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Dragicevic N, Predic-Atkinson J, Nikolic B, Pajovic SB, Ivkovic S, Adzic M. Nanocarriers in topical photodynamic therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:279-307. [PMID: 38349540 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2318460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained significant attention due to its superiority over conventional treatments. In the context of skin cancers and nonmalignant skin diseases, topical application of photosensitizer formulations onto affected skin, followed by illumination, offers distinct advantages. Topical PDT simplifies therapy by providing easy access to the skin, increasing drug concentration within the target area, and confining residual photosensitivity to the treated skin. However, the effectiveness of topical PDT is often hindered by challenges such as limited skin penetration or photosensitizer instability. Additionally, the hypoxic tumor environment poses further limitations. Nanocarriers present a promising solution to address these challenges. AREAS COVERED The objective of this review is to comprehensively explore and highlight the role of various nanocarriers in advancing topical PDT for the treatment of skin diseases. The primary focus is to address the challenges associated with conventional topical PDT approaches and demonstrate how nanotechnology-based strategies can overcome these challenges, thereby improving the overall efficiency and efficacy of PDT. EXPERT OPINION Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of PDT, offering innovative tools to combat the unfavorable features of photosensitizers and hurdles in PDT. Nanocarriers enhance skin penetration and stability of photosensitizers, provide controlled drug release, reduce needed dose, increase production of reactive oxygen species, while reducing side effects, thereby improving PDT effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dragicevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Bojan Nikolic
- Faculty of Health and Business studies, Singidunum University, Valjevo, Serbia
| | - Snezana B Pajovic
- Institute of Nuclear sciences "Vinča", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Ivkovic
- Institute of Nuclear sciences "Vinča", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Adzic
- Institute of Nuclear sciences "Vinča", National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Reburn C, Gawthorpe G, Perry A, Wood M, Curnow A. Novel Iron-Chelating Prodrug Significantly Enhanced Fluorescence-Mediated Detection of Glioma Cells Experimentally In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2668. [PMID: 38140009 PMCID: PMC10747273 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-mediated fluorescence-guided resection and interoperative photodynamic therapy (PDT) of remaining cells may be effective adjuvants to the resection of glioma. Both processes may be enhanced by increasing intracellular PpIX concentrations, which can be achieved through iron chelation. AP2-18 is a novel combinational drug, which ester-links a PpIX precursor (aminolaevulinic acid; ALA) to an iron-chelating agent (CP94). (2) Methods: Human glioma U-87 MG cells were cultured in 96-well plates for 24 h and incubated for 3 or 6 h with various test compound combinations: ALA (±) CP94, methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) (±) CP94 and AP2-18. PpIX fluorescence was measured at 0, 3 or 6 h with a Bio-tek Synergy HT plate reader, as well as immediately after irradiation with a 635 nm red light (Aktilite CL16 LED array), representing the PDT procedure. Cell viability post-irradiation was assessed using the neutral red assay. (3) Results: AP2-18 significantly increased PpIX fluorescence compared to all other test compounds. All treatment protocols effectively achieved PDT-induced cytotoxicity, with no significant difference between test compound combinations. (4) Conclusions: AP2-18 has potential to improve the efficacy of fluorescence-guided resection either with or without the subsequent intraoperative PDT of glioma. Future work should feature a more complex in vitro model of the glioma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alison Curnow
- Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK; (C.R.); (G.G.); (A.P.); (M.W.)
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3
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Makuch S, Dróżdż M, Makarec A, Ziółkowski P, Woźniak M. An Update on Photodynamic Therapy of Psoriasis—Current Strategies and Nanotechnology as a Future Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179845. [PMID: 36077239 PMCID: PMC9456335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis (PS) is an immune-mediated skin disease with substantial negative effects on patient quality of life. Despite significant progress in the development of novel treatment options over the past few decades, a high percentage of patients with psoriasis remain undertreated and require new medications with superior long-term efficacy and safety. One of the most promising treatment options against psoriatic lesions is a form of phototherapy known as photodynamic therapy (PDT), which involves either the systemic or local application of a cell-targeting photosensitizing compound, followed by selective illumination of the lesion with visible light. However, the effectiveness of clinically incorporated photosensitizers in psoriasis treatment is limited, and adverse effects such as pain or burning sensations are frequently reported. In this study, we performed a literature review and attempted to provide a pooled estimate of the efficacy and short-term safety of targeted PDT in the treatment of psoriasis. Despite some encouraging results, PDT remains clinically underutilized. This highlights the need for further studies that will aim to evaluate the efficacy of a wider spectrum of photosensitizers and the potential of nanotechnology in psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Makuch
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Mateusz Dróżdż
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alicja Makarec
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
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Sharma S, Baral M, Kanungo BK. Recent advances in therapeutical applications of the versatile hydroxypyridinone chelators. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-021-01114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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5
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Biocompatible Nanocarriers for Enhanced Cancer Photodynamic Therapy Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111933. [PMID: 34834348 PMCID: PMC8624654 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of nanotechnology in drug delivery has become increasingly important, and this field of research holds many potential benefits for cancer treatment, particularly, in achieving cancer cell targeting and reducing the side effects of anticancer drugs. Biocompatible and biodegradable properties have been essential for using a novel material as a carrier molecule in drug delivery applications. Biocompatible nanocarriers are easy to synthesize, and their surface chemistry often enables them to load different types of photosensitizers (PS) to use targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer treatment. This review article explores recent studies on the use of different biocompatible nanocarriers, their potential applications in PDT, including PS-loaded biocompatible nanocarriers, and the effective targeting therapy of PS-loaded biocompatible nanocarriers in PDT for cancer treatment. Furthermore, the review briefly recaps the global clinical trials of PDT and its applications in cancer treatment.
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6
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Experimental investigation of a combinational iron chelating protoporphyrin IX prodrug for fluorescence detection and photodynamic therapy. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1155-1166. [PMID: 34218351 PMCID: PMC8918167 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an oxygen-dependent, light-activated, and locally destructive drug treatment of cancer. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-induced PDT exploits cancer cells' own innate heme biosynthesis to hyper-accumulate the naturally fluorescent and photoactive precursor to heme, PpIX. This occurs as a result of administering heme precursors (e.g., aminolevulinic acid; ALA) because the final step of the pathway (the insertion of ferrous iron into PpIX by ferrochelatase to form heme) is relatively slow. Separate administration of an iron chelating agent has previously been demonstrated to significantly improve dermatological PpIX-PDT by further limiting heme production. A newly synthesized combinational iron chelating PpIX prodrug (AP2-18) has been assessed experimentally in cultured primary human cells of bladder and dermatological origin, as an alternative photosensitizing agent to ALA or its methyl or hexyl esters (MAL and HAL respectively) for photodetection/PDT. Findings indicated that the technique of iron chelation (either through the separate administration of the established hydroxypyridinone iron chelator CP94 or the just as effective combined AP2-18) did not enhance either PpIX fluorescence or PDT-induced (neutral red assessed) cell death in human primary normal and malignant bladder cells. However, 500 µM AP2-18 significantly increased PpIX accumulation and produced a trend of increased cell death within epithelial squamous carcinoma cells. PpIX accumulation destabilized the actin cytoskeleton in bladder cancer cells prior to PDT and resulted in caspase-3 cleavage/early apoptosis afterwards. AP2-18 iron chelation should continue to be investigated for the enhancement of dermatological PpIX-PDT applications but not bladder photodetection/PDT.
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Céspedes MA, Saénz DA, Calvo GH, González M, MacRobert AJ, Battah S, Casas AG, Di Venosa GM. Apoptotic cell death induced by dendritic derivatives of aminolevulinic acid in endothelial and foam cells co-cultures. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:489-499. [PMID: 33825180 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective procedure for the treatment of lesions diseases based on the selectivity of a photosensitising compound with the ability to accumulate in the target cell. Atherosclerotic plaque is a suitable target for PDT because of the preferential accumulation of photosensitisers in atherosclerotic plaques. Dendrimers are hyperbranched polymers conjugated to drugs. The dendrimers of ALA hold ester bonds that inside the cells are cleaved and release ALA, yielding PpIX production. The dendrimer 6m-ALA was chosen to perform this study since in previous studies it induced the highest porphyrin macrophage: endothelial cell ratio (Rodriguez et al. in Photochem Photobiol Sci 14:1617-1627, 2015). We transformed Raw 264.7 macrophages to foam cells by exposure to oxidised LDLs, and we employed a co-culture model of HMEC-1 endothelial cells and foam cells to study the affinity of ALA dendrimers for the foam cells. In this work it was proposed an in vitro model of atheromatous plaque, the aim was to study the selectivity of an ALA dendrimer for the foam cells as compared to the endothelial cells in a co-culture system and the type of cell death triggered by the photodynamic treatment. The ALA dendrimer 6m-ALA showed selectivity PDT response for foam cells against endothelial cells. A light dose of 1 J/cm2 eliminate foam cells, whereas less than 50% of HMEC-1 is killed, and apoptosis cell death is involved in this process, and no necrosis is present. We propose the use of ALA dendrimers as pro-photosensitisers to be employed in photoangioplasty to aid in the treatment of obstructive cardiovascular diseases, and these molecules can also be employed as a theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela A Céspedes
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1er subsuelo, 1120 AAF, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Saénz
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1er subsuelo, 1120 AAF, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo H Calvo
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1er subsuelo, 1120 AAF, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina González
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímica de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120 s/n, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alexander J MacRobert
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sinan Battah
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Adriana G Casas
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1er subsuelo, 1120 AAF, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela M Di Venosa
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Avenida Córdoba 2351, 1er subsuelo, 1120 AAF, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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8
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Kaczorowska A, Malinga-Drozd M, Kałas W, Kopaczyńska M, Wołowiec S, Borowska K. Biotin-Containing Third Generation Glucoheptoamidated Polyamidoamine Dendrimer for 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Delivery System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1982. [PMID: 33671436 PMCID: PMC7922973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamidoamine PAMAM dendrimer generation 3 (G3) was modified by attachment of biotin via amide bond and glucoheptoamidated by addition of α-D-glucoheptono-1,4-lacton to obtain a series of conjugates with a variable number of biotin residues. The composition of conjugates was determined by detailed 1-D and 2-D NMR spectroscopy to reveal the number of biotin residues, which were 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8, while the number of glucoheptoamide residues substituted most of the remaining primary amine groups of PAMAM G3. The conjugates were then used as host molecules to encapsulate the 5-aminolevulinic acid. The solubility of 5-aminolevulinic acid increased twice in the presence of the 5-mM guest in water. The interaction between host and guest was accompanied by deprotonation of the carboxylic group of 5-aminolevulinic acid and proton transfer into internal ternary nitrogen atoms of the guest as evidenced by a characteristic chemical shift of resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of associates. The guest molecules were most likely encapsulated inside inner shell voids of the host. The number of guest molecules depended on the number of biotin residues of the host, which was 15 for non-biotin-containing glucoheptoamidated G3 down to 6 for glucoheptoamidated G3 with 8 biotin residues on the host surface. The encapsulates were not cytotoxic against Caco-2 cells up to 200-µM concentration in the dark. All encapsulates were able to deliver 5-aminolevulinic acid to cells but aqueous encapsulates were more active in this regard. Simultaneously, the reactive oxygen species were detected by staining with H2DCFDA in Caco-2 cells incubated with encapsulates. The amount of PpIX was sufficient for induction of reactive oxygen species upon 30-s illumination with a 655-nm laser beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kaczorowska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Str., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Wojciech Kałas
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12 Str., 53-114 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Marta Kopaczyńska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego Str., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Warzywna 1a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Borowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 11 Radziwiłowska Str., 20–080 Lublin, Poland;
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Jiang X, Zhou T, Bai R, Xie Y. Hydroxypyridinone-Based Iron Chelators with Broad-Ranging Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14470-14501. [PMID: 33023291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Iron plays an essential role in all living cells because of its unique chemical properties. It is also the most abundant trace element in mammals. However, when iron is present in excess or inappropriately located, it becomes toxic. Excess iron can become involved in free radical formation, resulting in oxidative stress and cellular damage. Iron chelators are used to treat serious pathological disorders associated with systemic iron overload. Hydroxypyridinones stand out for their outstanding chelation properties, including high selectivity for Fe3+ in the biological environment, ease of derivatization, and good biocompatibility. Herein, we overview the potential for multifunctional hydroxypyridinone-based chelators to be used as therapeutic agents against a wide range of diseases associated either with systemic or local elevated iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, P.R. China
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
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Krupka M, Bartusik-Aebisher D, Strzelczyk N, Latos M, Sieroń A, Cieślar G, Aebisher D, Czarnecka M, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Latos W. The role of autofluorescence, photodynamic diagnosis and Photodynamic therapy in malignant tumors of the duodenum. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:101981. [PMID: 32882405 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the current state of knowledge and a review of the literature in terms of the prevalence, etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis, management, prognosis, and treatment of malignant tumors of the duodenum. The role of autofluorescence and photodynamic diagnosis as an emerging treatment method for rarely o ccurring duodenal malignant neoplasms .. We selected publications which can be found in databases such as The National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine (PubMed), The American Chemical Society, The American Association of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The American Society for Photobiology and The Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krupka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902, Bytom, Poland.
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Kopisto 2A, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Natalia Strzelczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, 11 Listopada 5E, 42-100, Kłobuck, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Latos
- Silesian Centre for Heart Disease in Zabrze, Marii Curie Skłodowskiej 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Sieroń
- Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Waszyngtona 4/8, 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902, Bytom, Poland.
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Kopisto 2A, 35-310, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Czarnecka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902, Bytom, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902, Bytom, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Latos
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15, 41-902, Bytom, Poland.
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Xu X, Huang B, Zeng Z, Chen J, Huang Z, Guan Z, Chen M, Huang Y, Zhao C. Broaden sources and reduce expenditure: Tumor-specific transformable oxidative stress nanoamplifier enabling economized photodynamic therapy for reinforced oxidation therapy. Theranostics 2020; 10:10513-10530. [PMID: 32929363 PMCID: PMC7482813 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells immersed in inherent oxidative stress are more vulnerable to exogenous oxidative damages than normal cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidation therapy preferentially aggravating tumor oxidative stress to disrupt redox homeostasis, has emerged as an effective and specific anticancer treatment. Herein, following an ingenious strategy of “broaden sources and reduce expenditure”, we designed a versatile tumor-specific oxidative stress nanoamplifier enabling economized photodynamic therapy (PDT), to achieve synergistic oxidative stress explosion for superior oxidation therapy. Methods: Cinnamaldehyde (CA) as a therapeutic ROS generator was first conjugated to hyaluronic acid (HA) through acid-labile hydrazone bond to synthesize tailored amphiphilic HA@CA conjugates, which could surprisingly self-assemble into uniform nanofibers in aqueous media. Photosensitizer protoporphyrin (PpIX) was efficiently encapsulated into HA@CA nanofibers and transformed HA@CA nanofibers to final spherical HA@CAP. Results: With beneficial pH-responsiveness and morphology transformation, improved bioavailability and selective tumor accumulation, HA@CAP combining ROS-based dual chemo/photodynamic treatment modalities could induce cytotoxic ROS generation in a two-pronged approach to amplify tumor oxidative stress, termed “broaden sources”. Moreover, utilizing CA-induced H2O2 production and cascaded Fenton reaction in mitochondria to consume intracellular overloaded Fe(II), HA@CAP could skillfully block endogenic heme biosynthesis pathway on site to restrain undesired elimination of PpIX for economized PDT, termed “reduce expenditure”. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated the superior antitumor performance of HA@CAP. Conclusion: This study offered an inspiring strategy of “broaden sources and reduce expenditure” to specifically boost tumor oxidative stress for reinforced oxidation therapy.
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Dong H, Pang L, Cong H, Shen Y, Yu B. Application and design of esterase-responsive nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Drug Deliv 2019; 26:416-432. [PMID: 30929527 PMCID: PMC6450553 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1588424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been developed for tumor treatment due to the enhanced permeability and retention effects. However, lack of specific cancer cells selectivity results in low delivery efficiency and undesired side effects. In that case, the stimuli-responsive nanoparticles system designed for the specific structure and physicochemical properties of tumors have attracted more and more attention of researchers. Esterase-responsive nanoparticle system is widely used due to the overexpressed esterase in tumor cells. For a rational designed esterase-responsive nanoparticle, ester bonds and nanoparticle structures are the key characters. In this review, we overviewed the design of esterase-responsive nanoparticles, including ester bonds design and nano-structure design, and analyzed the fitness of each design for different application. In the end, the outlook of esterase-responsive nanoparticle is looking forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Dong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Long Pang
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
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