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Zan C, An J, Wu Z, Li S. Engineering molecular nanoprobes to target early atherosclerosis: Precise diagnostic tools and promising therapeutic carriers. Nanotheranostics 2023; 7:327-344. [PMID: 37064609 PMCID: PMC10093416 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.82654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, an inflammation-driven chronic blood vessel disease, is a major contributor to devastating cardiovascular events, bringing serious social and economic burdens. Currently, non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in combination with novel nanosized materials as well as established molecular targets are under active investigation to develop integrated molecular imaging approaches, precisely visualizing and/or even effectively reversing early-stage plaques. Besides, mechanistic investigation in the past decades provides many potent candidates extensively involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Recent hotly-studied imaging nanoprobes for detecting early plaques mainly including optical nanoprobes, photoacoustic nanoprobes, magnetic resonance nanoprobes, positron emission tomography nanoprobes, and other dual- and multi-modality imaging nanoprobes, have been proven to be surface functionalized with important molecular targets, which occupy tailored physical and biological properties for atherogenesis. Of note, these engineering nanoprobes provide long blood-pool residence and specific molecular targeting, which allows efficient recognition of early-stage atherosclerotic plaques and thereby function as a novel type of precise diagnostic tools as well as potential therapeutic carriers of anti-atherosclerosis drugs. There have been no available nanoprobes applied in the clinics so far, although many newly emerged nanoprobes, as exemplified by aggregation-induced emission nanoprobes and TiO2 nanoprobes, have been tested for cell lines in vitro and atherogenic animal models in vivo, achieving good experimental effects. Therefore, there is an urgent call to translate these preclinical results for nanoprobes into clinical trials. For this reason, this review aims to give an overview of currently investigated nanoprobes in the context of atherosclerosis, summarize relevant published studies showing applications of different kinds of formulated nanoprobes in early detection and reverse of plaques, discuss recent advances and some limitations thereof, and provide some insights into the development of the new generation of more precise and efficient molecular nanoprobes, with a critical property of specifically targeting early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Zan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Prof. Zhifang Wu, E-mail: . Prof. Sijin Li, E-mail:
| | - Sijin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Imaging of Precision Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Prof. Zhifang Wu, E-mail: . Prof. Sijin Li, E-mail:
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Khan SN, Han P, Chaudhury R, Bickerton S, Lee JS, Calderon B, Pellowe A, Gonzalez A, Fahmy T. Direct Comparison of B Cell Surface Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Nanoparticle Delivery of BTK Inhibitors. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:850-861. [PMID: 33428414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting different cell surface receptors with nanoparticle (NP)-based platforms can result in differential particle binding properties that may impact their localization, bioavailability, and, ultimately, the therapeutic efficacy of an encapsulated payload. Conventional in vitro assays comparing the efficacy of targeted NPs often do not adequately control for these differences in particle-receptor binding, potentially confounding their therapeutic readouts and possibly even limiting their experimental value. In this work, we characterize the conditions under which NPs loaded with Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor differentially suppress primary B cell activation when targeting either CD19 (internalizing) or B220 (noninternalizing) surface receptors. Surface binding of fluorescently labeled CD19- and B220-targeted NPs was analyzed and quantitatively correlated with the number of bound particles at given treatment concentrations. Using this binding data, suppression of B cell activation was directly compared for differentially targeted (CD19 vs B220) NPs loaded with a BTK inhibitor at a range of particle drug loading concentrations. When NPs were loaded with lower amounts of drug, CD19-mediated internalization demonstrated increased inhibition of B cell proliferation compared with B220 NPs. However, these differences were mitigated when particles were loaded with higher concentrations of BTK inhibitor and B220-mediated "paracrine-like" delivery demonstrated superior suppression of cellular activation when cells were bound to lower overall numbers of NPs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that inhibition of B cell activation can be optimized for NPs targeting either internalizing or noninternalizing surface receptors and that particle internalization is likely not a requisite endpoint when designing particles for delivery of BTK inhibitor to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan N Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Patrick Han
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Rabib Chaudhury
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Sean Bickerton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Brenda Calderon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Amanda Pellowe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Anjelica Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Tarek Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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In Vivo MRI of Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Brain Inflammation. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:3476476. [PMID: 30079001 PMCID: PMC6036843 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3476476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are intrinsic components of the brain immune system and are activated in many central nervous system disorders. The ability to noninvasively image these cells would provide valuable information for both research and clinical applications. Today, most imaging probes for activated microglia are mainly designed for positron emission tomography (PET) and target translocator proteins that also reside on other cerebral cells. The PET images obtained are not specific for microglia-driven inflammation. Here, we describe a potential PET/MRI multimodal imaging probe that selectively targets the scavenger receptor class A (SR-A) expressed on activated microglia. These sulfated dextran-coated iron oxide (SDIO) nanoparticles are avidly taken up by microglia and appear to be nontoxic when administered intravenously in a mouse model. Intravenous administration of this SDIO demonstrated visualization by T2∗-weighted MRI of microglia activated by intracerebral administration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The contrast was significantly enhanced by SDIO, whereas there was little to no contrast change in animals treated with nontargeted nanoparticles or untreated controls. Thus, SR-A targeting represents a promising strategy to image activated microglia in the brain.
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