1
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Darguzyte M, Rama E, Rix A, Baier J, Hermann J, Rezvantalab S, Khedri M, Jankowski J, Kiessling F. Riboflavin-targeted polymers improve tolerance of paclitaxel while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2024; 58:102751. [PMID: 38705222 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2024.102751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Active targeting can enhance precision and efficacy of drug delivery systems (DDS) against cancers. Riboflavin (RF) is a promising ligand for active targeting due to its biocompatibility and high riboflavin-receptor expression in cancers. In this study, RF-targeted 4-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) stars conjugated with Paclitaxel (PTX), named PEG PTX RF, were evaluated as a targeted DDS. In vitro, PEG PTX RF exhibited higher toxicity against tumor cells compared to the non-targeted counterpart (PEG PTX), while free PTX displayed the highest acute toxicity. In vivo, all treatments were similarly effective, but PEG PTX RF-treated tumors showed fewer proliferating cells, pointing to sustained therapy effects. Moreover, PTX-treated animals' body and liver weights were significantly reduced, whereas both remained stable in PEG PTX and PEG PTX RF-treated animals. Overall, our targeted and non-targeted DDS reduced PTX's adverse effects, with RF targeting promoted drug uptake in cancer cells for sustained therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milita Darguzyte
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Institute for Translational Immune-Oncology, Cancer Research Center Cologne-Essen (CCCE), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Rama
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Rix
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Baier
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Juliane Hermann
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sima Rezvantalab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, 57166-419, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khedri
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Group (CBCG) Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19839-63113 Tehran, Iran
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Fraunhofer MEVIS, Institute for Medical Image Computing, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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2
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Krikunova PV, Tolordava ER, Arkharova NA, Karimov DN, Bukreeva TV, Shirinian VZ, Khaydukov EV, Pallaeva TN. Riboflavin Crystals with Extremely High Water Solubility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5504-5512. [PMID: 38278768 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
New insights into the unique biochemical properties of riboflavin (Rf), also known as vitamin B2, are leading to the development of its use not only as a vitamin supplement but also as a potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral agent, where it may play a role as an inhibitor of viral proteinases. At the same time, the comparison of the pharmacoactivity of Rf with its known metabolites, namely, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), is very complicated due to its poor water solubility: 0.1-0.3 g/L versus 67 g/L for FMN and 50 g/L for FAD, which is the limiting factor for its administration in clinical practice. In this study, we report the recrystallization procedure of the type A Rf crystals into the slightly hydrophobic type B/C and a new hydrophilic crystal form that has been termed the P type. Our method of Rf crystal modification based on recrystallization from dilute alkaline solution provides an unprecedented extremely high water solubility of Rf, reaching 23.5 g/L. A comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties of type P riboflavin showed increased photodynamic therapeutic activity compared to the known types A and B/C against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Importantly, our work not only demonstrates a simple and inexpensive method for the synthesis of riboflavin with high solubility, which should lead to increased bioactivity, but also opens up opportunities for improving both known and new therapeutic applications of vitamin B2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eteri R Tolordava
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | | | - Denis N Karimov
- FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | | | - Valerii Z Shirinian
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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3
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Lee TY, Farah N, Chin VK, Lim CW, Chong PP, Basir R, Lim WF, Loo YS. Medicinal benefits, biological, and nanoencapsulation functions of riboflavin with its toxicity profile: A narrative review. Nutr Res 2023; 119:1-20. [PMID: 37708600 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin is a precursor of the essential coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Both possess antioxidant properties and are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, which have a significant impact on energy metabolism. Also, the coenzymes participate in metabolism of pyridoxine, niacin, folate, and iron. Humans must obtain riboflavin through their daily diet because of the lack of programmed enzymatic machineries for de novo riboflavin synthesis. Because of its physiological nature and fast elimination from the human body when in excess, riboflavin consumed is unlikely to induce any negative effects or develop toxicity in humans. The use of riboflavin in pharmaceutical and clinical contexts has been previously explored, including for preventing and treating oxidative stress and reperfusion oxidative damage, creating synergistic compounds to mitigate colorectal cancer, modulating blood pressure, improving diabetes mellitus comorbidities, as well as neuroprotective agents and potent photosensitizer in killing bloodborne pathogens. Thus, the goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of riboflavin's biological applications in medicine, key considerations of riboflavin safety and toxicity, and a brief overview on the nanoencapsulation of riboflavin for various functions including the treatment of a range of diseases, photodynamic therapy, and cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Yan Lee
- Perdana University School of Liberal Arts, Science and Technology (PUScLST), Wisma Chase Perdana, Changkat Semantan, Damansara Heights, 50490 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nuratiqah Farah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Voon Kin Chin
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Woei Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rusliza Basir
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wai Feng Lim
- Sunway Medical Centre, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yan Shan Loo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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4
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Boztepe T, Scioli-Montoto S, Gambaro RC, Ruiz ME, Cabrera S, Alemán J, Islan GA, Castro GR, León IE. Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Anti-HT-29 Colorectal Cell Line Activity of Novel 8-Oxyquinolinate-Platinum(II)-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Targeted with Riboflavin. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15031021. [PMID: 36986881 PMCID: PMC10056074 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is occasionally called colon or rectal cancer, depending on where cancer begins to form, and is the second leading cause of cancer death among both men and women. The platinum-based [PtCl(8-O-quinolinate)(dmso)] (8-QO-Pt) compound has demonstrated encouraging anticancer activity. Three different systems of 8-QO-Pt-encapsulated nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) with riboflavin (RFV) were investigated. NLCs of myristyl myristate were synthesized by ultrasonication in the presence of RFV. RFV-decorated nanoparticles displayed a spherical shape and a narrow size dispersion in the range of 144-175 nm mean particle diameter. The 8-QO-Pt-loaded formulations of NLC/RFV with more than 70% encapsulation efficiency showed sustained in vitro release for 24 h. Cytotoxicity, cell uptake, and apoptosis were evaluated in the HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line. The results revealed that 8-QO-Pt-loaded formulations of NLC/RFV showed higher cytotoxicity than the free 8-QO-Pt compound at 5.0 µM. All three systems exhibited different levels of cellular internalization. Moreover, the hemotoxicity assay showed the safety profile of the formulations (less than 3.7%). Taken together, RFV-targeted NLC systems for drug delivery have been investigated for the first time in our study and the results are promising for the future of chemotherapy in colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Boztepe
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI-Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata B1900, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Scioli-Montoto
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata B1904, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata B1900, Argentina
| | - Rocio C Gambaro
- Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (IGEVET, UNLP-CONICET La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata B1900, Argentina
| | - María Esperanza Ruiz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata B1904, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata B1900, Argentina
| | - Silvia Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán A Islan
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI-Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, La Plata B1900, Argentina
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC), Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG), Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios (CEI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario S2000, Argentina
- Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Ignacio E León
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1900, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1900, Argentina
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5
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Kaur N, Popli P, Tiwary N, Swami R. Small molecules as cancer targeting ligands: Shifting the paradigm. J Control Release 2023; 355:417-433. [PMID: 36754149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutics exploration is hampered due to their nonspecific distribution leading to unintended serious toxicity. Toxicity is so severe that deciding to go for chemotherapy becomes a question of concern for many terminally ill cancer patients. However, with evolving times nanotechnology assisted in reducing the haywire distribution and channelizing the movement of drug-enclosing drug delivery systems to cancer cells to a greater extent, yet toxicity issues still could not be obliterated. Thus, active targeting appeared as a refuge, where ligands actively or specifically deliver linked chemotherapeutics and carriers to cancer cells. For a very long time, large molecule weight/macromolecular ligands (peptides and big polymers) were considered the first choice for ligand-directed active cancer targeting, due to their specificity towards overexpressed native cancer receptors. However, complex characterization, instability, and the expensive nature demanded to reconnoitre better alternatives for macromolecule ligands. The concept of small molecules as ligands emerged from the idea that few chemical molecules including chemotherapeutics have a higher affinity for cancer receptors, which are overexpressed on cell membranes, and may have the ability to assist in drug cellular uptake through endocytosis. But now the question is, can they assist the conjugated macro cargos to enter the cell or not? This present review will provide a holistic overview of the small molecule ligands explored till now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Physics, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Popli
- Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, India
| | - Neha Tiwary
- Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, India
| | - Rajan Swami
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chikara University, Punjab, India.
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6
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Synthesis of Mixed Dinucleotides by Mechanochemistry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103229. [PMID: 35630705 PMCID: PMC9147584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of vitamin B1, B2, and B3 derived nucleotides and dinucleotides generated either through mechanochemical or solution phase chemistry. Under the explored conditions, adenosine and thiamine proved to be particularly amenable to milling conditions. Following optimization of the chemistry related to the formation pyrophosphate bonds, mixed dinucleotides of adenine and thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), nicotinamide riboside and 3-carboxamide 4-pyridone riboside (both vitamin B3 derivatives) were generated in good yields. Furthermore, we report an efficient synthesis of the MW+4 isotopologue of NAD+ for which deuterium incorporation is present on either side of the dinucleotidic linkage, poised for isotopic tracing experiments by mass spectrometry. Many of these mixed species are novel and present unexplored possibilities to simultaneously enhance or modulate cofactor transporters and enzymes of independent biosynthetic pathways.
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7
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Mekseriwattana W, Guardia P, Herrero BT, de la Fuente JM, Kuhakarn C, Roig A, Katewongsa KP. Riboflavin-citrate conjugate multicore SPIONs with enhanced magnetic responses and cellular uptake in breast cancer cells. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1988-1998. [PMID: 36133415 PMCID: PMC9419765 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00015f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer accounts for up to 10% of the newly diagnosed cancer cases worldwide, making it the most common cancer found in women. The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) has been beneficial in the advancement of contrast agents and magnetic hyperthermia (MH) for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. To achieve delivery of SPIONs to cancer cells, surface functionalization with specific ligands are required. Riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) has been identified as an alternative target for breast cancer cells. Here, we report a novel riboflavin (Rf)-based ligand that provides SPIONs with enhanced colloidal stability and high uptake potential in breast cancer cells. This is achieved by synthesizing an Rf-citrate ligand. The ligand was tested in a multicore SPION system, and affinity to RCP was assessed by isothermal titration calorimetry which showed a specific, entropy-driven binding. MRI and MH responses of the coated Rf-SPIONs were tested to evaluate the suitability of this system as a theranostic platform. Finally, interaction of the Rf-SPIONs with breast cancer cells was evaluated by in vitro cellular uptake in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The overall characterization of the Rf-SPIONs highlighted the excellent performance of this platform for theranostic applications in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wid Mekseriwattana
- School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Pablo Guardia
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Beatriz Torres Herrero
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Jesus M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Exellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Anna Roig
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Kanlaya Prapainop Katewongsa
- School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
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8
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Jin C, Yonezawa A. Recent advances in riboflavin transporter RFVT and its genetic disease. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108023. [PMID: 34662687 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is essential for cellular growth and function. It is enzymatically converted to flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which participate in the metabolic oxidation-reduction reactions of carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. Human riboflavin transporters RFVT1, RFVT2, and RFVT3 have been identified and characterized since 2008. They are highly specific transporters of riboflavin. RFVT3 has functional characteristics different from those of RFVT1 and RFVT2. RFVT3 contributes to absorption in the small intestine, reabsorption in the kidney, and transport to the fetus in the placenta, while RFVT2 mediates the tissue distribution of riboflavin from the blood. Several mutations in the SLC52A2 gene encoding RFVT2 and the SLC52A3 gene encoding RFVT3 were found in patients with a rare neurological disorder known as Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome. These patients commonly present with bulbar palsy, hearing loss, muscle weakness, and respiratory symptoms in infancy or later in childhood. A decrease in plasma riboflavin levels has been observed in several cases. Recent studies on knockout mice and patient-derived cells have advanced the understanding of these mechanisms. Here, we summarize novel findings on RFVT1-3 and their genetic diseases and discuss their potential as therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyun Jin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yonezawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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9
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Wang G, Zannikou M, Lofchy L, Li Y, Gaikwad H, Balyasnikova IV, Simberg D. Liposomal Extravasation and Accumulation in Tumors as Studied by Fluorescence Microscopy and Imaging Depend on the Fluorescent Label. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11880-11890. [PMID: 34197075 PMCID: PMC8789216 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor trafficking of liposomes is routinely monitored via fluorescence microscopy and imaging. To investigate whether an accumulation of liposomes depends on the type of fluorescent label, we prepared PEGylated liposomes dual-labeled with indocarbocyanine lipids (ICLs: DiD or DiI) and fluorescent phospholipids (FPLs: Cy3-DSPE or Cy5-DSPE) with similar cyanine headgroups but different spectra. Using ex vivo confocal microscopy and imaging, we compared tumor extravasation and accumulation of ICLs and FPLs. After systemic injection in a syngeneic mouse model of 4T1 breast cancer, ICLs and FPLs initially colocalized in tumor blood vessels and perivascular space. At later time points, ICLs spread over a significantly larger tumor area and accumulated in tumor macrophages, whereas FPLs were mostly restricted to the vasculature with limited extravascular signal. This phenomenon was independent of liposomal composition and ICL/FPL type and was also observed in syngeneic intracranial GL261 glioma and LY2 head and neck cancer models. The dual-labeled liposomes were stable in plasma and delivered both dyes to tumors at early time points. Notably, while the level of ICLs increased over time, FPLs gradually disappeared from tumors and other organs in vivo, likely due to degradation of the phospholipid. These findings demonstrate that trafficking and stability of the label is of critical importance when assessing extravasation and accumulation of nanocarriers in tumors and other organs by fluorescence microscopy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markella Zannikou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | | | | | | | - Irina V Balyasnikova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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10
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Mekseriwattana W, Phungsom A, Sawasdee K, Wongwienkham P, Kuhakarn C, Chaiyen P, Katewongsa KP. Dual Functions of Riboflavin-functionalized Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles for Enhanced Drug Delivery Efficiency and Photodynamic Therapy in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1548-1557. [PMID: 34109623 DOI: 10.1111/php.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the greatest challenges in cancer therapy. This is primarily due to the difficulties in developing drug delivery systems that can effectively target cancer sites. In this study, we demonstrated a proof-of-principle concept using modified surfaces of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles linked with a riboflavin analogue (PLGA-CSRf) to obtain a dual-functional material. PLGA-CSRf nanoparticles were able to function as a drug delivery ligand and a photodynamic therapy agent for TNBC cells (MDA-MB-231). Biocompatibility of novel PLGA-CSRf nanoparticles was evaluated with both breast cancer and normal breast (MCF-10A) cells. In vitro studies revealed a six-fold increase in the cellular uptake of PLGA-CSRf nanoparticles in cancer cells compared with normal cells. The results demonstrate the ability of riboflavin (Rf) to enhance the delivery of PLGA nanoparticles to TNBC cells. The viability of TNBC cells was decreased following treatment with doxorubicin-encapsulated PLGA-CSRf nanoparticles in combination with UV irradiation, due to the photosensitizing property of Rf on the surface of the nanoparticles. This work demonstrated the ability of PLGA-CSRf to function both as an effective drug delivery carrier and as a therapeutic entity, with the potential to enhance photodynamic effects in the highly aggressive TNBC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wid Mekseriwattana
- School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anunyaporn Phungsom
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Komkrich Sawasdee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Food Processing Technology Management, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Panyapiwat Institute of Management, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Kanlaya Prapainop Katewongsa
- School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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de Araújo JTC, Duarte JL, Di Filippo LD, Araújo VHS, Carvalho GC, Chorilli M. Nanosystem functionalization strategies for prostate cancer treatment: a review. J Drug Target 2021; 29:808-821. [PMID: 33645369 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1892121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) has a high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide, and the current clinical guidelines can vary depending on the stage of the disease. Drug delivery nanosystems (DDNs) can improve biopharmaceutical properties of encapsulated anti-cancer drugs by modulating their release kinetics, improving physicochemical stability and reducing toxicity. DDN can also enhance the ability of specific targeting through surface modification by coupling ligands (antibodies, nucleic acids, peptides, aptamer, proteins), thus favouring the cell internalisation process by endocytosis. The purposes of this review are to describe the limitations in the treatment of PC, explore different functionalization such as polymeric, lipid and inorganic nanosystems aimed at the treatment of PC, and demonstrate the improvement of this modification for an active target, as alternative and promising candidates for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatas Lobato Duarte
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Delello Di Filippo
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Sousa Araújo
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Corrêa Carvalho
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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12
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Ribes J, Beztsinna N, Bailly R, Castano S, Rascol E, Taib-Maamar N, Badarau E, Bestel I. Flavin-Conjugated Nanobombs: Key Structural Requirements Governing Their Self-Assemblies' Morphologies. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:553-562. [PMID: 33621053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to artificial molecules, natural photosensitizers have the benefit of excellent toxicity profiles and of life-compatible activating energy ranges. Flavins are such photosensitizers that were selected by nature in a plethora of light-triggered biochemical reactions. Flavin-rich nanoparticles could thus emerge as promising tools in photodynamic therapies and in active-targeting drug delivery. Self-assembled flavin-conjugated phospholipids improve the pharmacokinetics of natural flavins and, in the case of controlled morphologies, reduce photobleaching phenomena. The current article presents a proof of concept for the design of riboflavin-rich nanoparticles of tunable morphology from multilamellar patches to vesicular self-assemblies. Coarse-grained simulations of the self-assembling process revealed the key interactions governing the obtained nanomaterials and successfully guided the synthesis of new flavin-conjugates of predictable self-assembly. The obtained flavin-based liposomes had a 65 nm hydrodynamic diameter, were stable, and showed potential photosensitizer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ribes
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B14, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Nataliia Beztsinna
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B14, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Remy Bailly
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B14, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Sabine Castano
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B14, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Estelle Rascol
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B14, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Nada Taib-Maamar
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B14, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Eduard Badarau
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B14, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Isabelle Bestel
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CBMN, UMR 5248, Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes & Nano-objects (CBMN), Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Bât B14, 33600 Pessac, France
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13
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Darguzyte M, Holm R, Baier J, Drude N, Schultze J, Koynov K, Schwiertz D, Dadfar SM, Lammers T, Barz M, Kiessling F. Influence of Riboflavin Targeting on Tumor Accumulation and Internalization of Peptostar Based Drug Delivery Systems. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2691-2696. [PMID: 33237762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) and riboflavin transporters (RFVTs) have been reported to be highly overexpressed in various cancer cells. Hence, targeting RCP and RFVTs using riboflavin may enhance tumor accumulation and internalization of drug delivery systems. To test this hypothesis, butyl-based 3-arm peptostar polymers were synthesized consisting of a lysine core (10 units per arm) and a sarcosine shell (100 units per arm). The end groups of the arms and the core were successfully modified with riboflavin and the Cy5.5 fluorescent dye, respectively. While in phosphate buffered saline the functionalized peptostars showed a bimodal behavior and formed supramolecular structures over time, they were stable in the serum maintaining their hydrodynamic diameter of 12 nm. Moreover, the polymers were biocompatible and the uptake of riboflavin targeted peptostars in A431 and PC3 cells was higher than in nontargeted controls and could be blocked competitively. In vivo, the polymers showed a moderate passive tumor accumulation, which was not significantly different between targeted and nontargeted peptostars. Nonetheless, at the histological level, internalization into tumor cells was strongly enhanced for the riboflavin-targeted peptostars. Based on these results, we conclude that passive accumulation is dominating the accumulation of peptostars, while tumor cell internalization is strongly promoted by riboflavin targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milita Darguzyte
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Regina Holm
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Baier
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Natascha Drude
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schultze
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Schwiertz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Seyed Mohammadali Dadfar
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Fraunhofer MEVIS, Institute for Medical Image Computing, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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14
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Romanucci V, Oliva R, Petraccone L, Claes S, Schols D, Zarrelli A, Di Fabio G. Synthesis of new riboflavin modified ODNs: Effect of riboflavin moiety on the G-quadruplex arrangement and stability. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104213. [PMID: 32919132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the panorama of modified G-quadruplexes (G4s) with interesting proprieties, here, it has been reported the synthesis of new modified d(TGGGAG) sequences forming G-quadruplexes, with the insertion of a riboflavin unit (Rf, vitamin B2). Exploiting the flavin similarity with the hydrogen bond pattern of guanine and aiming at mimic a typical nucleoside scaffold, the synthesis of the riboflavin building block 3 it has been efficiently carried out. The effect of insertion of riboflavin mimic nucleoside on the G-quadruplex properties has been here, for the first time investigated. A biophysical characterization of Rf-modified sequences (A-D) has been carried out by circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and native gel electrophoresis. CD and electrophoresis data have suggested that Rf-modified sequences are able to form parallel tetramolecular G4 structures similar to that of the unmodified sequence. Analysis of the DSC thermograms has revealed that all modified G-quadruplexes have a higher thermal stability compared with the natural sequence, particularly the stabilisation is higher when the Rf residue is introduced at the 3'-end. Further, DSC analysis has revealed that the Rf residues introduced at the 3'-end are able to form additional stabilising interactions, energetically almost comparable to the enthalpic contribution of a G-tetrad. Fluorescence measurement are consistent with this result showing that the Rf residues introduced at 3'-end are able to form stacking interactions with the adjacent bases within the G-quadruplex structure. The whole of data suggested that the introduction of Rf unit can stabilize G-quadruplex structures and can be a promising candidate for future theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rosario Oliva
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy; Physical Chemistry I - Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Strasse 4a, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luigi Petraccone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandra Claes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
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15
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Darguzyte M, Drude N, Lammers T, Kiessling F. Riboflavin-Targeted Drug Delivery. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020295. [PMID: 32012715 PMCID: PMC7072493 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Active targeting can improve the retention of drugs and drug delivery systems in tumors, thereby enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. In this context, vitamin receptors that are overexpressed in many cancers are promising targets. In the last decade, attention and research were mainly centered on vitamin B9 (folate) targeting; however, the focus is slowly shifting towards vitamin B2 (riboflavin). Interestingly, while the riboflavin carrier protein was discovered in the 1960s, the three riboflavin transporters (RFVT 1-3) were only identified recently. It has been shown that riboflavin transporters and the riboflavin carrier protein are overexpressed in many tumor types, tumor stem cells, and the tumor neovasculature. Furthermore, a clinical study has demonstrated that tumor cells exhibit increased riboflavin metabolism as compared to normal cells. Moreover, riboflavin and its derivatives have been conjugated to ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol polymers, dendrimers, and liposomes. These conjugates have shown a high affinity towards tumors in preclinical studies. This review article summarizes knowledge on RFVT expression in healthy and pathological tissues, discusses riboflavin internalization pathways, and provides an overview of RF-targeted diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milita Darguzyte
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Natascha Drude
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Aachen, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.D.); (N.D.); (T.L.)
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Institute for Medical Image Computing, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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16
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Dilly S, Garnier M, Solé M, Bailly R, Taib N, Bestel I. In Silico Identification of a Key Residue for Substrate Recognition of the Riboflavin Membrane Transporter RFVT3. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:1368-1375. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Dilly
- L’Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-Objets (CBMN), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5248, Centre National de la Recherche (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Mélanie Garnier
- L’Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-Objets (CBMN), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5248, Centre National de la Recherche (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Marion Solé
- L’Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-Objets (CBMN), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5248, Centre National de la Recherche (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Rémi Bailly
- L’Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-Objets (CBMN), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5248, Centre National de la Recherche (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Nada Taib
- L’Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-Objets (CBMN), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5248, Centre National de la Recherche (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
| | - Isabelle Bestel
- L’Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nano-Objets (CBMN), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5248, Centre National de la Recherche (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Pessac 33600, France
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17
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Surface engineering of nanomaterials with phospholipid-polyethylene glycol-derived functional conjugates for molecular imaging and targeted therapy. Biomaterials 2019; 230:119646. [PMID: 31787335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, phospholipid-polyethylene glycol-derived functional conjugates have been widely employed to decorate different nanomaterials, due to their excellent biocompatibility, long blood circulation characteristics, and specific targeting capability. Numerous in vivo studies have demonstrated that nanomedicines peripherally engineered with phospholipid-polyethylene glycol-derived functional conjugates show significantly increased selective and efficient internalization by target cells/tissues. Targeting moieties including small-molecule ligands, peptides, proteins, and antibodies are generally conjugated onto PEGylated phospholipids to decorate liposomes, micelles, hybrid nanoparticles, nanocomplexes, and nanoemulsions for targeted delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to diseased sites. In this review, the synthesis methods of phospholipid-polyethylene glycol-derived functional conjugates, biophysicochemical properties of nanomedicines decorated with these conjugates, factors dominating their targeting efficiency, as well as their applications for in vivo molecular imaging and targeted therapy were summarized and discussed.
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18
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Reda A, Hosseiny S, El-Sherbiny IM. Next-generation nanotheranostics targeting cancer stem cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2487-2514. [PMID: 31490100 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is depicted as the most aggressive malignancy and is one the major causes of death worldwide. It originates from immortal tumor-initiating cells called 'cancer stem cells' (CSCs). This devastating subpopulation exhibit potent self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation characteristics. Dynamic DNA repair mechanisms can sustain the immortality phenotype of cancer to evade all treatment strategies. To date, current conventional chemo- and radio-therapeutic strategies adopted against cancer fail in tackling CSCs. However, new advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for creating next-generation nanotheranostics as multifunctional smart 'all-in-one' nanoparticles. These particles integrate diagnostic, therapeutic and targeting agents into one single biocompatible and biodegradable carrier, opening up new avenues for breakthroughs in early detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer through efficient targeting of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Reda
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt.,Molecular & Cellular Biology division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Salma Hosseiny
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanomedicine Division, Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science & Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
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19
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Dalal C, Jana NR. Riboflavin-Terminated, Multivalent Quantum Dot as Fluorescent Cell Imaging Probe. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11380-11388. [PMID: 31389703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bioconjugated nanoparticles are commonly used for targeting cellular/subcellular components, and labeling performance is known to depend on multivalency, i.e., the number of attached biomolecule per particle. However, these multivalency effects are largely unexplored. Here, we show that multivalency of nanoparticle-bound riboflavin controls the cellular interaction, cellular entry/exit mechanism, and subcellular trafficking property. We have synthesized riboflavin-functionalized quantum dot (QD) of 15-25 nm hydrodynamic size with average riboflavin multivalencies of 15, 30, and 70 [designated as QD(RF)15, QD(RF)30, and QD(RF)70, respectively] and investigated their uptake mechanism in riboflavin receptor overexpressed KB cells. We found that increased multivalency from 15 to 70 increases the cellular interaction with QD, shifts the cell uptake mechanism from caveolae-clathrin to exclusive clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and enhances lysosomal trafficking. This work demonstrates the importance of multivalency of bioconjugated molecule at the nanoparticle surface toward biolabeling performance and should be optimized for best performance of designed nanobioconjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumki Dalal
- School of Materials Science , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Kolkata 700032 , India
| | - Nikhil R Jana
- School of Materials Science , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Kolkata 700032 , India
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20
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Wu CY, Chen YC. Riboflavin immobilized Fe 3O 4 magnetic nanoparticles carried with n-butylidenephthalide as targeting-based anticancer agents. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:210-220. [PMID: 30663404 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1548473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
n-Butylidenephthalide (BP) is a potential anti-cancer drug, which can be extracted from Angelica sinensis (Danggui). Previous reports have shown the effectiveness of BP in treating cancer diseases. However, BP has no targeting capacity towards specific cancer cells. To improve treatment efficiency and reduce the dose of BP used in cancer treatment, targeting-based approaches should be developed. In the present study, we used riboflavin-5'-phosphate (RFMP) immobilized iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs) as carriers for BP to treat cancer cell lines derived from liver, prostate and breast. These model cancer cells overexpress riboflavin receptors on their cell membrane and are also sensitive to BP treatment. Thus, BP-binding free RFMP on MNPs can be used as probes to target these model cells, whereas BP can be readily released on target cancer cells. Cell viability was twofold lower by using Fe3O4@RFMP MNPs immobilized with BP than that achieved by using free-form BP at a similar amount. Moreover, BP-Fe3O4@RFMP MNPs have no apparent harmful effects on non-target cells. In addition, we evaluated the level of cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 (caspase 3) in the resultant cell lysate obtained after treatment by BP-Fe3O4@RFMP MNPs to demonstrate that apoptosis is mainly involved in the growth inhibition of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Wu
- a Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- a Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
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21
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Mannheim JG, Kara F, Doorduin J, Fuchs K, Reischl G, Liang S, Verhoye M, Gremse F, Mezzanotte L, Huisman MC. Standardization of Small Animal Imaging-Current Status and Future Prospects. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:716-731. [PMID: 28971332 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The benefit of small animal imaging is directly linked to the validity and reliability of the collected data. If the data (regardless of the modality used) are not reproducible and/or reliable, then the outcome of the data is rather questionable. Therefore, standardization of the use of small animal imaging equipment, as well as of animal handling in general, is of paramount importance. In a recent paper, guidance for efficient small animal imaging quality control was offered and discussed, among others, the use of phantoms in setting up a quality control program (Osborne et al. 2016). The same phantoms can be used to standardize image quality parameters for multi-center studies or multi-scanners within center studies. In animal experiments, the additional complexity due to animal handling needs to be addressed to ensure standardized imaging procedures. In this review, we will address the current status of standardization in preclinical imaging, as well as potential benefits from increased levels of standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Mannheim
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 13, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Firat Kara
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Fuchs
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 13, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Reischl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 13, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sayuan Liang
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Felix Gremse
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Optical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C Huisman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Bartmann L, Schumacher D, von Stillfried S, Sternkopf M, Alampour-Rajabi S, van Zandvoort MAMJ, Kiessling F, Wu Z. Evaluation of Riboflavin Transporters as Targets for Drug Delivery and Theranostics. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:79. [PMID: 30787877 PMCID: PMC6372557 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The retention and cellular internalization of drug delivery systems and theranostics for cancer therapy can be improved by targeting molecules. Since an increased uptake of riboflavin was reported for various cancers, riboflavin and its derivatives may be promising binding moieties to trigger internalization via the riboflavin transporters (RFVT) 1, 2, and 3. Riboflavin is a vitamin with pivotal role in energy metabolism and indispensable for cellular growth. In previous preclinical studies on mice, we showed the target-specific accumulation of riboflavin-functionalized nanocarriers in cancer cells. Although the uptake mechanism of riboflavin has been studied for over a decade, little is known about the riboflavin transporters and their expression on cancer cells, tumor stroma, and healthy tissues. Furthermore, evidence is lacking concerning the representativeness of the preclinical findings to the situation in humans. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of riboflavin transporters in human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), melanoma and luminal A breast cancer samples, as well as in healthy skin, breast, aorta, and kidney tissues. Low constitutive expression levels of RFVT1-3 were found on all healthy tissues, while RFVT2 and 3 were significantly overexpressed in melanoma, RFVT1 and 3 in luminal A breast cancer and RFVT1-3 in SCC. Correspondingly, the SCC cell line A431 was highly positive for all RFVTs, thus qualifying as suitable in vitro model. In contrast, activated endothelial cells (HUVEC) only presented with a strong expression of RFVT2, and HK2 kidney cells only with a low constitutive expression of RFVT1-3. Functional in vitro studies on A431 and HK2 cells using confocal microscopy showed that riboflavin uptake is mostly ATP dependent and primarily driven by endocytosis. Furthermore, riboflavin is partially trafficked to the mitochondria. Riboflavin uptake and trafficking was significantly higher in A431 than in healthy kidney cells. Thus, this manuscript supports the hypothesis that addressing the riboflavin internalization pathway may be highly valuable for tumor targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bartmann
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Marieke Sternkopf
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Setareh Alampour-Rajabi
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zhuojun Wu
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Tsvetkova Y, Beztsinna N, Baues M, Klein D, Rix A, Golombek SK, Al Rawashdeh W, Gremse F, Barz M, Koynov K, Banala S, Lederle W, Lammers T, Kiessling F. Balancing Passive and Active Targeting to Different Tumor Compartments Using Riboflavin-Functionalized Polymeric Nanocarriers. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4665-4674. [PMID: 28715227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin transporters (RFTs) and the riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) are highly upregulated in many tumor cells, tumor stem cells, and tumor neovasculature, which makes them attractive targets for nanomedicines. Addressing cells in different tumor compartments requires drug carriers, which are not only able to accumulate via the EPR effect but also to extravasate, target specific cell populations, and get internalized by cells. Reasoning that antibodies are among the most efficient targeting systems developed by nature, we consider their size (∼10-15 nm) to be ideal for balancing passive and active tumor targeting. Therefore, small, short-circulating (10 kDa, ∼7 nm, t1/2 ∼ 1 h) and larger, longer-circulating (40 kDa, ∼13 nm, t1/2 ∼ 13 h) riboflavin-targeted branched PEG polymers were synthesized, and their biodistribution and target site accumulation were evaluated in mice bearing angiogenic squamous cell carcinoma (A431) and desmoplastic prostate cancer (PC3) xenografts. The tumor accumulation of the 10 kDa PEG was characterized by rapid intercompartmental exchange and significantly improved upon active targeting with riboflavin (RF). The 40 kDa PEG accumulated in tumors four times more efficiently than the small polymer, but its accumulation did not profit from active RF-targeting. However, RF-targeting enhanced the cellular internalization in both tumor models and for both polymer sizes. Interestingly, the nanocarriers' cell-uptake in tumors was not directly correlated with the extent of accumulation. For example, in both tumor models the small RF-PEG accumulated much less strongly than the large passively targeted PEG but showed significantly higher intracellular amounts 24 h after iv administration. Additionally, the size of the polymer determined its preferential uptake by different tumor cell compartments: the 10 kDa RF-PEGs most efficiently targeted cancer cells, whereas the highest uptake of the 40 kDa RF-PEGs was observed in tumor-associated macrophages. These findings imply that drug carriers with sizes in the range of therapeutic antibodies show balanced properties with respect to passive accumulation, tissue penetration, and active targeting. Besides highlighting the potential of RF-mediated (cancer) cell targeting, we show that strong tumor accumulation does not automatically mean high cellular uptake and that the nanocarriers' size plays a critical role in cell- and compartment-specific drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoanna Tsvetkova
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nataliia Beztsinna
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nano-objects, CBMN UMR 5248, Bordeaux University , 33608 Pessac, France
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UIPS, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maike Baues
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dionne Klein
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research IMCAR, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Rix
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne K Golombek
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wa'el Al Rawashdeh
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Strasse 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Srinivas Banala
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Lederle
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 750 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Yang MY, Chang CJ, Chen LY. Blue light induced reactive oxygen species from flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide on lethality of HeLa cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28633062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a safe and non-invasive treatment for cancers and microbial infections. Various photosensitizers and light sources have been developed for clinical cancer therapies. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are the cofactor of enzymes and are used as photosensitizers in this study. Targeting hypoxia and light-triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) are experimental strategies for poisoning tumor cells in vitro. HeLa cells are committed to apoptosis when treated with FMN or FAD and exposed to visible blue light (the maximum emitted wavelength of blue light is 462nm). Under blue light irradiation at 3.744J/cm2 (=0.52mW/cm2 irradiated for 2h), the minimal lethal dose is 3.125μM and the median lethal doses (LD50) for FMN and FAD are 6.5μM and 7.2μM, respectively. Individual exposure to visible blue light irradiation or riboflavin photosensitizers does not produce cytotoxicity and no side effects are observed in this study. The western blotting results also show that an intrinsic apoptosis pathway is activated by the ROS during photolysis of riboflavin analogues. Blue light triggers the cytotoxicity of riboflavins on HeLa cells in vitro. Based on these results, this is a feasible and efficient of PDT with an intrinsic photosensitizer for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yeh Yang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jui Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yü Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming-Chuan University, Gui-Shan 333, Taiwan.
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Delivery of Riboflavin-5'-Monophosphate Into the Cornea: Can Liposomes Provide Any Enhancement Effects? J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3041-3049. [PMID: 28551428 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus is a progressive condition caused by the thinning of the cornea, which eventually deforms the front surface of the eye into a cone shape leading to ghosting, multiple images, glare, and several other vision problems. Currently, keratoconus is treated with UV-induced riboflavin (Rb)-mediated collagen cross-linking, which requires a physical removal of the corneal epithelium under topical anesthesia. This study reports the penetration of Rb and its more water-soluble form, riboflavin-5'-monophosphate (RbP), into the bovine cornea ex vivo. Using ex vivo bovine corneal tissues and 0.8 mg/mL drug solutions in phosphate buffer, it was established that RbP penetration into the cornea within 3 h of diffusion experiment was greater (17.3 ± 0.8 μg) compared with Rb (10.4 ± 4.2 μg). In the cornea, RbP was found to convert to Rb, which is mediated with enzymes present in this tissue. Several formulations including the conventional and propylene glycol-containing liposomes with encapsulated RbP have been developed, and their effect on the drug penetration into the bovine cornea was evaluated. Encapsulation of RbP into the liposomes did not provide any statistically significant improvement in the penetration of RbP into the cornea.
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Beztsinna N, Tsvetkova Y, Jose J, Rhourri-Frih B, Al Rawashdeh W, Lammers T, Kiessling F, Bestel I. Photoacoustic imaging of tumor targeting with riboflavin-functionalized theranostic nanocarriers. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:3813-3825. [PMID: 28572726 PMCID: PMC5441666 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s125192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging is an emerging method in the molecular imaging field, providing high spatiotemporal resolution and sufficient imaging depths for many clinical applications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use photoacoustic imaging as a tool to evaluate a riboflavin (RF)-based targeted nanoplatform. RF is internalized by the cells through a specific pathway, and its derivatives were recently shown as promising tumor-targeting vectors for the drug delivery systems. Here, the RF amphiphile synthesized from a PEGylated phospholipid was successfully inserted into a long-circulating liposome formulation labeled with the clinically approved photoacoustic contrast agent – indocyanine green (ICG). The obtained liposomes had a diameter of 124 nm (polydispersity index =0.17) and had a negative zeta potential of −26 mV. Studies in biological phantoms indicated a stable and concentration-dependent photoacoustic signal (Vevo® LAZR) of the ICG-containing RF-functionalized liposomes. In A431 cells, a high uptake of RF-functionalized liposomes was found and could be blocked competitively. First, studies in mice revealed ~3 times higher photoacoustic signal in subcutaneous A431 tumor xenografts (P<0.05) after injection of RF-functionalized liposomes compared to control particles. In this context, the application of a spectral unmixing protocol confirmed the initial quantitative data and improved the localization of liposomes in the tumor. In conclusion, the synthesized RF amphiphile leads to efficient liposomal tumor targeting and can be favorably detected by photoacoustic imaging with a perspective of theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Beztsinna
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (CBMN), UMR 5248, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Yoanna Tsvetkova
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jithin Jose
- Fujifilm VisualSonics BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Boutayna Rhourri-Frih
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (CBMN), UMR 5248, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Wa'el Al Rawashdeh
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Bestel
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (CBMN), UMR 5248, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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