability in vivo. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated macropa-XL as a novel chelator for 223Ra. It bears a large 21-crown-7 macrocyclic core and two picolinate pendent groups, which we hypothesized would effectively saturate the large coordination sphere of the Ra2+ ion. The structural chemistry of macropa-XL was first established with the nonradioactive Ba2+ ion using X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, which revealed the formation of an 11-coordinate complex in a rare anti pendent-arm configuration. Subsequently, the stability constant of the [Ra(macropa-XL)] complex was determined via competitive cation exchange with 223Ra and 224Ra radiotracers and compared with that of macropa, the current state-of-the-art chelator for Ra2+. A moderate log KML value of 8.12 was measured for [Ra(macropa-XL)], which is approximately 1.5 log K units lower than the stability constant of [Ra(macropa)]. This relative decrease in Ra2+ complex stability for macropa-XL versus macropa was further probed using density functional theory calculations. Additionally, macropa-XL was radiolabeled with 223Ra, and the kinetic stability of the resulting complex was evaluated in human serum. Although macropa-XL could effectively bind 223Ra under mild conditions, the complex appeared to be unstable to transchelation. Collectively, this study sheds additional light on the chelation chemistry of the exotic Ra2+ ion and contributes to the small, but growing, number of chelator development efforts for 223Ra-based TAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Simms
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Megan M Sibley
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Darren M Driscoll
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Joshua T Damron
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Alexander S Ivanov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Frankie D White
- Radioisotope Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Nikki A Thiele
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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6
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Blei M, Waurick L, Reissig F, Kopka K, Stumpf T, Drobot B, Kretzschmar J, Mamat C. Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Macropa Complexes with Selected Metal Isotopes of Radiopharmaceutical Interest. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20699-20709. [PMID: 37702665 PMCID: PMC10731647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
To pursue the design of in vivo stable chelating systems for radiometals, a concise and straightforward method toolbox was developed combining NMR, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and europium time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (Eu-TRLFS). For this purpose, the macropa chelator was chosen, and Lu3+, La3+, Pb2+, Ra2+, and Ba2+ were chosen as radiopharmaceutically relevant metal ions. They differ in charge (2+ and 3+) and coordination properties (main group vs lanthanides). 1H NMR was used to determine four pKa values (±0.15; carboxylate functions, 2.40 and 3.13; amino functions, 6.80 and 7.73). Eu-TRLFS was used to validate the exclusive existence of the 1:1 Mn+/ligand complex in the chosen pH range at tracer level concentrations. ITC measurements were accomplished to determine the resulting stability constants of the desired complexes, with log K values ranging from 18.5 for the Pb-mcp complex to 7.3 for the Lu-mcp complex. Density-functional-theory-calculated structures nicely mirror the complexes' order of stabilities by bonding features. Radiolabeling with macropa using ligand concentrations from 10-3 to 10-6 M was accomplished by pointing out the complex formation and stability (212Pb > 133La > 131Ba ≈ 224Ra > 177Lu) by means of normal-phase thin-layer chromatography analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena
K. Blei
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
- TU
Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas Waurick
- TU
Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Falco Reissig
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
- TU
Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
- National
Center for Tumor Diseases, University Cancer Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
- German
Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stumpf
- TU
Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Drobot
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jerome Kretzschmar
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Constantin Mamat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
- TU
Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
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7
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Carbo-Bague I, Li C, McNeil BL, Gao Y, McDonagh AW, Van de Voorde M, Ooms M, Kunz P, Yang H, Radchenko V, Schreckenbach G, Ramogida CF. Comparative Study of a Decadentate Acyclic Chelate, HOPO-O 10, and Its Octadentate Analogue, HOPO-O 8, for Radiopharmaceutical Applications. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20549-20566. [PMID: 36608341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiolanthanides and actinides are aptly suited for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer via nuclear medicine because they possess unique chemical and physical properties (e.g., radioactive decay emissions). These rare radiometals have recently shown the potential to selectively deliver a radiation payload to cancer cells. However, their clinical success is highly dependent on finding a suitable ligand for stable chelation and conjugation to a disease-targeting vector. Currently, the commercially available chelates exploited in the radiopharmaceutical design do not fulfill all of the requirements for nuclear medicine applications, and there is a need to further explore their chemistry to rationally design highly specific chelates. Herein, we describe the rational design and chemical development of a novel decadentate acyclic chelate containing five 1,2-hydroxypyridinones, 3,4,3,3-(LI-1,2-HOPO), referred to herein as HOPO-O10, based on the well-known octadentate ligand 3,4,3-(LI-1,2-HOPO), referred to herein as HOPO-O8, a highly efficient chelator for 89Zr[Zr4+]. Analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry of the La3+ and Tb3+ complexes revealed that HOPO-O10 forms bimetallic complexes compared to HOPO-O8, which only forms monometallic species. The radiolabeling properties of both chelates were screened with [135La]La3+, [155/161Tb]Tb3+, [225Ac]Ac3+ and, [227Th]Th4+. Comparable high specific activity was observed for the [155/161Tb]Tb3+ complexes, outperforming the gold-standard 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid, yet HOPO-O10 surpassed HOPO-O8 with higher [227Th]Th4+ affinity and improved complex stability in a human serum challenge assay. A comprehensive analysis of the decadentate and octadentate chelates was performed with density functional theory for the La3+, Ac3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Lu3+, and Th4+ complexes. The computational simulations demonstrated the enhanced stability of Th4+-HOPO-O10 over Th4+-HOPO-O8. This investigation reveals the potential of HOPO-O10 for the stable chelation of large tetravalent radioactinides for nuclear medicine applications and provides insight for further chelate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imma Carbo-Bague
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Cen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, ManitobaR3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Brooke L McNeil
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, ManitobaR3T 2N2, Canada
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan610054, China
| | - Anthony W McDonagh
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Maarten Ooms
- NURA Research Group, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, SCK CEN, 2400Mol, Belgium
| | - Peter Kunz
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
- Accelerator Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 2A3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Georg Schreckenbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, ManitobaR3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Caterina F Ramogida
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 2A3, Canada
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8
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Hu A, Martin KE, Śmiłowicz D, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Cingoranelli SJ, Lapi SE, Engle JW, Boros E, Wilson JJ. Construction of the Bioconjugate Py-Macrodipa-PSMA and Its In Vivo Investigations with Large 132/135La 3+ and Small 47Sc 3+ Radiometal Ions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023; 26:e202300457. [PMID: 38495596 PMCID: PMC10939043 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202300457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
To harness radiometals in clinical settings, a chelator forming a stable complex with the metal of interest and targets the desired pathological site is needed. Toward this goal, we previously reported a unique set of chelators that can stably bind to both large and small metal ions, via a conformational switch. Within this chelator class, py-macrodipa is particularly promising based on its ability to stably bind several medicinally valuable radiometals including large 132/135La3+, 213Bi3+, and small 44Sc3+. Here, we report a 10-step organic synthesis of its bifunctional analogue py-macrodipa-NCS, which contains an amine-reactive -NCS group that is amenable for bioconjugation reactions to targeting vectors. The hydrolytic stability of py-macordipa-NCS was assessed, revealing a half-life of 6.0 d in pH 9.0 aqueous buffer. This bifunctional chelator was then conjugated to a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-binding moiety, yielding the bioconjugate py-macrodipa-PSMA, which was subsequently radiolabeled with large 132/135La3+ and small 47Sc3+, revealing efficient and quantitative complex formation. The resulting radiocomplexes were injected into mice bearing both PSMA-expressing and PSMA-non-expressing tumor xenografts to determine their biodistribution patterns, revealing delivery of both 132/135La3+ and 47Sc3+ to PSMA+ tumor sites. However, partial radiometal dissociation was observed, suggesting that py-macrodipa-PSMA needs further structural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aohan Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Kirsten E Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Dariusz Śmiłowicz
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Eduardo Aluicio-Sarduy
- Department of Medical Physics and Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Shelbie J Cingoranelli
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics and Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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9
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Hassan M, Bokhari TH, Lodhi NA, Khosa MK, Usman M. A review of recent advancements in Actinium-225 labeled compounds and biomolecules for therapeutic purposes. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:1276-1292. [PMID: 37715360 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
In nuclear medicine, cancers that cannot be cured or can only be treated partially by traditional techniques like surgery or chemotherapy are killed by ionizing radiation as a form of therapeutic treatment. Actinium-225 is an alpha-emitting radionuclide that is highly encouraging as a therapeutic approach and more promising for targeted alpha therapy (TAT). Actinium-225 is the best candidate for tumor cells treatment and has physical characteristics such as high (LET) linear energy transfer (150 keV per μm), half-life (t1/2 = 9.92d), and short ranges (400-100 μm) which prevent the damage of normal healthy tissues. The introduction of various new radiopharmaceuticals and radioisotopes has significantly assisted the advancement of nuclear medicine. Ac-225 radiopharmaceuticals continuously demonstrate their potential as targeted alpha therapeutics. 225 Ac-labeled radiopharmaceuticals have confirmed their importance in medical and clinical areas by introducing [225 Ac]Ac-PSMA-617, [225 Ac]Ac-DOTATOC, [225 Ac]Ac-DOTA-substance-P, reported significantly improved response in patients with prostate cancer, neuroendocrine, and glioma, respectively. The development of these radiopharmaceuticals required a suitable buffer, incubation time, optimal pH, and reaction temperature. There is a growing need to standardize quality control (QC) testing techniques such as radiochemical purity (RCP). This review aims to summarize the development of the Ac-225 labeled compounds and biomolecules. The current state of their reported resulting clinical applications is also summarized as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Nadeem Ahmed Lodhi
- Isotope Production Division, Pakistan institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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10
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Camacaro JF, Dunckley CP, Harman SE, Fitzgerald HA, Lakes AL, Liao Z, Ludwig RC, McBride KM, Yalcintas Bethune E, Younes A, Chatterjee S, Lilley LM. Development of 225Ac Production from Low Isotopic Dilution 229Th. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38822-38827. [PMID: 37901510 PMCID: PMC10601055 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The promise of 225Ac targeted alpha therapies has been on the horizon for the last two decades. TerraPower Isotopes are uniquely suited to produce clinically relevant quantities of 225Ac through the decay of 229Th. Herein, a rapid processing scheme to isolate radionuclidic and radioisotopically pure 225Ac in good yield (98%) produced from 229Th that contains significant quantities of 228Th activity is described. The characterization of each step of the process is presented along with the detailed characterization of the resulting 225Ac isotopic starting material that will support the cancer research and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F. Camacaro
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | | | - S. Elizabeth Harman
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | | | - Andrew L. Lakes
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | - Zuolei Liao
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | - Russell C. Ludwig
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | - Katie M. McBride
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | | | - Ali Younes
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | - Sayandev Chatterjee
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
| | - Laura M. Lilley
- TerraPower LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, Washington 98008, United States
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11
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Rubira L, Deshayes E, Santoro L, Kotzki PO, Fersing C. 225Ac-Labeled Somatostatin Analogs in the Management of Neuroendocrine Tumors: From Radiochemistry to Clinic. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041051. [PMID: 37111537 PMCID: PMC10146019 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) represents a major therapeutic breakthrough in nuclear medicine, particularly since the introduction of 177Lu-radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. These radiopharmaceuticals have especially improved progression-free survival and quality of life in patients with inoperable metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors expressing somatostatin receptors. In the case of aggressive or resistant disease, the use of somatostatin derivatives radiolabeled with an alpha-emitter could provide a promising alternative. Among the currently available alpha-emitting radioelements, actinium-225 has emerged as the most suitable candidate, especially regarding its physical and radiochemical properties. Nevertheless, preclinical and clinical studies on these radiopharmaceuticals are still few and heterogeneous, despite the growing momentum for their future use on a larger scale. In this context, this report provides a comprehensive and extensive overview of the development of 225Ac-labeled somatostatin analogs; particular emphasis is placed on the challenges associated with the production of 225Ac, its physical and radiochemical properties, as well as the place of 225Ac-DOTATOC and 225Ac-DOTATATE in the management of patients with advanced metastatic neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Rubira
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Deshayes
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, University Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Lore Santoro
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, University Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Olivier Kotzki
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, University Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Fersing
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), University Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France
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12
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Kiss OC, Scott PJH, Behe M, Penuelas I, Passchier J, Rey A, Patt M, Aime S, Jalilian A, Laverman P, Cheng Z, Chauvet AF, Engle J, Cleeren F, Zhu H, Vercouillie J, van Dam M, Zhang MR, Perk L, Guillet B, Alves F. Highlight selection of radiochemistry and radiopharmacy developments by editorial board. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2023; 8:6. [PMID: 36952073 PMCID: PMC10036721 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Editorial Board of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry releases a biannual highlight commentary to update the readership on trends in the field of radiopharmaceutical development. MAIN BODY This selection of highlights provides commentary on 21 different topics selected by each coauthoring Editorial Board member addressing a variety of aspects ranging from novel radiochemistry to first-in-human application of novel radiopharmaceuticals. CONCLUSION Trends in radiochemistry and radiopharmacy are highlighted. Hot topics cover the entire scope of EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, demonstrating the progress in the research field, and include new PET-labelling methods for 11C and 18F, the importance of choosing the proper chelator for a given radioactive metal ion, implications of total body PET on use of radiopharmaceuticals, legislation issues and radionuclide therapy including the emerging role of 161Tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Kiss
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | - Martin Behe
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ana Rey
- Universidad de la Rebublica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | - Peter Laverman
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | - Hua Zhu
- Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Lars Perk
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Hu A, Simms ME, Kertesz V, Wilson JJ, Thiele NA. Chelating Rare-Earth Metals (Ln 3+) and 225Ac 3+ with the Dual-Size-Selective Macrocyclic Ligand Py 2-Macrodipa. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12847-12855. [PMID: 35914099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radioisotopes of metallic elements, or radiometals, are widely employed in both therapeutic and diagnostic nuclear medicine. For this application, chelators that efficiently bind the radiometal of interest and form a stable metal-ligand complex with it are required. Toward the development of new chelators for nuclear medicine, we recently reported a novel class of 18-membered macrocyclic chelators that is characterized by their ability to form stable complexes with both large and small rare-earth metals (Ln3+), a property referred to as dual size selectivity. A specific chelator in this class called py-macrodipa, which contains one pyridyl group within its macrocyclic core, was established as a promising candidate for 135La3+, 213Bi3+, and 44Sc3+ chelation. Building upon this prior work, here we report the synthesis and characterization of a new chelator called py2-macrodipa with two pyridyl units fused into the macrocyclic backbone. Its coordination chemistry with the Ln3+ series was investigated by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, analytical titrations, and transchelation assays. These studies reveal that py2-macrodipa retains the expected dual size selectivity and possesses an enhanced thermodynamic affinity for all Ln3+ compared to py-macrodipa. By contrast, the kinetic stability of Ln3+ complexes with py2-macrodipa is only improved for the light, large Ln3+ ions. Based upon these observations, we further assessed the suitability of py2-macrodipa for use with 225Ac3+, a large radiometal with valuable properties for targeted α therapy. Radiolabeling and stability studies revealed py2-macrodipa to efficiently incorporate 225Ac3+ and to form a complex that is inert in human serum over 3 weeks. Although py2-macrodipa does not surpass the state-of-the-art chelator macropa for 225Ac3+ chelation, it does provide another effective 225Ac3+ chelator. These studies shed light on the fundamental coordination chemistry of the Ln3+ series and may inspire future chelator design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aohan Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Megan E Simms
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nikki A Thiele
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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