1
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Chand Daskhan G, Ton Tran HT, Cairo CW. Convergent synthesis of a hexadecavalent heterobifunctional ABO blood group glycoconjugate. Carbohydr Res 2024; 535:108988. [PMID: 38048747 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring glycans are often found in a multivalent presentation. Cell surface receptors that recognize these displays may form clusters, which can lead to signalling or endocytosis. One of the challenges in generating synthetic displays of multivalent carbohydrates is providing high valency as well as access to heterofunctional conjugates to allow attachment of multiple antigens or payloads. We designed a strategy based on a set of bifunctional linkers to generate a heterobifunctional multivalent display of two carbohydrate antigens to bind BCR and CD22 with four and twelve antigen copies, respectively. We confirmed that the conjugates were able to engage both CD22 and BCR on cells by observing receptor clustering. The strategy is modular and would allow for alternative carbohydrate antigens to be attached bearing amine and alkyne groups and should be of interest for the development of immunomodulators and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gour Chand Daskhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Hanh-Thuc Ton Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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2
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Apley KD, Griffith AS, Downes GM, Ross P, Farrell MP, Kendall P, Berkland CJ. CD22L Conjugation to Insulin Attenuates Insulin-Specific B Cell Activation. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2077-2088. [PMID: 37883211 PMCID: PMC11034786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic islet-reactive B lymphocytes promote Type 1 diabetes (T1D) by presenting an antigen to islet-destructive T cells. Teplizumab, an anti-CD3 monoclonal, delays T1D onset in patients at risk, but additional therapies are needed to prevent the disease entirely. Therefore, bifunctional molecules were designed to selectively inhibit T1D-promoting anti-insulin B cells by conjugating a ligand for the B cell inhibitory receptor CD22 (i.e., CD22L) to insulin, which permit these molecules to concomitantly bind to anti-insulin B cell receptors (BCRs) and CD22. Two prototypes were synthesized: 2:2 insulin-CD22L conjugate on a 4-arm PEG backbone, and 1:1 insulin-CD22L direct conjugate. Transgenic mice (125TgSD) expressing anti-insulin BCRs provided cells for in vitro testing. Cells were cultured with constructs for 3 days, then assessed by flow cytometry. Duplicate wells with anti-CD40 simulated T cell help. A 2-insulin 4-arm PEG control caused robust proliferation and activation-induced CD86 upregulation. Anti-CD40 further boosted these effects. This may indicate that BCR-cross-linking occurs when antigens are tethered by the PEG backbone as soluble insulin alone has no effect. Addition of CD22L via the 2:2 insulin-CD22L conjugate restored B cell properties to that of controls without an additional beneficial effect. In contrast, the 1:1 insulin-CD22L direct conjugate significantly reduced anti-insulin B cell proliferation in the presence of anti-CD40. CD22L alone had no effect, and the constructs did not affect the WT B cells. Thus, multivalent antigen constructs tend to activate anti-insulin B cells, while monomeric antigen-CD22L conjugates reduce B cell activation in response to simulated T cell help and reduce pathogenic B cell numbers without harming normal cells. Therefore, monomeric antigen-CD22L conjugates warrant futher study and may be promising candidates for preclinical trials to prevent T1D without inducing immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Apley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Amber S Griffith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Grant M Downes
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Patrick Ross
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Mark P Farrell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Peggy Kendall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Cory J Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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3
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Gambles MT, Yang J, Kopeček J. Multi-targeted immunotherapeutics to treat B cell malignancies. J Control Release 2023; 358:232-258. [PMID: 37121515 PMCID: PMC10330463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The concept of multi-targeted immunotherapeutic systems has propelled the field of cancer immunotherapy into an exciting new era. Multi-effector molecules can be designed to engage with, and alter, the patient's immune system in a plethora of ways. The outcomes can vary from effector cell recruitment and activation upon recognition of a cancer cell, to a multipronged immune checkpoint blockade strategy disallowing evasion of the cancer cells by immune cells, or to direct cancer cell death upon engaging multiple cell surface receptors simultaneously. Here, we review the field of multi-specific immunotherapeutics implemented to treat B cell malignancies. The mechanistically diverse strategies are outlined and discussed; common B cell receptor antigen targeting strategies are outlined and summarized; and the challenges of the field are presented along with optimistic insights for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tommy Gambles
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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4
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Sarkar B, Mahapa A, Dey K, Manhas R, Chatterji D, Jayaraman N. Aza-Michael promoted glycoconjugation of PETIM dendrimers and selectivity in mycobacterial growth inhibitions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4669-4677. [PMID: 36760308 PMCID: PMC9897202 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08196b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The benign nature of aza-Michael addition reaction in aqueous solutions is demonstrated herein to conduct a direct glycoconjugation of amine-terminated poly(ether imine) (PETIM) dendrimers. Zero to three generations of dendrimers, possessing up to 16 amine functionalities at their peripheries, undergo aza-Michael reaction with unsaturated sugar vinyl sulfoxide in aq. MeOH solutions and afford the corresponding dendrimers modified with multiple glycosyl moieties at the periphery. First order kinetics of the glycoconjugation is monitored at varying temperatures and the rate constants are observed to be 60-508 s-1, for zero and first generation dendrimers. The antibacterial effects of amine-terminated dendrimers and the corresponding glycoconjugates are studied across Gram-positive, Gram-negative and acid-fast bacteria. Among the species, M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis showed the greatest growth inhibition effect at micromolar concentrations, for the native amine-terminated and the corresponding glycoconjugated dendrimers. Quantitative assays are performed to adjudge the inhibition efficacies of dendrimers and the glycoconjugates. Selectivity to inhibit M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis growth, and minimal effects on other bacterial species by dendrimers and glycoconjugates are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Sarkar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India
| | - Avisek Mahapa
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India
- Infectious Disease Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu-180001 India
| | - Kalyan Dey
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India
| | - Rakshit Manhas
- Infectious Disease Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu-180001 India
| | - Dipankar Chatterji
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Daskhan GC, Motyka B, Bascom R, Tran HT, Tao K, West LJ, Cairo CW. Extending the in vivo persistence of synthetic glycoconjugates using a serum-protein binder. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1260-1275. [PMID: 36320887 PMCID: PMC9533409 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic glycoconjugates are used in the development of vaccines and the design of inhibitors for glycan-protein interactions. The in vivo persistence of synthetic glycoconjugates is an important factor in their efficacy, especially when prolonged interactions with specific cell types may be required. In this study, we applied a strategy for non-covalent association of an active compound with serum proteins for extension of glycoconjugate half-life in serum. The small molecule, AG10, has previously been used to extend the half-life of small molecules through its high affinity for transthyretin (TTR), a serum protein. Using a tetravalent polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based scaffold we developed a synthetic strategy for glycoconjugates that allowed for controlled addition of multiple tags, such as a TTR affinity tag or fluorophore. We designed a version of AG10 modified at the pyrazole core, named GD10, amenable to our conjugation strategy and introduced to glycoconjugates using a tri-functional linker. This approach allowed for attachment of GD10 and fluorophore tags, as well as carbohydrate antigens. We then tested the influence of the GD10 tag on glycoconjugate half-life in vivo using a mouse model. Our results suggest that the combination of the GD10 tag and the PEG scaffold extended the half-life of glycoconjugates by as much as 10-fold when compared to proteins of similar molecular weight. The GD10 tag was able to extend the half-life of similar glycoconjugates by as much as 2-fold. We observed a role for the terminal saccharide residue of the carbohydrate antigen and confirmed that conjugates were able to penetrate multiple compartments in vivo including bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other organs. The introduction of the GD10 tag did not obstruct the ability of conjugates to interact with lectin receptors. We conclude that serum protein binders can be used to extend the persistence of glycoconjugates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gour Chand Daskhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada +1 780 492 8231 +1 780 492 0377
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Roger Bascom
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Hanh Thuc Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada +1 780 492 8231 +1 780 492 0377
| | - Kesheng Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Lori J West
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Departments of Surgery, Medical Microbiology & Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada +1 780 492 8231 +1 780 492 0377
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
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7
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Ton Tran HT, Li C, Chakraberty R, Cairo CW. NEU1 and NEU3 enzymes alter CD22 organization on B cells. BIOPHYSICAL REPORTS 2022; 2:100064. [PMID: 36425332 PMCID: PMC9680808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2022.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The B cell membrane expresses sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins, also called Siglecs, that are important for modulating immune response. Siglecs have interactions with sialoglycoproteins found on the same membrane (cis-ligands) that result in homotypic and heterotypic receptor clusters. The regulation and organization of these clusters, and their effect on cell activation, is not clearly understood. We investigated the role of human neuraminidase enzymes NEU1 and NEU3 on the clustering of CD22 on B cells using confocal microscopy. We observed that native NEU1 and NEU3 activity influence the cluster size of CD22. Using single-particle tracking, we observed that NEU3 activity increased the lateral mobility of CD22, which was in contrast to the effect of exogenous bacterial NEU enzymes. Moreover, we show that native NEU1 and NEU3 activity influenced cellular Ca2+ levels, supporting a role for these enzymes in regulating B cell activation. Our results establish a role for native NEU activity in modulating CD22 organization and function on B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh-Thuc Ton Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Caishun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Manabe Y, Tsutsui M, Hirao K, Kobayashi R, Inaba H, Matsuura K, Yoshidome D, Kabayama K, Fukase K. Mechanistic Studies for the Rational Design of Multivalent Glycodendrimers. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201848. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Masato Tsutsui
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kohtaro Hirao
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Risako Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-Minami Tottori 680-8552 Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshidome
- Schrödinger K.K. 17F Marunouchi Trust Tower North, 1-8-1 Marunouchi Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-0005 Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Forefront Research Center Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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9
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Chakraberty R, Reiz B, Cairo CW. Profiling of glycosphingolipids with SCDase digestion and HPLC-FLD-MS. Anal Biochem 2021; 631:114361. [PMID: 34478702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lipid components of cells and tissues feature a large diversity of structures that present a challenging problem for molecular analysis. Glycolipids from mammalian cells contain glycosphingolipids (GSLs) as their major glycolipid component, and these structures vary in the identity of the glycan headgroup as well as the structure of the fatty acid and sphingosine (Sph) tails. Analysis of intact GSLs is challenging due to the low abundance of these species. Here, we develop a new strategy for the analysis of lyso-GSL (l-GSL), GSL that retain linkage of the glycan headgroup with the Sph base. The analysis begins with digestion of a GSL sample with sphingolipid ceramide N-deacylase (SCDase), followed by labelling with an amine-reactive fluorophore. The sample was then analyzed by HPLC-FLD-MS and quantitated by addition of an external standard. This method was compared to analysis of GSL glycans after cleavage by an Endoglycoceramidase (EGCase) enzyme and labeling with a fluorophore (2-anthranilic acid, 2AA). The two methods are complementary, with EGCase providing improved signal (due to fewer species) and SCDase providing analysis of lyso-GSL. Importantly the SCDase method provides Sph composition of GSL species. We demonstrate the method on cultured human cells (Jurkat T cells) and tissue homogenate (porcine brain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Chakraberty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Bela Reiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
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10
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Mousavifar L, Roy R. Design, Synthetic Strategies, and Therapeutic Applications of Heterofunctional Glycodendrimers. Molecules 2021; 26:2428. [PMID: 33921945 PMCID: PMC8122629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycodendrimers have attracted considerable interest in the field of dendrimer sciences owing to their plethora of implications in biomedical applications. This is primarily due to the fact that cell surfaces expose a wide range of highly diversified glycan architectures varying by the nature of the sugars, their number, and their natural multiantennary structures. This particular situation has led to cancer cell metastasis, pathogen recognition and adhesion, and immune cell communications that are implicated in vaccine development. The diverse nature and complexity of multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions have been the impetus toward the syntheses of glycodendrimers. Since their inception in 1993, chemical strategies toward glycodendrimers have constantly evolved into highly sophisticated methodologies. This review constitutes the first part of a series of papers dedicated to the design, synthesis, and biological applications of heterofunctional glycodendrimers. Herein, we highlight the most common synthetic approaches toward these complex molecular architectures and present modern applications in nanomolecular therapeutics and synthetic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Roy
- Glycosciences and Nanomaterial Laboratory, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada;
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11
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Aksakal R, Mertens C, Soete M, Badi N, Du Prez F. Applications of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules in Life and Materials Science: Recent and Future Trends. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004038. [PMID: 33747749 PMCID: PMC7967060 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the field of sequence-defined polymers and related ultraprecise, monodisperse synthetic macromolecules has grown exponentially. In the early stage, mainly articles or reviews dedicated to the development of synthetic routes toward their preparation have been published. Nowadays, those synthetic methodologies, combined with the elucidation of the structure-property relationships, allow envisioning many promising applications. Consequently, in the past 3 years, application-oriented papers based on discrete synthetic macromolecules emerged. Hence, material science applications such as macromolecular data storage and encryption, self-assembly of discrete structures and foldamers have been the object of many fascinating studies. Moreover, in the area of life sciences, such structures have also been the focus of numerous research studies. Here, it is aimed to highlight these recent applications and to give the reader a critical overview of the future trends in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resat Aksakal
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Chiel Mertens
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Matthieu Soete
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Nezha Badi
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
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12
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Sarkar B, Jayaraman N. Glycoconjugations of Biomolecules by Chemical Methods. Front Chem 2020; 8:570185. [PMID: 33330359 PMCID: PMC7672192 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.570185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioconjugations under benign aqueous conditions have the most promise to covalently link carbohydrates onto chosen molecular and macromolecular scaffolds. Chemical methodologies relying on C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations are the methods of choice, coupled with the reaction conditions being under aqueous milieu. A number of methods, including metal-mediated, as well as metal-free azide-alkyne cyclo-addition, photocatalyzed thiol-ene reaction, amidation, reductive amination, disulfide bond formation, conjugate addition, nucleophilic addition to vinyl sulfones and vinyl sulfoxides, native chemical ligation, Staudinger ligation, olefin metathesis, and Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reactions have been developed, in efforts to conduct glycoconjugation of chosen molecular and biomolecular structures. Within these, many methods require pre-functionalization of the scaffolds, whereas methods that do not require such pre-functionalization continue to be few and far between. The compilation covers synthetic methodology development for carbohydrate conjugation onto biomolecular and biomacromolecular scaffolds. The importance of such glycoconjugations on the functional properties is also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Sarkar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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González-Cuesta M, Ortiz Mellet C, García Fernández JM. Carbohydrate supramolecular chemistry: beyond the multivalent effect. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5207-5222. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01135e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
(Hetero)multivalency acts as a multichannel switch that shapes the supramolecular properties of carbohydrates in an intrinsically multifactorial biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González-Cuesta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Sevilla
- Sevilla 41012
- Spain
| | - Carmen Ortiz Mellet
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Sevilla
- Sevilla 41012
- Spain
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14
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Bücher KS, Konietzny PB, Snyder NL, Hartmann L. Heteromultivalent Glycooligomers as Mimetics of Blood Group Antigens. Chemistry 2019; 25:3301-3309. [PMID: 30431195 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Precision glycomacromolecules have proven to be important tools for the investigation of multivalent carbohydrate-lectin interactions by presenting multiple glycan epitopes on a highly-defined synthetic scaffold. Herein, we present a new strategy for the versatile assembly of heteromultivalent glycomacromolecules that contain different carbohydrate motifs in proximity within the side chains. A new building block suitable for the solid-phase polymer synthesis of precision glycomacromolecules was developed with a branching point in the side chain that bears a free alkyne and a TIPS-protected alkyne moiety, which enables the subsequent attachment of different carbohydrate motifs by on-resin copper-mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. Applying this synthetic strategy, heteromultivalent glycooligomers presenting fragments of histo-blood group antigens and human milk oligosaccharides were synthesized and tested for their binding behavior towards bacterial lectin LecB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina S Bücher
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick B Konietzny
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole L Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, USA
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Anomeric O-Functionalization of Carbohydrates for Chemical Conjugation to Vaccine Constructs. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071742. [PMID: 30018207 PMCID: PMC6099650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates mediate a wide range of biological interactions, and understanding these processes benefits the development of new therapeutics. Isolating sufficient quantities of glycoconjugates from biological samples remains a significant challenge. With advances in chemical and enzymatic carbohydrate synthesis, the availability of complex carbohydrates is increasing and developing methods for stereoselective conjugation these polar head groups to proteins and lipids is critically important for pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of commonly employed strategies for installing a functionalized linker at the anomeric position as well as examples of further transformations that have successfully led to glycoconjugation to vaccine constructs for biological evaluation as carbohydrate-based therapeutics.
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