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Manturthi S, Bhattacharya D, Sakhare KR, Narayan KP, Patri SV. Cimetidine-Based Cationic Amphiphiles for In Vitro Gene Delivery Targetable to Colon Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31388-31402. [PMID: 36092589 PMCID: PMC9453813 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cimetidine, a histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist, has been found to have anticancer properties against a number of cancer-type cells. In this report, we have demonstrated that cimetidine can acts as a hydrophilic domain in cationic lipids and targetable to the gastric system by carrying reporter genes and therapeutic genes through in vitro transfection. Two lipids, namely, Toc-Cim and Chol-Cim consisting cimetidine as the main head group and hydrophobic moieties as alpha-tocopherol or cholesterol, respectively, were designed and synthesized. 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) is a well-known co-lipid employed to produce liposomes as uniform vesicles. The liposomes and lipoplexes were structurally and functionally evaluated for global surface charges and hydrodynamic diameters, and results found that both liposome and lipoplex size and surface charges are optimal to screen the transfection potentials. DNA-binding studies were analyzed as complete binding at all formulated N/P ratios. The liposomes and lipoplexes of both the lipids Toc-Cim and Chol-Cim show minimal cytotoxicity even though at higher concentrations. The results of the transfection experiments revealed that tocopherol-based cationic lipids (Toc-Cim) show finer transfection efficacy with optimized N/P ratios (2:1 and 4:1) in the colon cancer cell line. Toc-Cim lipoplexes show higher cellular uptake compare to Chol-Cim in the colon cancer cell line at 2:1 and 4:1 N/P ratios. Toc-Cim and Chol-Cim lipids showed highly compatible serum, examined up to 50% of the serum concentration. To evaluate the apoptotic cell death in CT-26 cells, exposed to Toc-Cim:p53 and Chol-Cim:p53 lipoplexes at 2:1 N/P ratios, superior results showed with Toc-Cim:p53. An effect of TP53 protein expression in CT-26 cell lines assayed by western blot, transfected with Toc-Cim:p53 and Chol-Cim:p53 lipoplexes, demonstrated the superior efficacy of Toc-Cim. All of the findings suggest that Toc-Cim lipid is relatively secure and is an effective transfection agent to colon cancer gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireesha Manturthi
- Department
of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology
Warangal, Hanamkonda, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Dwaipayan Bhattacharya
- Department
of Biological Science, Bits Pilani-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Kalyani Rajesh Sakhare
- Department
of Biological Science, Bits Pilani-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Kumar Pranav Narayan
- Department
of Biological Science, Bits Pilani-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Srilakshmi V. Patri
- Department
of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology
Warangal, Hanamkonda, Telangana 506004, India
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2
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Rapaka H, Manturthi S, Gosangi M, Lohchania B, Marepally S, Patri SV. Effect of Methylation of the Hydrophilic Domain of Tocopheryl Ammonium-Based Lipids on their Nucleic Acid Delivery Properties. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15396-15403. [PMID: 35571792 PMCID: PMC9096827 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-enabled nucleic acid delivery has garnered tremendous attention in recent times. Tocopherol among the cationic lipids, 3b-[N-(N',N'-dimethylamino-ethane)carbamoyl]-cholesterol hydrochloride (DC-Chol) with a headgroup of dimethylammonium, and cholesterol as a hydrophobic moiety are found to be some of the most successful lipids and are being used in clinical trials. However, limited efficacy is a major limitation for their broader therapeutic application. In our prior studies, we demonstrated tocopherol to be a potential alternative hydrophobic moiety having additional antioxidant properties to develop efficient and safer liposomal formulations. Inspired by DC-Chol applications and taking cues from our own prior findings, herein, we report the design and synthesis of four alpha-tocopherol-based cationic derivatives with varying degrees of methylation, AC-Toc (no methylation), MC-Toc (monomethylation derivative), DC-Toc (dimethylation derivative), and TC-Toc (trimethylation derivative) and the evaluation of their gene delivery properties. The transfection studies showed that AC-Toc liposomes exhibited superior transfection compared to MC-Toc, DC-Toc, TC-Toc, and control DC-Chol, indicating that methylation in the hydrophilic moiety of Toc-lipids reduced their transfection properties. Cellular internalization studies in the presence of different endocytosis blockers revealed that all four tocopherol lipids were internalized through clathrin-mediated endocytosis, whereas control DC-Chol was found to be internalized through both macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These novel Toc-lipids exhibited higher antioxidant properties than DC-Chol by generating less reactive oxygen species, indicating lower cytotoxicity. Our present findings suggest that AC-Toc may be considered as an alternative to DC-Chol in liposomal transfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hithavani Rapaka
- National
Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Telangana, India
| | | | | | - Brijesh Lohchania
- Centre
for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical
College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srujan Marepally
- Centre
for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical
College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Rapaka H, Manturthi S, Arjunan P, Venkatesan V, Thangavel S, Marepally S, Patri SV. Influence of Hydrophobicity in the Hydrophilic Region of Cationic Lipids on Enhancing Nucleic Acid Delivery and Gene Editing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1489-1500. [PMID: 35297601 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of biomolecules using non-viral vectors critically depends on the vectors' ability to allow the escape and release of the contents from the endosomes. Prior findings demonstrated that aromatic/hydrophobic group-containing amino acids such as phenylalanine (F) and tryptophan (W) destabilize cellular membranes by forming pores in the lipid bilayer. Taking cues from these findings, we have developed four α-tocopherol-based cationic amphiphiles by varying the aromatic/hydrophobic amino acids such as glycine (G), proline (P), phenylalanine (F), and tryptophan (W) as head groups and triazole in the linker region to study their impact on endosomal escape for the enhanced transfection efficacy. The lipids tocopherol-triazole-phenylalanine (TTF) and tocopherol-triazole-tryptophan (TTW) exhibited similar potential to commercial transfecting reagents, Lipofectamine (LF) 3000 and Lipofectamine Messenger Max (LFMM), respectively, in transfecting plasmid DNA and messenger RNA in multiple cultured cell lines. The TTW liposome was also found to be effective in delivering Cas9 mRNA and demonstrated equal efficiency of gene editing AAVS1 locus compared to LFMM in CHO, Neuro-2a, and EA.HY926 cell lines. In this current investigation, it is shown that the synthesized cationic lipids with aromatic hydrophobic R group-containing amino acids are safe, economic, and actually more efficient in nucleic acid delivery and genome-editing applications. These findings can be further explored in the genome-editing approach for treating genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hithavani Rapaka
- National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Shireesha Manturthi
- National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Porkizhi Arjunan
- Christian Medical College, Centre for Stem Cell Research, Vellore, Tamilnadu 632001, India
| | | | | | - Srujan Marepally
- Christian Medical College, Centre for Stem Cell Research, Vellore, Tamilnadu 632001, India
| | - Srilakshmi V Patri
- National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
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4
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Manturthi S, Narayan KP, Patri SV. Dicationic amphiphiles bearing an amino acid head group with a long-chain hydrophobic tail for in vitro gene delivery applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33264-33275. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05959b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
C14-P, C14-M, and C14-S lipids formed lipoplexes using pDNA. The lipoplex cellular uptake into the cells resulted in the release of nucleic acids. C14-P lipid showed superior eGFP transfection in non-cancer cell line and more apoptosis cell death in cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireesha Manturthi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanamkonda, Telangana-506004, India
| | - Kumar Pranav Narayan
- Department of Biological Science, Bits Pilani-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana-500078, India
| | - Srilakshmi V. Patri
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanamkonda, Telangana-506004, India
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5
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Manturthi S, Bhattacharya D, Sakhare KR, Narayan KP, Patri SV. Nicotinic acid-based cationic vectors for efficient gene delivery to glioblastoma cells. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03207d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A tocopherol-conjugated nicotinic acid-based lipid (NGT) was used for liposomal formation with the co-lipid DOPE and exhibited enhanced transfection of glioblastoma cells for eGFP and β-galactosidase protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireesha Manturthi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanamkonda, Telangana-506004, India
| | - Dwaipayan Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Science, Bits pilani-hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana-500078, India
| | - Kalyani Rajesh Sakhare
- Department of Biological Science, Bits pilani-hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana-500078, India
| | - Kumar Pranav Narayan
- Department of Biological Science, Bits pilani-hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana-500078, India
| | - Srilakshmi V. Patri
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Hanamkonda, Telangana-506004, India
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Asfiya R, Maiti B, Kamra M, Karande AA, Bhattacharya S. Novel α-tocopherol-ferrocene conjugates for the specific delivery of transgenes in liver cancer cells under high serum conditions. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7636-7647. [PMID: 34676384 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00607j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of therapeutic genes to a specific organ has drawn significant research attention. Among the pool of various delivery vectors, cationic liposomes (non-viral) are potential candidates for delivering therapeutic genes due to their low immunogenic response. Here, we have developed novel ferrocene-conjugated cationic tocopheryl aggregates as non-viral vectors. These formulations can transfer a reporter gene (pGL3; encoded for luciferase protein) specifically to liver cancer cells (HepG2 and Huh7) instead of non-hepatic cancer cells, such as Caco-2 (human colon carcinoma) and HeLa (cervical cancer) cells. The transfection efficiency (TE) of the optimum liposomal formulation is more significant than commercially available Lipofectamine 2000 (L2K). Notably, it retains its TE under high serum conditions (up to 50% FBS). A coupled effect from conjugated ferrocene and tocopherol in the cationic liposomal formulation might be responsible for the cell-specific delivery and higher serum compatibility. Therefore, the present proposed delivery system may provide a platform for further progress in terms of developing hepatotropic gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Asfiya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Bappa Maiti
- Technical Research Centre, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Mohini Kamra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Anjali Anoop Karande
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India. .,Technical Research Centre, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700 032, India.,School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Maiti B, Bhattacharya S. Liposomal nanoparticles based on steroids and isoprenoids for nonviral gene delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 14:e1759. [PMID: 34729941 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural lipid molecules are an essential part of life as they constitute the membrane of cells and organelle. In most of these cases, the hydrophobicity of natural lipids is contributed by alkyl chains. Although natural lipids with a nonfatty acid hydrophobic backbone are quite rare, steroids and isoprenoids have been strong candidates as part of a lipid. Over the years, these natural molecules (steroid and isoprenoids) have been used to make either lipid-based nanoparticle or functionalize in such a way that it could form nano assembly alone for therapeutic delivery. Here we mainly focus on the synthetic functionalized version of these natural molecules which forms cationic liposomal nanoparticles (LipoNPs). These cationic LipoNPs were further used to deliver various negatively charged genetic materials in the form of pDNA, siRNA, mRNA (nucleic acids), and so on. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bappa Maiti
- Technical Research Centre, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Technical Research Centre, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India.,School of Applied & Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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8
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Ravula V, Lo YL, Wu YT, Chang CW, Patri SV, Wang LF. Arginine-tocopherol bioconjugated lipid vesicles for selective pTRAIL delivery and subsequent apoptosis induction in glioblastoma cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:112189. [PMID: 34082988 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of specific therapeutic gene into glioblastoma offers potent therapeutic strategy to treat the disease. Non-viral gene delivery vectors are of particular interest due to their tuneable transfection efficiency and easy scale-up. Herein, we demonstrate successful delivery of plasmid encoding tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (pTRAIL) using arginine-conjugated tocopherol lipid (AT) nanovesicles into glioblastoma cell lines. Another cationic lipid, glycine-conjugated tocopherol lipid (GT) having glycine in the head group region is also synthesized as a control lipid. Both lipid-derived liposomes effectively condensed the pDNA and the corresponding biomacromolecular assemblies (lipoplexes) are efficiently transfected into different cell lines. AT-based liposomes exhibit higher transfection efficacy in various cell lines, particularly selective in glioma cell lines. At an optimized N/P ratio, both the liposomal formulations show low cytotoxicity. AT-based lipoplexes have superior cellular uptake in U87 than the control lipid GT. The expression of TRAIL protein regulated death receptor and apoptosis signaling pathway is assayed by western blot using transfection of AT-based/pTRAIL into U87 cell lines. Induction of apoptosis in U87 cells exposed to AT-based/pTRAIL plasmid is evaluated by MTT assay as well as Annexin V-propidium iodide dual-staining assay. All results indicate that the developed AT-based/pTRAIL system offers a potentially safe and efficient therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Ravula
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lun Lo
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wu
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Srilakshmi V Patri
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India.
| | - Li-Fang Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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9
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Hughes JR, Miller AS, Wallace CE, Vemuri GN, Iovine PM. Biomedically Relevant Applications of Bolaamphiphiles and Bolaamphiphile-Containing Materials. Front Chem 2021; 8:604151. [PMID: 33553103 PMCID: PMC7855593 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.604151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bolaamphiphiles (BAs) are structurally segmented molecules with rich assembly characteristics and diverse physical properties. Interest in BAs as standalone active agents or as constituents of more complex therapeutic formulations has increased substantially in recent years. The preorganized amphiphilicity of BAs allows for a range of biological activities including applications that rely on multivalency. This review summarizes BA-related research in biomedically relevant areas. In particular, we review BA-related literature in four areas: gene delivery, antimicrobial materials, hydrogels, and prodrugs. We also discuss several distinguishing characteristics of BAs that impact their utility as biomedically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peter M. Iovine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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10
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Pal Singh P, Vithalapuram V, Metre S, Kodipyaka R. Lipoplex-based therapeutics for effective oligonucleotide delivery: a compendious review. J Liposome Res 2019; 30:313-335. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2019.1652645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pirthi Pal Singh
- Department of Formulation Research and Development, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Veena Vithalapuram
- Department of Formulation Research and Development, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Sunita Metre
- Department of Formulation Research and Development, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravinder Kodipyaka
- Department of Formulation Research and Development, Custom Pharmaceutical Services, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India
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Muripiti V, Lohchania B, Marepally SK, Patri SV. Hepatocellular targeted α-tocopherol based pH sensitive galactosylated lipids: design, synthesis and transfection studies. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:264-274. [PMID: 30108920 PMCID: PMC6083795 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00503b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptor mediated gene delivery to the liver offers advantages in treating genetic disorders such as hemophilia and hereditary tyrosinemia type I (HTI). Prior findings demonstrated that tethering the d-galactose head group to cationic lipids directs genes to the liver via asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs). In our continued efforts to develop safer and efficient lipofectins, we demonstrated that cationic lipids bearing α-tocopherol, an antioxidant, as a hydrophobic domain could deliver genes efficiently with high safety profiles in multiple cell lines. Towards developing ASGPR targeted pH sensitive cationic lipids, we have designed a galactosylated cationic lipid (Toc-Gal) with α-tocopherol as the hydrophobic core covalently connected with a pH responsive triazole moiety and a non-targeting control lipid (Toc-OH) without the galactose head group. In this study, we present the design and synthesis of a pH sensitive galactosylated cationic lipid (Toc-Gal), its comparative transfection biology, cellular uptake studies, serum stability and cytotoxicity profiles in both ASGPR positive and negative liver cells, i.e. HepG2 and SK-Hep-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkanna Muripiti
- National Institute of Technology , Warangal-506004 , Telangana , India .
| | | | | | - Srilakshmi V Patri
- National Institute of Technology , Warangal-506004 , Telangana , India .
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