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Liang YY, Liao XY, Jia JJ, Yin YZ, Zhang YH, Gao FG. K33 only mutant ubiquitin augments bone marrow-derived dendritic cell-mediated CTL priming via PI3K-Akt pathway. Immunology 2024; 172:486-499. [PMID: 38547355 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the effect of K33 only mutant ubiquitin (K33O) on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells' (BMDCs') maturity, antigen uptake capability, surface molecule expressions and BMDC-mediated CTL priming, and further investigate the role of PI3K-Akt engaged in K33O-increased BMDC maturation, antigen uptake and presentation, surface molecule expressions and BMDC-based CTL priming. BMDCs were conferred K33O and other ubiquitin mutants (K33R, K48R, K63R-mutant ubiquitin) incubation or LY294002 and wortmannin pretreatment. PI3K-Akt phosphorylation, antigen uptake, antigenic presentation and CD86/MHC class I expression in BMDC were determined by western blot or flow cytometry. BMDC-based CTL proliferation and priming were determined by in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), ex vivo enzyme-linked immunospot assay (Elispot) and flow cytometry with intracellular staining, respectively. The treatment with K33O effectively augmented PI3K-Akt phosphorylation, BMDCs' antigen uptake, antigenic presentation, CD86/MHC class I and CD11c expressions. MLR, Elispot and flow cytometry revealed that K33O treatment obviously enhanced CTL proliferation, CTL priming and perforin/granzyme B expression. The pretreatment with PI3K-Akt inhibitors efficiently abrogated K33O's effects on BMDC. The replenishment of K33 only mutant ubiquitin augments BMDC-mediated CTL priming in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells via PI3K-Akt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yun Liang
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yan Liao
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Jun Jia
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhen Yin
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Hua Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Guang Gao
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Huang F, Pan N, Wei Y, Zhao J, Aldarouish M, Wang X, Sun X, Wen Z, Chen Y, Wang L. Effects of Combinatorial Ubiquitinated Protein-Based Nanovaccine and STING Agonist in Mice With Drug-Resistant and Metastatic Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707298. [PMID: 34589084 PMCID: PMC8475273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that enriched ubiquitinated proteins (UPs) from tumor cells have the potential to be used as immunotherapy vaccine against cancer. Here we enriched UPs from epirubicin (EPB)-induced multi-drug-resistant cancer stem-like breast cancer cell line (4T1/EPB) and tested the efficacy of α-Al2O3-UPs-4T1/EPB (short for UPs-4T1/EPB) as therapeutic vaccine alone and in combination with the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist in mice with drug-resistant and metastatic breast cancer. Vaccination with UPs-4T1/EPB exerted profound anti-tumor effects through augmented specific CD8+ T cell responses and amplified T cell receptor diversity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Importantly, the combination with STING agonist further facilitated the migration of mature CD8α+ dendritic cells to the lymph nodes and the infiltration of TILs within tumors, resulting in primary tumor regression and pulmonary metastasis eradication in mice. Moreover, the cured mice were completely resistant against a subsequent rechallenge with the same tumor. Our study indicates that this novel combinatorial immunotherapy with UPs-4T1/EPB vaccine and STING agonist is effective in mice with drug-resistant and metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiting Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjin Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mohanad Aldarouish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhifa Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Mallakpour S, Sirous F, Hussain CM. Green synthesis of nano-Al 2O 3, recent functionalization, and fabrication of synthetic or natural polymer nanocomposites: various technological applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05578f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly fabrication of nano-Al2O3, recent functionalization, and preparation of polymer nanocomposites including natural and man-made polymers with various industrial applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fariba Sirous
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Islamic Republic of Iran
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Quantum Leap from Gold and Silver to Aluminum Nanoplasmonics for Enhanced Biomedical Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been used in many biosensing and medical applications, in the form of noble metal (gold and silver) nanoparticles and nanostructured substrates. However, the translational clinical and industrial applications still need improvements of the efficiency, selectivity, cost, toxicity, reproducibility, and morphological control at the nanoscale level. In this review, we highlight the recent progress that has been made in the replacement of expensive gold and silver metals with the less expensive aluminum. In addition to low cost, other advantages of the aluminum plasmonic nanostructures include a broad spectral range from deep UV to near IR, providing additional signal enhancement and treatment mechanisms. New synergistic treatments of bacterial infections, cancer, and coronaviruses are envisioned. Coupling with gain media and quantum optical effects improve the performance of the aluminum nanostructures beyond gold and silver.
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Raj EN, Lin Y, Chen C, Liu K, Chao J. Selective Autophagy Pathway of Nanoparticles and Nanodrugs: Drug Delivery and Pathophysiological Effects. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Naveen Raj
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30068 Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30068 Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30068 Taiwan
| | - Chien‐Hung Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30068 Taiwan
| | - Kuang‐Kai Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30068 Taiwan
| | - Jui‐I Chao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30068 Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30068 Taiwan
- Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio‐devices National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30068 Taiwan
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Triggered Immune Response Induced by Antigenic Epitopes Covalently Linked with Immunoadjuvant-Pulsed Dendritic Cells as a Promising Cancer Vaccine. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:3965061. [PMID: 32322595 PMCID: PMC7160722 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3965061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of peptide-based dendritic cell (DC) cancer vaccines mainly depends on the utilized peptides and selection of an appropriate adjuvant. Herein, we aimed to evoke a broad immune response against multiple epitopes concurrently in the presence of immunoadjuvant. Three synthetic HLA-A∗0201-restricted peptides were separately linked with HMGB1-derived peptide (SAFFLFCSE, denoted as HB100-108) as immunoadjuvant via double arginine (RR) linker and loaded onto human monocyte-derived DCs. Peptide uptake was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The maturation and activation status of pulsed DCs were monitored by detection of the expression of specific markers and released cytokines. The ability of peptide-pulsed DCs to activate allogeneic T cells has been assessed by a degranulation assay and detection of secreted cytokines. The lytic activity of effector T cells against cancer cells in vitro was analyzed by a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Results revealed that DCs efficiently take up peptides+HB100-108 and expressed higher levels of surface markers (HLA-ABC, HLA-DR, CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40, and CCR7) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12) than control DCs, free peptide-pulsed DCs, and free HB100-108-pulsed DC groups. Moreover, peptides+HB100-108/pulsed DCs were capable of activating allogeneic T cells and enhance their lytic activity against a pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC-1) in vitro. These findings suggest that antigenic peptides covalently linked with HB100-108/pulsed DCs could be a promising strategy to improve the current DC-based cancer vaccines.
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Huang F, Zhao J, Wei Y, Wen Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Shen Y, Wang LX, Pan N. Anti-Tumor Efficacy of an Adjuvant Built-In Nanovaccine Based on Ubiquitinated Proteins from Tumor Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1021-1035. [PMID: 32103954 PMCID: PMC7025662 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s237578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim We have previously identified ubiquitinated proteins (UPs) from tumor cell lysates as a promising vaccine for cancer immunotherapy in different mouse tumor models. In this study, we aimed at developing a highly efficient therapeutic adjuvant built-in nanovaccine (α-Al2O3-UPs) by a simple method, in which UPs from tumor cells could be efficiently and conveniently enriched by α-Al2O3 nanoparticles covalently coupled with Vx3 proteins (α-Al2O3-CONH-Vx3). Methods The α-Al2O3 nanoparticles were modified with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid followed by coupling with ubiquitin-binding protein Vx3. It was then used to enrich UPs from 4T1 cell lysate. The stability and the efficiency for the UPs enrichment of α-Al2O3-CONH-Vx3 were examined. The ability of α-Al2O3-UPs to activate DCs was examined in vitro subsequently. The splenocytes from the vaccinated mice were re-stimulated with inactivated tumor cells, and the IFN-γ secretion was detected by ELISA and flow cytometry. Moreover, the therapeutic efficacy of α-Al2O3-UPs, alone and in combination with chemotherapy, was examined in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Results Our results showed that α-Al2O3-UPs were successfully synthesized and abundant UPs from tumor cell lysate were enriched by the new method. In vitro study showed that compared to the physical mixture of α-Al2O3 nanoparticles and UPs (α-Al2O3+UPs), α-Al2O3-UPs stimulation resulted in higher upregulations of CD80, CD86, MHC class I, and MHC class II on DCs, indicating the higher ability of DC activation. Moreover, α-Al2O3-UPs elicited a more effective immune response in mice, demonstrated by higher IFN-γ secretion than α-Al2O3+UPs. Furthermore, α-Al2O3-UPs also exhibited a more potent effect on tumor growth inhibition and survival prolongation in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Notably, when in combination with low dose chemotherapy, the anti-tumor effect was further enhanced, rather than using α-Al2O3-UPs alone. Conclusion This study presents an adjuvant built-in nanovaccine generated by a new simple method that can be potentially applied to cancer immunotherapy and lays the experimental foundation for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifa Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, People's Republic of China
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Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Titanium/Alumina Brazed Joints for Medical Implants. METALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/met9060644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Medical titanium and alumina (Al2O3) bioceramic are widely utilized as biomaterials. A reliable brazed joint of titanium and alumina was successfully obtained using biocompatible Au foil for implantable devices in the present study. The interfacial microstructure and reaction products of titanium/Au/Al2O3 joints brazed under different conditions were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In this study, the typical interfacial microstructure of the titanium/Au/Al2O3 joint was titanium/Ti3Au layer/TiAu layer/TiAu2 layer/TiAu4 layer/Au + granular TiAu4 layer/TiOx phase/Al2O3 ceramic. With increasing brazing temperature or holding time, the thicknesses of Ti3Au + TiAu + TiAu2 layers adjacent to the titanium substrate increased gradually. Shear tests indicated that the joint brazed at 1115 °C for 3 min exhibited the highest shear strength of 39.2 MPa. Typical fracture analysis displayed that the crack started at the Al2O3 ceramic and propagated along the interface of TiAu2 and TiAu4 reaction layers.
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Targeted Delivery of Paclitaxel in Liver Cancer Using Hyaluronic Acid Functionalized Mesoporous Hollow Alumina Nanoparticles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2928507. [PMID: 31119162 PMCID: PMC6500713 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2928507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid functionalized mesoporous hollow alumina nanoparticles (HMHA) were used as a tumor-targeted delivery carrier for liver cancer therapy. Paclitaxel (PAC) incorporated in the carrier by the adsorption method was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. PAC was found to be in an amorphous state. The hyaluronic acid coated on the surface of mesoporous hollow alumina nanoparticles (MHA) regulated the drug release rate and the loaded samples obtained a sustained drug release. In vitro experiments demonstrated that paclitaxel-hyaluronic acid functionalized mesoporous hollow alumina nanoparticles (PAC-HMHA) had a high cellular uptake, which increased the drug level in tumor tissues and was beneficial to promote apoptosis. An in vivo tumor inhibition rate study demonstrated that PAC-HMHA (64.633 ± 4.389%) had a better antitumor effect than that of paclitaxel-mesoporous alumina nanoparticles (PAC-MHA, 56.019 ± 6.207%) and pure PAC (25.593 ± 4.115%). Therefore it can be concluded that PAC-HMHA are a prospective tumor-targeted delivery medium and can be useful for future cancer therapy.
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Ho NI, Huis In 't Veld LGM, Raaijmakers TK, Adema GJ. Adjuvants Enhancing Cross-Presentation by Dendritic Cells: The Key to More Effective Vaccines? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2874. [PMID: 30619259 PMCID: PMC6300500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, vaccine development has advanced significantly in pursuing higher safety with less side effects. However, this is often accompanied by a reduction in vaccine immunogenicity and an increased dependency on adjuvants to enhance vaccine potency. Especially for diseases like cancer, it is important that therapeutic vaccines contain adjuvants that promote strong T cell responses. An important mode of action for such adjuvants is to prolong antigen exposure to dendritic cells (DCs) and to induce their maturation. These mature DCs are extremely effective in the activation of antigen-specific T cells, which is a pre-requisite for induction of potent and long-lasting cellular immunity. For the activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses, however, the exogenous vaccine antigens need to gain access to the endogenous MHCI presentation pathway of DCs, a process referred to as antigen cross-presentation. In this review, we will focus on recent insights in clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants that impact DC cross-presentation efficiency, including aluminum-based nanoparticles, saponin-based adjuvants, and Toll-like receptor ligands. Furthermore, we will discuss the importance of adjuvant combinations and highlight new developments in cancer vaccines. Understanding the mode of action of adjuvants in general and on antigen cross-presentation in DCs in particular will be important for the design of novel adjuvants as part of vaccines able to induce strong cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataschja I Ho
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa G M Huis In 't Veld
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tonke K Raaijmakers
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Dong H, Wen ZF, Chen L, Zhou N, Liu H, Dong S, Hu HM, Mou Y. Polyethyleneimine modification of aluminum hydroxide nanoparticle enhances antigen transportation and cross-presentation of dendritic cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:3353-3365. [PMID: 29922056 PMCID: PMC5995426 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s164097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of delivering tumor antigens and enhancing the antigen cross-presentation of dendritic cells (DCs) by aluminum hydroxide nanoparticle with polyethyleneimine (PEI) modification (LV@HPA/PEI). Materials and methods The LV@HPA nanoparticles were modified by PEI first, then the influence of LV@HPA/PEI on DCs was examined. The distinct expression of ovalbumin (OVA) protein transported into DCs by LV@HPA/PEI was observed by flow cytometry and Western blot. The biocompatibility of LV@HPA/PEI, maturity and antigen cross-presentation of DCs was observed in vitro. Tumor derived autophagosomes (DRibbles) combined with LV@HPA/PEI were loaded into DCs, and DC vaccines were used to immunize mice. The percentage of CD3+CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells in immunized mice was determined by flow cytometry. Additionally, the functional properties of the LV@HPA/PEI-DRibble-DCs vaccine were examined in vivo in PancO2 tumor-bearing mice. Results In our study, we described how LV@HPA/PEI can be a functionalized antigen delivery system with notable antigen transport effect and negligible cytotoxicity. It was found that LV@HPA/PEI could be easily internalized into DCs to assist antigen release into the cytoplasm. In addition, DCs matured gradually after loading with LV@HPA/PEI-OVA, which increased significantly the cytokine IL-12 secretion and expression of surface molecules CD80 and CD86. Interestingly, DCs loaded with LV@HPA/PEI-DRibbles could promote the activation of tumor-specific T cells both in murine and in human T cells. In the following in vivo experiments, the vaccine of LV@HPA/PEI-DRibble-DCs significantly inhibited tumor growth and improved the survival rate of the PancO2 tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion We established a high-performance anti-tumor vaccine of DCs loaded with LV@ HPA/PEI nanoparticles and tumor-associated antigens in autophagosomes (DRibbles), which could serve as a therapeutic strategy in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Dong
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Zhi-Fa Wen
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiling Dong
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Ming Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunobiology, Robert W Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yongbin Mou
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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